Tim Stott | Liverpool John Moores University (original) (raw)
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Outdoor Recreation, 2019
This chapter first lists some of the different water sport disciplines and then defines those on ... more This chapter first lists some of the different water sport disciplines and then defines those on which the chapter will focus—motorboating/powerboating, canoeing, kayaking, jet skiing, rafting, rowing, sailing, surfing, water skiing, sailing, and windsurfing—distinguishing between motorised and non-motorised activities. It then examines relative and actual participation numbers. The final part of the chapter focuses on specific environmental impacts of water sports: physical impacts to aquatic vegetation, the spread of invasive species, erosion of banks and shores, water pollution and its costs. There is discussion about the impacts of water sports on wildlife as well as the chemical impacts on water sports (heavy metals, hydrocarbons). The final section considers the management of these activities and gives examples of ways in which users can be educated.
A pure, clean and reliable water supply is of paramount importance in India where meeting the req... more A pure, clean and reliable water supply is of paramount importance in India where meeting the requirements of a rising population is one of the big challenges of the 21st century. Climate change in the Indian subcontinent, identified by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC, 2013) as the region with the highest level of climate instability, is of major concern (Immerzeel et al., 2010; Morton, 2011). In 2010 the floods in the Indus basin were the worst in history (Hobley et al., 2012). Two thousand people died in Pakistan and in the high-altitude desert of Ladakh, intense rain and floods centred around Leh, washed away homes and villages and killed 200 people. At present, 10 % of the earth’s land-mass is covered with snow. Of this total area, 84.16 % is in the Antarctic, 13.9 % in Greenland, 0.77 % in the Himalaya, 0.51 % in North America, 0.37 % in Africa, 0.15 % in South America, and 0.06 % in Europe. Outside the Polar Regions, the Himalaya has the maximum concentration...
Adventure Tourism
This chapter considers questions about assessing participant learning through a growing area with... more This chapter considers questions about assessing participant learning through a growing area within adventure tourism, that of overseas expeditions. A five-week expedition to SW Greenland for young people aged 17-21 from across the UK provided an opportunity to deploy mixed methodologies to participant learning. Data obtained through quantitative and qualitative approaches allowed consideration of what participants ‘learn’ through an expedition experience and how to assess the learning in meaningful ways so that participants can better articulate their experiences and learning, while providers and funders may have improved ways of measuring the value of adventurous and educational expeditions available to them.
AUC KINANTHROPOLOGICA, 2016
Studies in Higher Education, 2015
ABSTRACT Study goals and effective management of study time are both linked to academic success f... more ABSTRACT Study goals and effective management of study time are both linked to academic success for undergraduates. Learning goals are associated with enjoyment and positive educational outcomes. Conversely poor self-regulation, in the form of procrastination, is linked to a range of negative study behaviours. Many researchers have treated these orientations as stable and few have investigated differences across academic levels. This paper addresses some of these shortcomings and explores whether study goal orientation and procrastination tendency profiles are comparable at different stages of the undergraduate degree. Data were collected for 200 students on Physical Geography and Outdoor Education programmes using a pair of psychometric scales. Findings demonstrate that significant differences occur in both variables between the first and second years of study. After comparing results to wider research, potential causes of these differences are examined and implications for teaching and learning environments discussed.
Abstract: Usually coaching videos in sport display the perfect example – what to copy – performed... more Abstract: Usually coaching videos in sport display the perfect example – what to copy – performed by an expert (Rock, 2005a, 2005b). The learning process is often not recorded so is not available to the student to observe; a useful element in the learning process we think. This resource deliberately incorporates an unusual skill acquisition, that of canoe poling and develops the skill and coaching expertise of canoe poling through a series of related, mainly land-based exercises. It also allows for focus upon the coaching of soft skills, for example, feedback, encouragement, calming and focussing. The DVD aims to provide access to areas of coaching expertise that are rarely captured for others to learn from. These ‘soft ’ skills are often stressed as the important aspects of coaching once hard skills are mastered.
