Fernando Moreira da Silva | Universidade de Lisboa (original) (raw)
Papers by Fernando Moreira da Silva
AHFE International, 2022
When designers need to develop communication, interior, signage or urban environment design proje... more When designers need to develop communication, interior, signage or urban environment design projects for elderly people, their skills are enhanced with studies about normal aging process and anatomic changes. The same way, knowledge about vision, colour vision, vision loss and deficient colour perception of older people, must be taken into account, in order to improve design practice. These aspects of projectual practice are the key aspects to be addressed in this paper. In order to prevent dependency and exclusion, designers have to understand and account for the reduced functional capabilities of older adults in their designs. Achieving project goals for this target group will ensure better solutions for all users. We hope that this work will support design professionals in their goal for 'design for all'. Bringing knowledge about colour vision deficits, and applying principles of visual ergonomics to projectual practice, will help people moving safely in urban environment...
AHFE International, 2022
Reflection through drawing is a strategy capable of developing perception, project values. Severa... more Reflection through drawing is a strategy capable of developing perception, project values. Several studies explain how drawing serves as a reasoning tool when engaging a student to learn a subject of study; the learner tries to represent their comprehension on a specific subject. The act of drawing works as an incentive, students interact with the subject of study through the graphic representation of an idea. There is the need to empower drawing as a reasoning tool in higher education settings, in finding new approaches in classroom in developing user experience (UX) projects focused in accessibility, usability factors. This learning strategy is crucial in the contemporaneous context of user Interface design because it allows new outcomes, allows learners to understand in a systematic approach how to develop, empower accessibility solutions in a UX project.
Estudos em Design, 2021
A análise de affordances é um componente importante para a investigação de tarefas motoras que en... more A análise de affordances é um componente importante para a investigação de tarefas motoras que envolvem a manipulação de produtos. O presente estudo teve como propósito verificar como se dá o posicionamento das mãos durante a abertura de embalagens com diferentes formatos e como essa ação é influenciada pelas affordances. Participaram 240 brasileiros e portugueses igualmente divididos entre jovens, adultos e seniores. Foram avaliadas 5 embalagens no Brasil e 5 embalagens em Portugal, com características morfológicas semelhantes. A tarefa realizada foi pegar e abrir cada uma das embalagens. Ao final, não houve diferenciação entre os dois países nem entre os gêneros. Os fatores para o posicionamento das mãos foram o centro de massa e a forma do produto. Regiões côncavas auxiliam a manipulação, porém quando estas estão abaixo do centro da embalagem transmitem a ideia de desequilíbrio e dificulta a percepção das melhores affordances.
Advances in Ergonomics in Design, 2019
Traffic signs are not globally standardized, and there are different signage systems all over the... more Traffic signs are not globally standardized, and there are different signage systems all over the world. The system of traffic signaling in Portugal comes from the European System, ratified on 19th September 1949 in Geneva, which has slowly evolved, with occasional changes and often driven by international agreements. Currently the road signaling system is regulated by the Regulatory Decree No. 22-A/98 of October 1st, which approves the Traffic Signaling Regulation. For the present research it is vital to include, in the vertical signaling system to be placed on public roads, tourist-cultural signaling, which is intended to convey information about places, buildings or groups of buildings and other motifs of particular relevance (cultural, historical-heritage or landscape). Following a first case study, it was found that not all pictograms present in vertical signaling are perceptible and understandable. The level of simplification and development of pictograms for application in projects for vertical signaling is very disparate, some of them extremely simplified and easily perceptible and other require a higher level of interpretation by the user, due to sign complexity.
Revista ErgodesignHCI, 1970
A embalagem frequentemente apresenta deficiências que dificultam a comunicação entre produto e co... more A embalagem frequentemente apresenta deficiências que dificultam a comunicação entre produto e consumidor. O objectivo desta pesquisa é estudar a interacção entre um grupo de idosos com cinco embalagens de consumo de produtos alimentares que sendo mal interpretadas, podem trazer-lhes problemas de saúde. Os resultados deste estudo evidenciam a importância da ergonomia no design gráfico de embalagens de produtos alimentares.
