Richard Owusu | Linnaeus University (original) (raw)

Papers by Richard Owusu

Research paper thumbnail of Internationalisation patterns of African sharing economy companies: The role of gateway markets

Sharing economy companies (sharecoms) have been internationalising rapidly, including entering Af... more Sharing economy companies (sharecoms) have been internationalising rapidly, including entering African markets. Little research has been conducted on the strategies and behaviours of African sharecoms. Questions have been raised as to whether existing theories adequately explain the internationalisation of African firms. Thus, we analyse the internationalisation patterns of six African sharecoms, focusing on time, speed, and scope. The findings indicate that firms apply unique combinations of various internationalisation models. A novel pattern of internationalisation where the firms use "foreign gateway markets" as strategic "launchpads" before rapidly internationalising was also uncovered. Locational advantages, strategic networks, and relative technological advancement characterise the foreign gateway markets. We also propose the concept of "complex regional context" to define the context of emerging regions with many neighbouring countries with the potential for high levels of internationalisation but low levels of international business due to the lack of common enabling frameworks and institutions.

Research paper thumbnail of Institutional actors, policy and internationalisation of emerging market SMEs: lessons from AGOA and the Ghanaian Textile Industry

Institutional Actors, Policy, and Internationalisation of Emerging Market SMEs: Lessons from AGOA and the Ghanaian Textile Industry, 2022

This paper focuses on the roles of institutional actors and their policies in promoting the inter... more This paper focuses on the roles of institutional actors and their policies in promoting the internationalisation of Ghanaian textile firms. A longitudinal research method was employed with the aim of gaining an understanding of the development of the interrelationships between contexts, processes, actors and their activities and resources over a period of 13 years in order for the SME to internationalise. The findings show complex interrelationships, different roles and a greater importance of institutional actors than has been found in previous research. Furthermore, the findings show how the context of SMEs from emerging markets in Africa affect their internationalisation processes and success and how both home and foreign institutions and policies can contribute to the processes through a business network approach. Theoretically, this study contributes to theories of firm internationalisation from emerging markets. Practically, it provides implications for managers and policy makers about how to achieve and support the internationalisation of African SMEs.

Research paper thumbnail of International Journal of Energy Sector Management

International Journal of Energy Sector Management, 2008

Purpose-The paper aims to identify and analyze the actors and their interrelationships in realizi... more Purpose-The paper aims to identify and analyze the actors and their interrelationships in realizing local content objectives in African oil-and gas-producing nations. Design/methodology/approach-The paper includes content analysis of relevant research papers and reports within the oil and gas industry, local content and industrial networks published between 2000 and 2014. Findings-The study developed a framework that integrates the literature on local content with the industrial network theory. The framework classifies the various critical actors for achieving local content, proposing that achieving local content requires the development of business network links and a resource alignment among local companies and institutions and foreign companies and institutions, in addition to multinational oil companies. Research limitations/implications-The framework of this study contributes to an emerging theory on local content by integrating the industrial network theory, which provides specific frameworks for analyzing embedded business environments, along with the previous economic and legal-based studies of local content achievement. Practical implications-The way the relevant actors organize their resources and business networks provides potential for local content in an emerging oil and gas industry in Africa. Originality/value-The paper is one of the few to integrate studies of local content with the industrial network theory. The literature review provides a summary window of the research on the subject over a 14-year period.

Research paper thumbnail of Institutional actors, policy and internationalisation of emerging market SMEs: lessons from AGOA and the Ghanaian Textile Industry

International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Small Business

This paper focuses on the roles of institutional actors and their policies in promoting the inter... more This paper focuses on the roles of institutional actors and their policies in promoting the internationalisation of Ghanaian textile firms. A longitudinal research method was employed with the aim of gaining an understanding of the development of the interrelationships between contexts, processes, actors and their activities and resources over a period of 13 years in order for the SME to internationalise. The findings show complex interrelationships, different roles and a greater importance of institutional actors than has been found in previous research. Furthermore, the findings show how the context of SMEs from emerging markets in Africa affect their internationalisation processes and success and how both home and foreign institutions and policies can contribute to the processes through a business network approach. Theoretically, this study contributes to theories of firm internationalisation from emerging markets. Practically, it provides implications for managers and policy makers about how to achieve and support the internationalisation of African SMEs.