Chapter 1: Introduction to Outdoor Recreation and Recreation Ecology.-Chapter 2: Recreational Wal... more Chapter 1: Introduction to Outdoor Recreation and Recreation Ecology.-Chapter 2: Recreational Walking -- Chapter 3 Mountain Marathons, Adventure Racing, and Mountain Tours -- Chapter 4 Recreational Climbing and Scrambling -- Chapter 5 Gorge Walking, Canyoneering, or Canyoning -- Chapter 6 Off-Road and All-Terrain Vehicles, Including Snowmobiling -- Chapter 7 Mountain Biking -- Chapter 8 Camping, Wild Camping, Snow Holing, and Bothies -- Chapter 9 Horseback Riding -- Chapter 10 Geocaching, Letterboxing, and Orienteering -- Chapter 11 Skiing, Snowboarding, and Snowshoeing -- Chapter 12 Caving.-Chapter 13 Water Sports and Water-Based Recreation -- Chapter 14 Recreational Scuba Diving and Snorkelling -- Chapter 15 Recreational Fishing -- Chapter 16 Expeditions -- Chapter 17 Overall Summary. .
Antarctic Science
Climate change in the Antarctic over the past 50+ years has caused contraction of ice and snow co... more Climate change in the Antarctic over the past 50+ years has caused contraction of ice and snow cover, longer melt seasons and intensified glacier melting. These changes affect erosion and sediment redistribution processes that are vital to our understanding of terrestrial and freshwater ecosystems and sediment input to oceans. This 79 day study of the Orwell Glacier meltwater stream on Signy Island (5 December 2019–21 February 2020) used 5 min recordings of turbidity, stream discharge (Q) and air temperature (AT), supplemented by 454 water samples from which suspended sediment concentration (SSC) was gravimetrically determined, to calculate daily suspended sediment loads (SSLs). Qmean was 47.8 ± 3.5 l s-1, SSCmean was 71.0 ± 15.9 mg l-1 and daily SSLmean was 75 ± 8 kg day-1 with a suspended sediment yield of 43.6 t km-2 yr-1. A multiple regression model predicted SSLs reliably (multiple r = 0.95, r2 = 0.91, n = 79) and, when run with ATmean + 1°C (expected on Signy Island by 2060) a...
Debris on glacier surfaces is linked with increased melt rates. Observations of glaciers in west ... more Debris on glacier surfaces is linked with increased melt rates. Observations of glaciers in west China has suggested that black carbon deposited on the surface might accelerate the melt rates, the reduced albedos being over 5% due to black carbon deposits. Glacier surfaces can also support unique microbial food webs dominated by organic and inorganic debris called ‘cryoconite’ which can influence the surface albedo by cementing dark particles and organic debris together. This study aimed to make a preliminary assessment of the organic and fine inorganic sediment content of surface ice samples.
During a six week wilderness expedition in the Caribou Mountains, British Columbia, three partici... more During a six week wilderness expedition in the Caribou Mountains, British Columbia, three participants took part in a research project with the aim of investigating how the wilderness experience affected their archaeopsychic behaviours These be haviours are a manifestation of the formative transactions experienced throughout our developing years, the main themes of this model being grounded in the workings of Eric Berne (1964) The three participants completed questionnaires, one to one interviews and recorded their reflections in a personal diary The data highlighted the many variables that potentially influence individual archaeopsychic behaviour All the participants exhibited a change in the dominant driver traits; a poignant point being that the improvement actually increased with time elapsed after the exposure to the wilderness; with two participants also demonstrating a change in terms of dominancy, of their primary and secondary ‘drivers ’ We therefore propose a relationship ...
Outdoor Recreation
This chapter first defines camping and presents a camping spectrum which ranges from survival cam... more This chapter first defines camping and presents a camping spectrum which ranges from survival camping to trailer tents, caravans, and motorhomes. It then discusses snow caves, quinzhees and igloos, and finally bothies before examining participation numbers. The final part of the chapter focuses on specific environmental impacts: damage to soil and vegetation, impacts on water, and the impacts on wildlife. The final section considers the management of these activities such as trail design and the development of hardened campsites as in the Overland Track in Tasmania. There is discussion on some attempts to manage the impact of human faeces on water resources, with examples from the Cairngorms, UK. Finally, examples of how the impact of camping on wildlife has been managed are presented.