Proceedings of the 9th Conference of the International Committee for Design History and Design Studies, 2014
This subject arises from the research for a PhD project, where it was demonstrated that a pertine... more This subject arises from the research for a PhD project, where it was demonstrated that a pertinent colour application to urban furniture can ameliorate its use, contributing to the identification of urban areas and facilitating the orientation within the city. On this paper we want to enhance colour application as a solution to the inclusivity problem. It will, also, approach the possible role of colour in the city areas identification and its contribution to a better visibility, and legibility, of urban furniture, allowing its elements to stand out from its background and contributing to increase the inclusivity of the elderly and visual disabled population.
Procedia Manufacturing, 2015
Advances in intelligent systems and computing, Jun 24, 2017
This research focused on relating the ability a sustainable design approach can have when working... more This research focused on relating the ability a sustainable design approach can have when working with the wood furniture sector, in order to improve its products environmental and social impact. This research used a methodology comprised of a literature review on sustainable design and on the characterization of the Portuguese wood furniture industry, followed by case-study analysis of wood furniture projects that used environmental design strategies in their development. The main empirical task was a survey to the sector with the goal of understanding the know-how and relationship this companies have with design and sustainability. Results show that companies use design as a main tool for product development, but not for environmental impact reduction, as their engagement with sustainability is far from implemented. The use of sustainable product design tools is expected to have a great effect in the change of current practices. Recommendations for future researches are also presented.
Advances in Ergonomics in Design, 2020
This paper presents a new approach to different typologies of settlements or cities, when creatin... more This paper presents a new approach to different typologies of settlements or cities, when creating urban chromatic plans to urban furniture, improving their visibility and readability. The applied methodology may take different steps, depending on whether it is an old settlement, a newly built neighborhood, or an unfinished project whose color plan hasn't yet been defined. Usually, ancient urban spaces don't have chromatic plans, being their buildings constructed at different periods, with a large chromatic range. On modern neighborhoods, the buildings are relatively homogeneous, which makes it easier to create an effective chromatic strategy. Considering the construction of a population cluster under development, it is easier to decide the color scheme for its urban furniture, because the choice of colors meets the same criteria of the architecture and may be included in the general project. Therefore, we aim to demonstrate that the elaboration of Urban Furniture Chromatic Plans must take different strategies according to the place specifications.
Procedia Manufacturing, 2015
This paper aims to present the interconnections between Color and Ergonomics, enhancing the color... more This paper aims to present the interconnections between Color and Ergonomics, enhancing the color ergonomic function, and how it may be taken in consideration when elaborating Urban Chromatic Plans that are concerned with the population comfort. On the elaboration of urban chromatic plans, color is usually applied in order to establish a harmony between buildings and their background, often contributing to the environment monotony. However, color has other properties that enable making some elements to stand out from their surroundings, without destroying the pretended harmony. Color, when applied with a scientific criteria, can also act as an identification, or orientation, element accomplishing an ergonomic function that will beneficiate the entire city population. The cities' population is a combination of people with various needs and different disablements. Therefore, inclusive and ergonomic design should embrace the widest possible range of users, but its issues are primarily focused on people with motor limitations and tend to forget visual disabled people. Though, we must consider that the city population is constituted by an extensive variety of people, with different visual acuities and limitations and, also, by a high percentage of older people, which have more difficulty to see small details and the obstacles that could be present on their way.
Convergências - Revista de Investigação e Ensino das Artes, Nov 30, 2012
This paper aims to analyse the birth and evolution of design with concerns over sustainability, i... more This paper aims to analyse the birth and evolution of design with concerns over sustainability, in the context of social and civilizational changes experienced since the industrial revolution, with particular focus since the postwar period and in the context of sustainable development. It will examine several factors that influenced this design approach and that drove its evolution through different stages of maturity and complexity. It will analyse the various forms of design with environmental concerns, as well as the inclusion of other criteria in the context of sustainability, namely social ones. The aim is to settle knowledge that can allow us to draw some lessons to meet the challenges we face today.
This chapter approaches the color application to urban furniture as an ergonomic factor, bearing ... more This chapter approaches the color application to urban furniture as an ergonomic factor, bearing in mind that a pertinent color application to urban furniture can ameliorate its use. For this purpose a new methodology is presented, which aims to create color plans for urban environments, allowing urban furniture to stand out from its background, contributing for their better legibility, and transforming them in identification elements that will improve the orientation within the cities. The development and implementation of the new methodology will allow the determination, with a higher scientific approach and rigor, of the color planning to be applied to urban furniture in each district or urban area, of a city. This methodology will be developed through an active research, focused in case studies, including three Portuguese cities with different specifications. For each city will be defined samples areas which will encompass the most representative city zones and, there, the new m...