Research paper thumbnail of The Business-to-Business Market

Business-to-Business Marketing, 2021

Research paper thumbnail of Buyer–Seller Relationship in Business-to-Business (B2B) Marketing in the African Context

Business-to-Business Marketing, 2021

Research paper thumbnail of Building Brand and Customer Loyalty in an African Business-to-Business Context

Business-to-Business Marketing, 2021

Research paper thumbnail of Systems and Project Business

Business-to-Business Marketing, 2021

Research paper thumbnail of Buying from Business Sellers

Research paper thumbnail of The internationalization of project-business firms : an opportunities, learning, and networks perspective

International Business (IB) literature often highlights a firm’s domestic market as either a “lea... more International Business (IB) literature often highlights a firm’s domestic market as either a “learning place”, the starting station of the internationalization process - as in the Uppsala process m ...

Research paper thumbnail of Understanding Internationalization of Informal African SMEs through a Network Perspective. EIBA-IBR Paper Development Workshop

Research paper thumbnail of The Chinese Dragon Engages Africa

China and Africa have been trading partners for centuries, and China is now Africa's third-la... more China and Africa have been trading partners for centuries, and China is now Africa's third-largest trading partner. This chapter explores the extent of China's economic engagement in Africa, its strategies and approaches, and implications for African development. The interpretative approach adopted in this chapter involves a comprehensive review of current literature, and draws on recent data to highlight China's activities in Africa and identify areas of expansion and development. Specifically, it draws attention to China's bilateral trade with Africa, and its growth from under 10billionin1995to10 billion in 1995 to 10billionin1995to106 billion in 2008. Currently, 80% of China's imports from Africa are from the extractive industry, and the most significant import is oil. China's intentions seem to be divided between acting as a facilitator for Africa's development and an extractor of its resources. It has adopted a "soft diplomacy" strategy in its pursuit of global growth, an...

Research paper thumbnail of Emerging Issues in Business-to-Business Marketing

Business-to-Business Marketing, 2021

Research paper thumbnail of Market entry into Africa: Acquisitions and international joint ventures. Studies of foreign firms' market entry strategies, challenges, and performance in Africa

Thunderbird International Business Review, 2020

Nnamdi obtained his Ph.D. in 2015 from the University of Vaasa, Finland and his research interest... more Nnamdi obtained his Ph.D. in 2015 from the University of Vaasa, Finland and his research interests are in supply chain management, FDI, internationalization, African business, digitalization, and business analytics. Currently, Nnamdi works as a Business Development Expert for KONE Industrial Limited, Finland and is presently affiliated with the University of Vaasa, Finland.

Research paper thumbnail of Critical success factors determining performance of cross‐border acquisition: Evidence from the African telecom market

Thunderbird International Business Review, 2020

This study investigates the factors affecting Bharti Airtel's cross-border postacquisition perfor... more This study investigates the factors affecting Bharti Airtel's cross-border postacquisition performance in an African market. This study describes the relationships among various factors such as technical capability, affiliated firm's absorptive capacity, and organizational learning capabilities, which determine the successful operations of the Zain acquisition deal in South Africa. This paper adopts a qualitative approach to identify factors that influence the postacquisition performance. Seven factors are identified based on the literature. Consequently, it has become a necessity to encapsulate these factors in suitable proportions. In this study, we have developed a total interpretive structural modeling (TISM) to analyze the postacquisition performance of Bharti Airtel in South Africa. Our research has highlighted six dynamic factors (organizational learning capability, knowledge management, technology capability, technology relatedness, acquirer's absorptive capacity, and national culture difference) that affect the firm's postacquisition performance. The interpretive structural model (ISM) and total interpretive structural model for postacquisition performance are built-up. The developed TISM will support academics and practitioners to develop their understanding of acquisition performance of parent companies in the context of telecom business in the South African market.

Research paper thumbnail of Exploring the determinants of acquisition integration capability: lessons from the acquisitions of Finnish multinational enterprises

European J. of International Management, 2020

The objective of the study is to explore how acquisition integration capabilities are developed i... more The objective of the study is to explore how acquisition integration capabilities are developed in acquiring firms. Through empirical case studies of acquisitions of five Finnish MNEs in global markets, the study finds four determinants of acquisition integration capability: acquisition integration knowledge management, cultural competence, acquisition integration strategy, and acquisition performance review. The study extends dynamic capability theory to acquisition integration literature and provides a comprehensive and integrated perspective on the determinants of acquisition integration capability. Finally, five propositions are developed for future empirical research and we call for future studies to explore how acquisition integration capabilities become dynamic using longitudinal research design.