Adventure Tourism, 2019
By studying many different proxy data sources from places around the world, scientists have found... more By studying many different proxy data sources from places around the world, scientists have found evidence of global-scale climate change, from ice ages or glacial periods, when huge ice sheets covered most of Earth, to such as the present, when ice is largely confined to the polar and high mountain regions. According to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (2014), warming of the climate system is unequivocal. This is now evident from observations of increases in global average air and ocean temperatures that anthropogenically produced greenhouse gases (mainly carbon dioxide, CO2) are contributing to the present warming of about 1.1 °C that has taken place since the late nineteenth century. Rising sea level is consistent with warming. Global average sea level has risen since 1961 at an average rate of 1.8 (1.3–2.3) mm per year, and since 1993 at 3.1 (2.4–3.8) mm per year, with thermal expansion, melting glaciers and ice caps, and the polar ice...
Adventure Tourism, 2019
Adventure tourism numbers are estimated for Alaska and the impacts on wildlife are considered in ... more Adventure tourism numbers are estimated for Alaska and the impacts on wildlife are considered in detail. This wildlife includes: black and brown bears, bear-viewing tourism and its management approaches; the impacts on Dall sheep; the effects of winter recreation on ungulates, including mountain caribou; the recreational impacts on bird populations, including bald eagles, black oystercatchers and marbled murrelets; and whale-watching and harbour seal impacts. The effects of recreation caused by camping, hiking trampling pressure on tundra, the invasive plant spread along trails and the development of informal trails in Arctic wildlife refuges are considered. The impacts of off-road vehicles on tundra, helicopter-supported recreation impacts and the effects of waste produced by climbers on Mount McKinley are evaluated. Finally, the effects of recreational fishing and some impacts on native human populations are discussed.
Outdoor Recreation, 2019
This chapter first lists some of the different water sport disciplines and then defines those on ... more This chapter first lists some of the different water sport disciplines and then defines those on which the chapter will focus—motorboating/powerboating, canoeing, kayaking, jet skiing, rafting, rowing, sailing, surfing, water skiing, sailing, and windsurfing—distinguishing between motorised and non-motorised activities. It then examines relative and actual participation numbers. The final part of the chapter focuses on specific environmental impacts of water sports: physical impacts to aquatic vegetation, the spread of invasive species, erosion of banks and shores, water pollution and its costs. There is discussion about the impacts of water sports on wildlife as well as the chemical impacts on water sports (heavy metals, hydrocarbons). The final section considers the management of these activities and gives examples of ways in which users can be educated.
A pure, clean and reliable water supply is of paramount importance in India where meeting the req... more A pure, clean and reliable water supply is of paramount importance in India where meeting the requirements of a rising population is one of the big challenges of the 21st century. Climate change in the Indian subcontinent, identified by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC, 2013) as the region with the highest level of climate instability, is of major concern (Immerzeel et al., 2010; Morton, 2011). In 2010 the floods in the Indus basin were the worst in history (Hobley et al., 2012). Two thousand people died in Pakistan and in the high-altitude desert of Ladakh, intense rain and floods centred around Leh, washed away homes and villages and killed 200 people. At present, 10 % of the earth’s land-mass is covered with snow. Of this total area, 84.16 % is in the Antarctic, 13.9 % in Greenland, 0.77 % in the Himalaya, 0.51 % in North America, 0.37 % in Africa, 0.15 % in South America, and 0.06 % in Europe. Outside the Polar Regions, the Himalaya has the maximum concentration...
Adventure Tourism
This chapter considers questions about assessing participant learning through a growing area with... more This chapter considers questions about assessing participant learning through a growing area within adventure tourism, that of overseas expeditions. A five-week expedition to SW Greenland for young people aged 17-21 from across the UK provided an opportunity to deploy mixed methodologies to participant learning. Data obtained through quantitative and qualitative approaches allowed consideration of what participants ‘learn’ through an expedition experience and how to assess the learning in meaningful ways so that participants can better articulate their experiences and learning, while providers and funders may have improved ways of measuring the value of adventurous and educational expeditions available to them.