Blucher Design Proceedings, 2019
Human Factors and Ergonomics, 2016
Procedia Manufacturing, 2015
In a period of significant change when contemporary society has demonstrated to be more conscious... more In a period of significant change when contemporary society has demonstrated to be more conscious about the principle of accessibility, being no longer focused on accommodating people with disabilities, the current challenge involves the enhancement of inclusive design development. Design education and training has a primary role on the formation of this new mentality, providing the adequate professional skills and instilling in students the knowledge about human limitations and capacities for product design project support. So this paper, as part of a PhD research focused on product design curricula adequacy to business challenges, aims to underline the importance of teaching ergonomics to designers. It is the second part of a specific study about the presence of human factors and ergonomics (HFE) contents in the academic curricula of industrial/product design in Portugal. Using FAULisbon as a case study of a Portuguese institution, we examined the current varying HFE knowledge of undergraduate students in Design in a twofold perspective: the one of the students themselves and the one resulting from the examination of their project solutions. The results underline the relevance of three aspects: a) the HFE principles should be earlier transmitted in the education process; b) the contact and learning of tools and methods of HFE shouldn't be taught and practiced in an isolated way, instead they should be articulated with the design studio course; and c) this approach should be more practical than theoretical. This way, students could be more conscious about inclusivity and usability of products and spaces, with the focus on a user centered approach. In the future, this will allow them to respond with more social sustainable projects, increasing the chances of being more prepared and adjusted to the market and its demands.
Work, 2012
This paper is based on a research project-Visual Communication and Inclusive Design-Colour, Legib... more This paper is based on a research project-Visual Communication and Inclusive Design-Colour, Legibility and Aged Vision, developed at the Faculty of Architecture of Lisbon. The research has the aim of determining specific design principles to be applied to visual communication design (printed) objects, in order to be easily read and perceived by all. This study target group was composed by a selection of socially active individuals, between 55 and 80 years, and we used cultural events posters as objects of study and observation. The main objective is to overlap the study of areas such as colour, vision, older people's colour vision, ergonomics, chromatic contrasts, typography and legibility. In the end we will produce a manual with guidelines and information to apply scientific knowledge into the communication design projectual practice. Within the normal aging process, visual functions gradually decline; the quality of vision worsens, colour vision and contrast sensitivity are also affected. As people's needs change along with age, design should help people and communities, and improve life quality in the present. Applying principles of visually accessible design and ergonomics, the printed design objects, (or interior spaces, urban environments, products, signage and all kinds of visually information) will be effective, easier on everyone's eyes not only for visually impaired people but also for all of us as we age.
DAT Journal
Este trabalho é parte integrante de um projeto de investigação e tem como objetivo demonstrar a c... more Este trabalho é parte integrante de um projeto de investigação e tem como objetivo demonstrar a competência do Design para ler e interpretar os materiais e os processos de um contexto produtivo, para criar produtos sustentáveis, criativos e inovadores. Nomeadamente, trata-se da escolha de desenvolver produtos de alta prestação no âmbito dos instrumentos musicais. Em termos metodológicos, utiliza-se o método de co-design para fundamentar o desenvolvimento de uma componente de uma trompete. O ciclo produtivo complexo de uma componente de um instrumento musical pode trazer benefícios, quer para o processo, quer para os atores envolvidos – artesãos, designers, músicos e pequenas indústrias. Com esta investigação espera-se demonstrar que o designer responsável é capaz de deslocar e orientar experiências, rentabilizando processos já existentes a favor de novos produtos. A criação de uma campana para uma trompete orientada, quer para as problemáticas relacionadas com as performances acústi...
Human Factors and Ergonomics, 2016
Human Factors and Ergonomics, 2016
Human Factors and Ergonomics, 2016
AHFE International, 2022
When designers need to develop communication, interior, signage or urban environment design proje... more When designers need to develop communication, interior, signage or urban environment design projects for elderly people, their skills are enhanced with studies about normal aging process and anatomic changes. The same way, knowledge about vision, colour vision, vision loss and deficient colour perception of older people, must be taken into account, in order to improve design practice. These aspects of projectual practice are the key aspects to be addressed in this paper. In order to prevent dependency and exclusion, designers have to understand and account for the reduced functional capabilities of older adults in their designs. Achieving project goals for this target group will ensure better solutions for all users. We hope that this work will support design professionals in their goal for 'design for all'. Bringing knowledge about colour vision deficits, and applying principles of visual ergonomics to projectual practice, will help people moving safely in urban environment...