Research paper thumbnail of Do Strategic Motives Affect Ownership Mode of Foreign Direct Investments (FDIs) in Emerging African Markets? Evidence from Ghana

Thunderbird International Business Review, 2016

and independent variables by using the logistic regression model. The analysis was based on 115 m... more and independent variables by using the logistic regression model. The analysis was based on 115 manufacturing investments made by multinational corporations (MNCs) from different countries in 1994-2013. The results indicate that contractual risk leads to the choice of whollymowned subsidiary while cultural distance and country risk lead to the choice of the joint venture. In the case of the motives, efficiency-seeking and resource-seeking FDIs lead to the choice of the joint venture.

Research paper thumbnail of Acquisitions Entry Strategies in Africa: The Role of Institutions, Target-Specific Experience, and Host-Country Capabilities-The Case Acquisitions of Finnish Multinationals in Africa

Thunderbird International Business Review, 2016

Acquisition is an important entry strategy for multinational enterprises (MNEs) seeking to gain f... more Acquisition is an important entry strategy for multinational enterprises (MNEs) seeking to gain faster entry into new and emerging markets and remain competitive in the global marketplace. MNEs utilize partial-, staged-, and full-acquisition strategies when entering into foreign markets. This research analyzes how and why fi rms opt for these acquisition strategies in the context of Africa. The study applies institutional theory and explores constructs derived from the Uppsala internationalization process model. Using a case study of fi ve Finnish acquisitions in Africa (Egypt, Morocco, Kenya, and South Africa), it was found that Finnish MNEs opt for partial acquisition rather than staged and full acquisition in the context of acquisitions made prior to late 1990s without earnout arrangements. Finnish MNEs opt for the choice of staged acquisition rather than partial and full acquisition in the contexts of mild regulatory framework in host countries and when the acquired fi rm business requires extensive improvements and the target host market structure is fragmented. Finnish MNEs opt for the choice of full acquisition rather than partial and staged acquisition in three contexts specifi cally: (1) when the acquiring Finnish MNE possesses host-country capability, target-specifi c experience, and ensures the retention of top management personnel of the acquired target; (2) when the size of the acquired target is relatively very small compared to the acquiring MNE ; and (3) when the nature of the acquired fi rm business is well developed and the target host-market structure is consolidating.

Research paper thumbnail of Which UGC features drive web purchase intent? A spike-and-slab Bayesian Variable Selection Approach

Internet Research, 2016

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to identify user-generated content (UGC) features that det... more Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to identify user-generated content (UGC) features that determine web purchase decision making. Design/methodology/approach – The authors embed a spike-and-slab Bayesian variable selection mechanism into a logistic regression model to identify the UGC features that are critical to web purchase intent. This enables us to make a highly reliable analysis of survey data. Findings – The results indicate that the web purchase decision is driven by the relevance, up-to-dateness and credibility of the UGC information content. Research limitations/implications – The results show that the characteristics of UGC are seen as positive and the medium enables consumers to sort information and concentrate on aspects of the message that are similar to traditional word-of-mouth (WOM). One important implication is the relative importance of credibility which has been previously hypothesized to be lower in the electronic word-of-mouth (e-WOM) context. The results s...

Research paper thumbnail of Understanding establishment mode choice of foreign manufacturing firms in Ghana

International Journal of Emerging Markets, 2015

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to analyse the foreign direct investment (FDI) strategies ... more Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to analyse the foreign direct investment (FDI) strategies of manufacturing firms in Ghana using the eclectic model in order to understand how ownership, location and internalization factors impact FDI to developing countries like Ghana. Design/methodology/approach – The authors use a quantitative methodology in order to statistically explore the relationships between dependent and independent variables. The data comes from a sample of 75 multinational enterprises that invested in the manufacturing sector between 1994 and 2008. Findings – The results reveal that large firm size, extensive international experience and large market size lead to the choice of acquisition mode of entry, while high cultural distance, high country risk, high proprietary assets and incentives lead to the choice of greenfield mode in the context of Ghana. Research limitations/implications – The results imply that the different economic, business and legal (locational) c...

