Land use impacts on biodiversity in LCA: proposal of characterization factors based on functional diversity (original) (raw)

Abstract

Purpose

The focus of land use modeling in life cycle impact assessment has been mainly on taxonomic measures of biodiversity, namely species richness (SR). However, increasing availability of trait data for species has led to the use of functional diversity (FD) as a promising metric to reflect the distinctiveness of species; this paper proposes the use of an FD index to calculate characterization factors (CFs) for land use impacts. Furthermore, we compare the results of the CFs to current practice and assess the increase in complexity introduced by the use of the new indicator.

Methods

The model proposed is based on data compiled by previous regional meta-analysis on SR and FD, in different land use types in the Americas. The taxonomic groups included were mammals, birds, and plants. Within each study, calculated values for FD for different land use types were compared with the natural or close-to-natural state, taken as the reference situation. FD values among different land uses were standardized, and CFs were calculated. The final results were then analyzed and compared by analysis of variance and post hoc tests. A sensitivity analysis was also applied to verify the influence on the choice of the reference state.

Results and discussion

The results show that significant differences exist between CFs for SR and FD metrics. Across all taxa, CFs differ significantly between land use types. The results support the use of CF for FD, as a complement to current practice. Distinct CFs should be applied for at least six groups of land use categories. The choice of reference land use type did not significantly alter the results but can be a source of variability. A sensitivity analysis evaluating the impact of alternate land use types as reference types found only few significant changes on the results.

Conclusions and recommendations

Given the results, we believe the use of CFs based on FD can help on the establishment of possible links between species loss and key ecosystem functions, i.e., on the association between the midpoint indicator (e.g., biodiversity loss) and the damage caused to ecosystem quality, in terms of functions lost. Basing CFs on FD is not without challenges. Such indices are data hungry (requiring species composition and traits) require more complex calculations than current common practice, including decisions on the choice of a method to calculate FD and the selection of traits.

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Acknowledgments

We would like to thank the LC Impact (Life Cycle Impact Assessment Methods for Improved Sustainability Characterization of Technologies, Grant Agreement N.243827, funded by the European Commission under the 7th Framework Programme) and SoilTrEC (Soil Transformations in European Catchments, Grant Agreement N. 244118, funded by the European Commission under the 7th Framework Programme) Projects for the financial support provided for the development of this research. Further, we are also thankful to M. Gogol-Prokurat, T. Nogeire, N. Molinari, B.T. Richers, B.B. Lin, N. Simpson, and M.M. Mayfield, who through Fabrice DeClerck and Dan Flynn have made part of the metadata available for this study.

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Authors and Affiliations

1. Faculty of Biology, Chemistry and Geosciences, Professorship of Ecological Services, University of Bayreuth, GEO II, Room 1.17, Universitaetstr. 30, 95440, Bayreuth, Germany
   Danielle Maia de Souza & Thomas Koellner
2. Joint Research Centre, European Commission, TP270, 21027, Ispra, VA, Italy
   Danielle Maia de Souza
3. Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Science, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
   Dan F. B. Flynn
4. Bioversity International, Parc Scientifique Agropolis II, 34397, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
   Fabrice DeClerck
5. Section for Quantitative Sustainability Assessment (QSA), Department of Management Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Produktionstorvet 426, 2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
   Ralph K. Rosenbaum
6. Departamento de Engenharia Sanitária e Ambiental, Centro Tecnológico, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
   Henrique de Melo Lisboa

Authors

1. Danielle Maia de Souza
2. Dan F. B. Flynn
3. Fabrice DeClerck
4. Ralph K. Rosenbaum
5. Henrique de Melo Lisboa
6. Thomas Koellner

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Correspondence toDanielle Maia de Souza.

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Responsible editor: Roland Geyer

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de Souza, D.M., Flynn, D.F.B., DeClerck, F. et al. Land use impacts on biodiversity in LCA: proposal of characterization factors based on functional diversity.Int J Life Cycle Assess 18, 1231–1242 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11367-013-0578-0

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• Received: 13 December 2011
• Accepted: 02 April 2013
• Published: 26 April 2013
• Issue date: July 2013
• DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11367-013-0578-0

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