AHFE International, 2022
Reflection through drawing is a strategy capable of developing perception, project values. Severa... more Reflection through drawing is a strategy capable of developing perception, project values. Several studies explain how drawing serves as a reasoning tool when engaging a student to learn a subject of study; the learner tries to represent their comprehension on a specific subject. The act of drawing works as an incentive, students interact with the subject of study through the graphic representation of an idea. There is the need to empower drawing as a reasoning tool in higher education settings, in finding new approaches in classroom in developing user experience (UX) projects focused in accessibility, usability factors. This learning strategy is crucial in the contemporaneous context of user Interface design because it allows new outcomes, allows learners to understand in a systematic approach how to develop, empower accessibility solutions in a UX project.
Estudos em Design, 2021
A análise de affordances é um componente importante para a investigação de tarefas motoras que en... more A análise de affordances é um componente importante para a investigação de tarefas motoras que envolvem a manipulação de produtos. O presente estudo teve como propósito verificar como se dá o posicionamento das mãos durante a abertura de embalagens com diferentes formatos e como essa ação é influenciada pelas affordances. Participaram 240 brasileiros e portugueses igualmente divididos entre jovens, adultos e seniores. Foram avaliadas 5 embalagens no Brasil e 5 embalagens em Portugal, com características morfológicas semelhantes. A tarefa realizada foi pegar e abrir cada uma das embalagens. Ao final, não houve diferenciação entre os dois países nem entre os gêneros. Os fatores para o posicionamento das mãos foram o centro de massa e a forma do produto. Regiões côncavas auxiliam a manipulação, porém quando estas estão abaixo do centro da embalagem transmitem a ideia de desequilíbrio e dificulta a percepção das melhores affordances.
Advances in Ergonomics in Design, 2019
Traffic signs are not globally standardized, and there are different signage systems all over the... more Traffic signs are not globally standardized, and there are different signage systems all over the world. The system of traffic signaling in Portugal comes from the European System, ratified on 19th September 1949 in Geneva, which has slowly evolved, with occasional changes and often driven by international agreements. Currently the road signaling system is regulated by the Regulatory Decree No. 22-A/98 of October 1st, which approves the Traffic Signaling Regulation. For the present research it is vital to include, in the vertical signaling system to be placed on public roads, tourist-cultural signaling, which is intended to convey information about places, buildings or groups of buildings and other motifs of particular relevance (cultural, historical-heritage or landscape). Following a first case study, it was found that not all pictograms present in vertical signaling are perceptible and understandable. The level of simplification and development of pictograms for application in projects for vertical signaling is very disparate, some of them extremely simplified and easily perceptible and other require a higher level of interpretation by the user, due to sign complexity.
Revista ErgodesignHCI, 1970
A embalagem frequentemente apresenta deficiências que dificultam a comunicação entre produto e co... more A embalagem frequentemente apresenta deficiências que dificultam a comunicação entre produto e consumidor. O objectivo desta pesquisa é estudar a interacção entre um grupo de idosos com cinco embalagens de consumo de produtos alimentares que sendo mal interpretadas, podem trazer-lhes problemas de saúde. Os resultados deste estudo evidenciam a importância da ergonomia no design gráfico de embalagens de produtos alimentares.
Proceedings of the 9th Conference of the International Committee for Design History and Design Studies, 2014
This subject arises from the research for a PhD project, where it was demonstrated that a pertine... more This subject arises from the research for a PhD project, where it was demonstrated that a pertinent colour application to urban furniture can ameliorate its use, contributing to the identification of urban areas and facilitating the orientation within the city. On this paper we want to enhance colour application as a solution to the inclusivity problem. It will, also, approach the possible role of colour in the city areas identification and its contribution to a better visibility, and legibility, of urban furniture, allowing its elements to stand out from its background and contributing to increase the inclusivity of the elderly and visual disabled population.