Research paper thumbnail of Internationalisation patterns of African sharing economy companies: The role of gateway markets

Sharing economy companies (sharecoms) have been internationalising rapidly, including entering Af... more Sharing economy companies (sharecoms) have been internationalising rapidly, including entering African markets. Little research has been conducted on the strategies and behaviours of African sharecoms. Questions have been raised as to whether existing theories adequately explain the internationalisation of African firms. Thus, we analyse the internationalisation patterns of six African sharecoms, focusing on time, speed, and scope. The findings indicate that firms apply unique combinations of various internationalisation models. A novel pattern of internationalisation where the firms use "foreign gateway markets" as strategic "launchpads" before rapidly internationalising was also uncovered. Locational advantages, strategic networks, and relative technological advancement characterise the foreign gateway markets. We also propose the concept of "complex regional context" to define the context of emerging regions with many neighbouring countries with the potential for high levels of internationalisation but low levels of international business due to the lack of common enabling frameworks and institutions.

Research paper thumbnail of Institutional actors, policy and internationalisation of emerging market SMEs: lessons from AGOA and the Ghanaian Textile Industry

Institutional Actors, Policy, and Internationalisation of Emerging Market SMEs: Lessons from AGOA and the Ghanaian Textile Industry, 2022

This paper focuses on the roles of institutional actors and their policies in promoting the inter... more This paper focuses on the roles of institutional actors and their policies in promoting the internationalisation of Ghanaian textile firms. A longitudinal research method was employed with the aim of gaining an understanding of the development of the interrelationships between contexts, processes, actors and their activities and resources over a period of 13 years in order for the SME to internationalise. The findings show complex interrelationships, different roles and a greater importance of institutional actors than has been found in previous research. Furthermore, the findings show how the context of SMEs from emerging markets in Africa affect their internationalisation processes and success and how both home and foreign institutions and policies can contribute to the processes through a business network approach. Theoretically, this study contributes to theories of firm internationalisation from emerging markets. Practically, it provides implications for managers and policy makers about how to achieve and support the internationalisation of African SMEs.

Research paper thumbnail of International Journal of Energy Sector Management

International Journal of Energy Sector Management, 2008

Purpose-The paper aims to identify and analyze the actors and their interrelationships in realizi... more Purpose-The paper aims to identify and analyze the actors and their interrelationships in realizing local content objectives in African oil-and gas-producing nations. Design/methodology/approach-The paper includes content analysis of relevant research papers and reports within the oil and gas industry, local content and industrial networks published between 2000 and 2014. Findings-The study developed a framework that integrates the literature on local content with the industrial network theory. The framework classifies the various critical actors for achieving local content, proposing that achieving local content requires the development of business network links and a resource alignment among local companies and institutions and foreign companies and institutions, in addition to multinational oil companies. Research limitations/implications-The framework of this study contributes to an emerging theory on local content by integrating the industrial network theory, which provides specific frameworks for analyzing embedded business environments, along with the previous economic and legal-based studies of local content achievement. Practical implications-The way the relevant actors organize their resources and business networks provides potential for local content in an emerging oil and gas industry in Africa. Originality/value-The paper is one of the few to integrate studies of local content with the industrial network theory. The literature review provides a summary window of the research on the subject over a 14-year period.

Research paper thumbnail of Institutional actors, policy and internationalisation of emerging market SMEs: lessons from AGOA and the Ghanaian Textile Industry

International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Small Business

This paper focuses on the roles of institutional actors and their policies in promoting the inter... more This paper focuses on the roles of institutional actors and their policies in promoting the internationalisation of Ghanaian textile firms. A longitudinal research method was employed with the aim of gaining an understanding of the development of the interrelationships between contexts, processes, actors and their activities and resources over a period of 13 years in order for the SME to internationalise. The findings show complex interrelationships, different roles and a greater importance of institutional actors than has been found in previous research. Furthermore, the findings show how the context of SMEs from emerging markets in Africa affect their internationalisation processes and success and how both home and foreign institutions and policies can contribute to the processes through a business network approach. Theoretically, this study contributes to theories of firm internationalisation from emerging markets. Practically, it provides implications for managers and policy makers about how to achieve and support the internationalisation of African SMEs.

