Joanne Harrold | University of Liverpool (original) (raw)

Papers by Joanne Harrold

Public Health Nutrition, 2015

Objective: The use of smaller dishware as a way of reducing food consumption has intuitive appeal... more Objective: The use of smaller dishware as a way of reducing food consumption has intuitive appeal and is recommended to the general public. Recent experimental studies have failed to find an effect of plate size on food intake, although the methods used across studies have varied. The aim of the present study was to examine the effect that bowl size had on snack food consumption in a 'typical' snacking context (snacking while watching television). Design: Between-subjects. Setting: Laboratory experiment. Subjects: Sixty-one adult participants served themselves and ate popcorn while watching television. Participants were randomly assigned to serve themselves with and eat from either a small or a large bowl. Results: The use of a smaller bowl size did not reduce food consumption. Unexpectedly, participants in the small bowl condition tended to consume more popcorn (34·0 g) than participants in the large bowl condition (24·9 g; 37 % increase, d = 0·5), although the statistical significance of this difference depended on whether analyses were adjusted to account for participant characteristics (e.g. gender) associated with food intake (P = 0·02) or not (P = 0·07). Conclusions: Counter to widely held belief, the use of a smaller bowl did not reduce snack food intake. Public health recommendations advising the use of smaller dishware to reduce food consumption are premature, as this strategy may not be effective.

Previous reports have indicated that women feel pressure from celebrity culture and wider society... more Previous reports have indicated that women feel pressure from celebrity culture and wider society to lose weight swiftly after having a baby (Netmums and The Royal College of Midwives, 2010). The aim of this study was to investigate women's motivations to lose weight postnatally, weight loss achieved and impact on selfesteem. A survey of women attending Slimming World (SW) who had given birth in the last 2 years was hosted on SW web-site during September 2013. The survey used quantitative and qualitative questions to determine motivation and lifestyle behaviours and asked for self-reported weight and height. 1015 women responded. The majority of participants (n = 533, 52.5%) had been members for <3months; mean joining BMI was 33.3 kg/m 2 (SD 5.85) and mean BMI at time of survey 30.5 kg/m 2 (SD 5.86). The main reasons for wanting to lose weight were 'to improve how I feel about my body size and shape' (22%), 'to improve my confidence ' (19%) and 'to lose weight I gained during pregnancy' (17%). A combined 3% cited media/ social pressure as a reason to lose weight and 31% agreed to feeling under social/media pressure to be an ideal weight post-natally. A range of weight gains in pregnancy were reported, the most common being between 1 and 2 stone. 71% (n = 611) of those who already had children reported having retained weight from a previous pregnancy. 82% said retaining weight postnatally affected their selfesteem. After losing weight with SW, 38% were lighter than their pre-pregnancy weight and 78.6% expressed improvements in selfesteem since joining SW. Social/media pressure plays a minimal role in a woman's decision to lose weight post-natally. Motivation is more personal. Attendance at SW resulted in weight loss and improved self-esteem in post-natal women.

Handbook of Behavior, Food and Nutrition, 2011

Formulation Engineering of Foods, 2013

International journal of obesity (2005), 2015

In a recent article, Wansink and Johnson 1 combined data from 14 studies and on the basis of this... more In a recent article, Wansink and Johnson 1 combined data from 14 studies and on the basis of this conclude that in adults 'about 92% of self-served food is eaten'. On the basis of this they suggest that we can extrapolate how much food will have been eaten in previous studies that measured self-served portion size alone.

Obesity reviews : an official journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity, 2014

It has been suggested that providing consumers with smaller dishware may prove an effective way o... more It has been suggested that providing consumers with smaller dishware may prove an effective way of helping people eat less and preventing weight gain, but experimental evidence supporting this has been mixed. The objective of the present work was to examine the current evidence base for whether experimentally manipulated differences in dishware size influence food consumption. We systematically reviewed studies that experimentally manipulated the dishware size participants served themselves at a meal with and measured subsequent food intake. We used inverse variance meta-analysis, calculating the standardized mean difference (SMD) in food intake between smaller and larger dishware size conditions. Nine experiments from eight publications were eligible for inclusion. The majority of experiments found no significance difference in food intake when participants ate from smaller vs. larger dishware. With all available data included, analysis indicated a marginal effect of dishware size ...

International journal of obesity (2005), 2014

Handbook of experimental pharmacology, 2012

The role of serotonin (5-HT) in appetite control is well recognised. 5-HT drugs reduce food intak... more The role of serotonin (5-HT) in appetite control is well recognised. 5-HT drugs reduce food intake in rodents in a manner consistent with an enhancement of satiety. In humans, they have been shown to reduce caloric intake, an effect associated with reduced hunger and increased satiety. These effects appear to be mediated, at least in part, by the 5-HT(2C) receptor subtype. 5-HT-acting drugs such as fenfluramine, d-fenfluramine, and sibutramine have provided effective anti-obesity treatments in the past. However, more selective agents are needed that produce the same changes in eating behaviour and induce weight loss without unacceptable side effects. Lorcaserin, a selective 5-HT(2C) receptor agonist, is a novel anti-obesity agent that reduces both energy intake and body weight. The effects of lorcaserin on eating behaviour remain to be characterised as does its behavioural specificity.