Procedia Manufacturing, 2015
Advances in intelligent systems and computing, Jun 24, 2017
This research focused on relating the ability a sustainable design approach can have when working... more This research focused on relating the ability a sustainable design approach can have when working with the wood furniture sector, in order to improve its products environmental and social impact. This research used a methodology comprised of a literature review on sustainable design and on the characterization of the Portuguese wood furniture industry, followed by case-study analysis of wood furniture projects that used environmental design strategies in their development. The main empirical task was a survey to the sector with the goal of understanding the know-how and relationship this companies have with design and sustainability. Results show that companies use design as a main tool for product development, but not for environmental impact reduction, as their engagement with sustainability is far from implemented. The use of sustainable product design tools is expected to have a great effect in the change of current practices. Recommendations for future researches are also presented.
Advances in Ergonomics in Design, 2020
This paper presents a new approach to different typologies of settlements or cities, when creatin... more This paper presents a new approach to different typologies of settlements or cities, when creating urban chromatic plans to urban furniture, improving their visibility and readability. The applied methodology may take different steps, depending on whether it is an old settlement, a newly built neighborhood, or an unfinished project whose color plan hasn't yet been defined. Usually, ancient urban spaces don't have chromatic plans, being their buildings constructed at different periods, with a large chromatic range. On modern neighborhoods, the buildings are relatively homogeneous, which makes it easier to create an effective chromatic strategy. Considering the construction of a population cluster under development, it is easier to decide the color scheme for its urban furniture, because the choice of colors meets the same criteria of the architecture and may be included in the general project. Therefore, we aim to demonstrate that the elaboration of Urban Furniture Chromatic Plans must take different strategies according to the place specifications.
Procedia Manufacturing, 2015
This paper aims to present the interconnections between Color and Ergonomics, enhancing the color... more This paper aims to present the interconnections between Color and Ergonomics, enhancing the color ergonomic function, and how it may be taken in consideration when elaborating Urban Chromatic Plans that are concerned with the population comfort. On the elaboration of urban chromatic plans, color is usually applied in order to establish a harmony between buildings and their background, often contributing to the environment monotony. However, color has other properties that enable making some elements to stand out from their surroundings, without destroying the pretended harmony. Color, when applied with a scientific criteria, can also act as an identification, or orientation, element accomplishing an ergonomic function that will beneficiate the entire city population. The cities' population is a combination of people with various needs and different disablements. Therefore, inclusive and ergonomic design should embrace the widest possible range of users, but its issues are primarily focused on people with motor limitations and tend to forget visual disabled people. Though, we must consider that the city population is constituted by an extensive variety of people, with different visual acuities and limitations and, also, by a high percentage of older people, which have more difficulty to see small details and the obstacles that could be present on their way.
Convergências - Revista de Investigação e Ensino das Artes, Nov 30, 2012
This paper aims to analyse the birth and evolution of design with concerns over sustainability, i... more This paper aims to analyse the birth and evolution of design with concerns over sustainability, in the context of social and civilizational changes experienced since the industrial revolution, with particular focus since the postwar period and in the context of sustainable development. It will examine several factors that influenced this design approach and that drove its evolution through different stages of maturity and complexity. It will analyse the various forms of design with environmental concerns, as well as the inclusion of other criteria in the context of sustainability, namely social ones. The aim is to settle knowledge that can allow us to draw some lessons to meet the challenges we face today.
This chapter approaches the color application to urban furniture as an ergonomic factor, bearing ... more This chapter approaches the color application to urban furniture as an ergonomic factor, bearing in mind that a pertinent color application to urban furniture can ameliorate its use. For this purpose a new methodology is presented, which aims to create color plans for urban environments, allowing urban furniture to stand out from its background, contributing for their better legibility, and transforming them in identification elements that will improve the orientation within the cities. The development and implementation of the new methodology will allow the determination, with a higher scientific approach and rigor, of the color planning to be applied to urban furniture in each district or urban area, of a city. This methodology will be developed through an active research, focused in case studies, including three Portuguese cities with different specifications. For each city will be defined samples areas which will encompass the most representative city zones and, there, the new m...