Research paper thumbnail of The Business-to-Business Market

Business-to-Business Marketing, 2021

Research paper thumbnail of Buyer–Seller Relationship in Business-to-Business (B2B) Marketing in the African Context

Business-to-Business Marketing, 2021

Research paper thumbnail of Building Brand and Customer Loyalty in an African Business-to-Business Context

Business-to-Business Marketing, 2021

Research paper thumbnail of Systems and Project Business

Business-to-Business Marketing, 2021

Research paper thumbnail of Buying from Business Sellers

Research paper thumbnail of The internationalization of project-business firms : an opportunities, learning, and networks perspective

International Business (IB) literature often highlights a firm’s domestic market as either a “lea... more International Business (IB) literature often highlights a firm’s domestic market as either a “learning place”, the starting station of the internationalization process - as in the Uppsala process m ...

Research paper thumbnail of Understanding Internationalization of Informal African SMEs through a Network Perspective. EIBA-IBR Paper Development Workshop

Research paper thumbnail of The Chinese Dragon Engages Africa

China and Africa have been trading partners for centuries, and China is now Africa's third-la... more China and Africa have been trading partners for centuries, and China is now Africa's third-largest trading partner. This chapter explores the extent of China's economic engagement in Africa, its strategies and approaches, and implications for African development. The interpretative approach adopted in this chapter involves a comprehensive review of current literature, and draws on recent data to highlight China's activities in Africa and identify areas of expansion and development. Specifically, it draws attention to China's bilateral trade with Africa, and its growth from under 10billionin1995to10 billion in 1995 to 10billionin1995to106 billion in 2008. Currently, 80% of China's imports from Africa are from the extractive industry, and the most significant import is oil. China's intentions seem to be divided between acting as a facilitator for Africa's development and an extractor of its resources. It has adopted a "soft diplomacy" strategy in its pursuit of global growth, an...

Research paper thumbnail of Emerging Issues in Business-to-Business Marketing

Business-to-Business Marketing, 2021

Research paper thumbnail of Market entry into Africa: Acquisitions and international joint ventures. Studies of foreign firms' market entry strategies, challenges, and performance in Africa

Thunderbird International Business Review, 2020

Nnamdi obtained his Ph.D. in 2015 from the University of Vaasa, Finland and his research interest... more Nnamdi obtained his Ph.D. in 2015 from the University of Vaasa, Finland and his research interests are in supply chain management, FDI, internationalization, African business, digitalization, and business analytics. Currently, Nnamdi works as a Business Development Expert for KONE Industrial Limited, Finland and is presently affiliated with the University of Vaasa, Finland.

Research paper thumbnail of Critical success factors determining performance of cross‐border acquisition: Evidence from the African telecom market

Thunderbird International Business Review, 2020

This study investigates the factors affecting Bharti Airtel's cross-border postacquisition perfor... more This study investigates the factors affecting Bharti Airtel's cross-border postacquisition performance in an African market. This study describes the relationships among various factors such as technical capability, affiliated firm's absorptive capacity, and organizational learning capabilities, which determine the successful operations of the Zain acquisition deal in South Africa. This paper adopts a qualitative approach to identify factors that influence the postacquisition performance. Seven factors are identified based on the literature. Consequently, it has become a necessity to encapsulate these factors in suitable proportions. In this study, we have developed a total interpretive structural modeling (TISM) to analyze the postacquisition performance of Bharti Airtel in South Africa. Our research has highlighted six dynamic factors (organizational learning capability, knowledge management, technology capability, technology relatedness, acquirer's absorptive capacity, and national culture difference) that affect the firm's postacquisition performance. The interpretive structural model (ISM) and total interpretive structural model for postacquisition performance are built-up. The developed TISM will support academics and practitioners to develop their understanding of acquisition performance of parent companies in the context of telecom business in the South African market.

Research paper thumbnail of Exploring the determinants of acquisition integration capability: lessons from the acquisitions of Finnish multinational enterprises

European J. of International Management, 2020

The objective of the study is to explore how acquisition integration capabilities are developed i... more The objective of the study is to explore how acquisition integration capabilities are developed in acquiring firms. Through empirical case studies of acquisitions of five Finnish MNEs in global markets, the study finds four determinants of acquisition integration capability: acquisition integration knowledge management, cultural competence, acquisition integration strategy, and acquisition performance review. The study extends dynamic capability theory to acquisition integration literature and provides a comprehensive and integrated perspective on the determinants of acquisition integration capability. Finally, five propositions are developed for future empirical research and we call for future studies to explore how acquisition integration capabilities become dynamic using longitudinal research design.