Developmental disabilities research reviews, 2008

The regulation of appetite relies on the integration of numerous episodic (meal) and tonic (energ... more The regulation of appetite relies on the integration of numerous episodic (meal) and tonic (energy storage) generated signals in energy regulatory centres within the central nervous system (CNS). These centers provide the pharmacological potential to modify human appetite (hunger and satiety) to increase or decrease caloric intake, or to normalize aberrant eating behavior. With regard to obesity, the satiety enhancing anti-obesity drug sibutramine has proved effective at reducing body weight. Additionally, the endocannabinoid CB(1) antagonist rimonabant has recently been approved for use in Europe (but not in the US). A 5-HT(2C) agonist lorcaserin is also currently undergoing large-scale clinical trials, but the effect of the drug on human appetite is unknown as yet. Appetite enhancing drugs such as magestrol acetate and dronabiol are currently used to promote weight gain. Finally, sibutramine, selective serotonergic reuptake inhibitors such as fluoxetine and some anti-epileptic dru...

Recent patents on CNS drug discovery, 2006

Obesity has reached epidemic proportions across the developed world. Even though there have been ... more Obesity has reached epidemic proportions across the developed world. Even though there have been numerous scientific advances in terms of the understanding of the regulation of energy homeostasis, few novel anti-obesity drugs have emerged. Furthermore, those that are available have limited efficacy in producing and maintaining a weight loss beyond 10%. This is partly attributable to the complex neuronal circuitry at play within the central nervous system and periphery, which acts to regulate food intake and energy expenditure. This article will focus on a selection of the many products (peptides, neurotransmitters and others) such as endocannabinoids, Neuropeptide Y, Orexins, Melanin-Concentrating Hormone, Melanocortins, Cocaine and Amphetamine Regulated Transcript and Serotonin, expressed within the brain, that have been shown to influence energy balance. The true relevance of many of these to the regulation of human energy balance remains uncertain, but some novel anti-obesity dru...

Drugs, 2007

Over 35 years of research suggests that endogenous hypothalamic serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine) p... more Over 35 years of research suggests that endogenous hypothalamic serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine) plays an important part in within-meal satiation and post-meal satiety processes. Thus, the serotonin system has provided a viable target for weight control, critical to the action of at least two effective anti-obesity treatments, both producing clinically significant weight loss over a year or more. Numerous serotonin receptor subtypes have been identified; of these, serotonin 5-HT1B and 5-HT2C receptors have been specifically recognised as mediators of serotonin-induced satiety.A number of serotonergic drugs, including selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), dexfenfluramine and 5-HT2C receptor agonists, have been shown to significantly attenuate rodent bodyweight gain. This effect is strongly associated with marked hypophagia and is probably mediated by the hypothalamic melanocortin system. Additionally, sibutramine, dexfenfluramine, fluoxetine and the 5-HT2C receptor agonist ...

Food Funct., 2014

The current study assesses the impact on appetite and food intake of a novel co-processed ingredi... more The current study assesses the impact on appetite and food intake of a novel co-processed ingredient containing a viscous fibre and whole-grain high-amylose corn flour, a source of type 1 and type 2 resistant starch (HAM-RS). Ninety adults completed a crossover, placebo-controlled study comparing two doses of the ingredient (20 and 30 g) to a maltodextrin control in a fruit-based smoothie served with breakfast. Ad libitum food intake was measured over the day and visual analogue scales were used to assess subjective appetite sensations. Subjects consumed 7% less energy intake at dinner following the 30 g dose (p = 0.02) compared to control. In addition, a trend for lower lunch intake (5% less weight of food) was observed for the 20 g dose (p = 0.10). Reductions were also observed for the two meals combined, with 3% lower energy intake for the 20 g dose (p = 0.04) and 5% less weight of food consumed for the 30 g dose (p = 0.04). Lower ratings of hunger were reported at 3 h after breakfast for both doses and also at 2 and 3 h after lunch for the 30 g dose. With ratings combined to compute an overall appetite score, a trend for lower appetite scores at 3 h after breakfast was found for both doses. Consistent with this, significant reductions in AUC hunger and prospective consumption were identified in the 30 g condition. A similar pattern of results was observed for fullness and desire to eat. The results of this study show that a new composite satiety ingredient comprised of a viscous fibre and whole-grain corn flour can affect acute satiety responses in men and women.