Blucher Design Proceedings, 2019
Human Factors and Ergonomics, 2016
Procedia Manufacturing, 2015
In a period of significant change when contemporary society has demonstrated to be more conscious... more In a period of significant change when contemporary society has demonstrated to be more conscious about the principle of accessibility, being no longer focused on accommodating people with disabilities, the current challenge involves the enhancement of inclusive design development. Design education and training has a primary role on the formation of this new mentality, providing the adequate professional skills and instilling in students the knowledge about human limitations and capacities for product design project support. So this paper, as part of a PhD research focused on product design curricula adequacy to business challenges, aims to underline the importance of teaching ergonomics to designers. It is the second part of a specific study about the presence of human factors and ergonomics (HFE) contents in the academic curricula of industrial/product design in Portugal. Using FAULisbon as a case study of a Portuguese institution, we examined the current varying HFE knowledge of undergraduate students in Design in a twofold perspective: the one of the students themselves and the one resulting from the examination of their project solutions. The results underline the relevance of three aspects: a) the HFE principles should be earlier transmitted in the education process; b) the contact and learning of tools and methods of HFE shouldn't be taught and practiced in an isolated way, instead they should be articulated with the design studio course; and c) this approach should be more practical than theoretical. This way, students could be more conscious about inclusivity and usability of products and spaces, with the focus on a user centered approach. In the future, this will allow them to respond with more social sustainable projects, increasing the chances of being more prepared and adjusted to the market and its demands.
Work, 2012
This paper is based on a research project-Visual Communication and Inclusive Design-Colour, Legib... more This paper is based on a research project-Visual Communication and Inclusive Design-Colour, Legibility and Aged Vision, developed at the Faculty of Architecture of Lisbon. The research has the aim of determining specific design principles to be applied to visual communication design (printed) objects, in order to be easily read and perceived by all. This study target group was composed by a selection of socially active individuals, between 55 and 80 years, and we used cultural events posters as objects of study and observation. The main objective is to overlap the study of areas such as colour, vision, older people's colour vision, ergonomics, chromatic contrasts, typography and legibility. In the end we will produce a manual with guidelines and information to apply scientific knowledge into the communication design projectual practice. Within the normal aging process, visual functions gradually decline; the quality of vision worsens, colour vision and contrast sensitivity are also affected. As people's needs change along with age, design should help people and communities, and improve life quality in the present. Applying principles of visually accessible design and ergonomics, the printed design objects, (or interior spaces, urban environments, products, signage and all kinds of visually information) will be effective, easier on everyone's eyes not only for visually impaired people but also for all of us as we age.
DAT Journal
Este trabalho é parte integrante de um projeto de investigação e tem como objetivo demonstrar a c... more Este trabalho é parte integrante de um projeto de investigação e tem como objetivo demonstrar a competência do Design para ler e interpretar os materiais e os processos de um contexto produtivo, para criar produtos sustentáveis, criativos e inovadores. Nomeadamente, trata-se da escolha de desenvolver produtos de alta prestação no âmbito dos instrumentos musicais. Em termos metodológicos, utiliza-se o método de co-design para fundamentar o desenvolvimento de uma componente de uma trompete. O ciclo produtivo complexo de uma componente de um instrumento musical pode trazer benefícios, quer para o processo, quer para os atores envolvidos – artesãos, designers, músicos e pequenas indústrias. Com esta investigação espera-se demonstrar que o designer responsável é capaz de deslocar e orientar experiências, rentabilizando processos já existentes a favor de novos produtos. A criação de uma campana para uma trompete orientada, quer para as problemáticas relacionadas com as performances acústi...
Human Factors and Ergonomics, 2016
Human Factors and Ergonomics, 2016
Human Factors and Ergonomics, 2016
When designers need to develop communication, interior, signage or urban environment design proje... more When designers need to develop communication, interior, signage or urban environment design projects for elderly people, their skills are enhanced with studies about normal aging process and anatomic changes. The same way, knowledge about vision, colour vision, vision loss and deficient colour perception of older people, must be taken into account, in order to improve design practice. These aspects of projectual practice are the key aspects to be addressed in this paper. In order to prevent dependency and exclusion, designers have to understand and account for the reduced functional capabilities of older adults in their designs. Achieving project goals for this target group will ensure better solutions for all users. We hope that this work will support design professionals in their goal for 'design for all'. Bringing knowledge about colour vision deficits, and applying principles of visual ergonomics to projectual practice, will help people moving safely in urban environments, living comfortably in interior spaces, and reading all the visual printed information with minimum effort, which will improve their quality of life.