Research paper thumbnail of Do Strategic Motives Affect Ownership Mode of Foreign Direct Investments (FDIs) in Emerging African Markets? Evidence from Ghana

Thunderbird International Business Review, 2016

and independent variables by using the logistic regression model. The analysis was based on 115 m... more and independent variables by using the logistic regression model. The analysis was based on 115 manufacturing investments made by multinational corporations (MNCs) from different countries in 1994-2013. The results indicate that contractual risk leads to the choice of whollymowned subsidiary while cultural distance and country risk lead to the choice of the joint venture. In the case of the motives, efficiency-seeking and resource-seeking FDIs lead to the choice of the joint venture.

Research paper thumbnail of Acquisitions Entry Strategies in Africa: The Role of Institutions, Target-Specific Experience, and Host-Country Capabilities-The Case Acquisitions of Finnish Multinationals in Africa

Thunderbird International Business Review, 2016

Acquisition is an important entry strategy for multinational enterprises (MNEs) seeking to gain f... more Acquisition is an important entry strategy for multinational enterprises (MNEs) seeking to gain faster entry into new and emerging markets and remain competitive in the global marketplace. MNEs utilize partial-, staged-, and full-acquisition strategies when entering into foreign markets. This research analyzes how and why fi rms opt for these acquisition strategies in the context of Africa. The study applies institutional theory and explores constructs derived from the Uppsala internationalization process model. Using a case study of fi ve Finnish acquisitions in Africa (Egypt, Morocco, Kenya, and South Africa), it was found that Finnish MNEs opt for partial acquisition rather than staged and full acquisition in the context of acquisitions made prior to late 1990s without earnout arrangements. Finnish MNEs opt for the choice of staged acquisition rather than partial and full acquisition in the contexts of mild regulatory framework in host countries and when the acquired fi rm business requires extensive improvements and the target host market structure is fragmented. Finnish MNEs opt for the choice of full acquisition rather than partial and staged acquisition in three contexts specifi cally: (1) when the acquiring Finnish MNE possesses host-country capability, target-specifi c experience, and ensures the retention of top management personnel of the acquired target; (2) when the size of the acquired target is relatively very small compared to the acquiring MNE ; and (3) when the nature of the acquired fi rm business is well developed and the target host-market structure is consolidating.

Research paper thumbnail of Which UGC features drive web purchase intent? A spike-and-slab Bayesian Variable Selection Approach

Internet Research, 2016

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to identify user-generated content (UGC) features that det... more Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to identify user-generated content (UGC) features that determine web purchase decision making. Design/methodology/approach – The authors embed a spike-and-slab Bayesian variable selection mechanism into a logistic regression model to identify the UGC features that are critical to web purchase intent. This enables us to make a highly reliable analysis of survey data. Findings – The results indicate that the web purchase decision is driven by the relevance, up-to-dateness and credibility of the UGC information content. Research limitations/implications – The results show that the characteristics of UGC are seen as positive and the medium enables consumers to sort information and concentrate on aspects of the message that are similar to traditional word-of-mouth (WOM). One important implication is the relative importance of credibility which has been previously hypothesized to be lower in the electronic word-of-mouth (e-WOM) context. The results s...

Research paper thumbnail of Understanding establishment mode choice of foreign manufacturing firms in Ghana

International Journal of Emerging Markets, 2015

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to analyse the foreign direct investment (FDI) strategies ... more Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to analyse the foreign direct investment (FDI) strategies of manufacturing firms in Ghana using the eclectic model in order to understand how ownership, location and internalization factors impact FDI to developing countries like Ghana. Design/methodology/approach – The authors use a quantitative methodology in order to statistically explore the relationships between dependent and independent variables. The data comes from a sample of 75 multinational enterprises that invested in the manufacturing sector between 1994 and 2008. Findings – The results reveal that large firm size, extensive international experience and large market size lead to the choice of acquisition mode of entry, while high cultural distance, high country risk, high proprietary assets and incentives lead to the choice of greenfield mode in the context of Ghana. Research limitations/implications – The results imply that the different economic, business and legal (locational) c...