AUC KINANTHROPOLOGICA, 2016
Studies in Higher Education, 2015
ABSTRACT Study goals and effective management of study time are both linked to academic success f... more ABSTRACT Study goals and effective management of study time are both linked to academic success for undergraduates. Learning goals are associated with enjoyment and positive educational outcomes. Conversely poor self-regulation, in the form of procrastination, is linked to a range of negative study behaviours. Many researchers have treated these orientations as stable and few have investigated differences across academic levels. This paper addresses some of these shortcomings and explores whether study goal orientation and procrastination tendency profiles are comparable at different stages of the undergraduate degree. Data were collected for 200 students on Physical Geography and Outdoor Education programmes using a pair of psychometric scales. Findings demonstrate that significant differences occur in both variables between the first and second years of study. After comparing results to wider research, potential causes of these differences are examined and implications for teaching and learning environments discussed.
Abstract: Usually coaching videos in sport display the perfect example – what to copy – performed... more Abstract: Usually coaching videos in sport display the perfect example – what to copy – performed by an expert (Rock, 2005a, 2005b). The learning process is often not recorded so is not available to the student to observe; a useful element in the learning process we think. This resource deliberately incorporates an unusual skill acquisition, that of canoe poling and develops the skill and coaching expertise of canoe poling through a series of related, mainly land-based exercises. It also allows for focus upon the coaching of soft skills, for example, feedback, encouragement, calming and focussing. The DVD aims to provide access to areas of coaching expertise that are rarely captured for others to learn from. These ‘soft ’ skills are often stressed as the important aspects of coaching once hard skills are mastered.
Chapter 1: Introduction to Outdoor Recreation and Recreation Ecology.-Chapter 2: Recreational Wal... more Chapter 1: Introduction to Outdoor Recreation and Recreation Ecology.-Chapter 2: Recreational Walking -- Chapter 3 Mountain Marathons, Adventure Racing, and Mountain Tours -- Chapter 4 Recreational Climbing and Scrambling -- Chapter 5 Gorge Walking, Canyoneering, or Canyoning -- Chapter 6 Off-Road and All-Terrain Vehicles, Including Snowmobiling -- Chapter 7 Mountain Biking -- Chapter 8 Camping, Wild Camping, Snow Holing, and Bothies -- Chapter 9 Horseback Riding -- Chapter 10 Geocaching, Letterboxing, and Orienteering -- Chapter 11 Skiing, Snowboarding, and Snowshoeing -- Chapter 12 Caving.-Chapter 13 Water Sports and Water-Based Recreation -- Chapter 14 Recreational Scuba Diving and Snorkelling -- Chapter 15 Recreational Fishing -- Chapter 16 Expeditions -- Chapter 17 Overall Summary. .
Antarctic Science
Climate change in the Antarctic over the past 50+ years has caused contraction of ice and snow co... more Climate change in the Antarctic over the past 50+ years has caused contraction of ice and snow cover, longer melt seasons and intensified glacier melting. These changes affect erosion and sediment redistribution processes that are vital to our understanding of terrestrial and freshwater ecosystems and sediment input to oceans. This 79 day study of the Orwell Glacier meltwater stream on Signy Island (5 December 2019–21 February 2020) used 5 min recordings of turbidity, stream discharge (Q) and air temperature (AT), supplemented by 454 water samples from which suspended sediment concentration (SSC) was gravimetrically determined, to calculate daily suspended sediment loads (SSLs). Qmean was 47.8 ± 3.5 l s-1, SSCmean was 71.0 ± 15.9 mg l-1 and daily SSLmean was 75 ± 8 kg day-1 with a suspended sediment yield of 43.6 t km-2 yr-1. A multiple regression model predicted SSLs reliably (multiple r = 0.95, r2 = 0.91, n = 79) and, when run with ATmean + 1°C (expected on Signy Island by 2060) a...
Debris on glacier surfaces is linked with increased melt rates. Observations of glaciers in west ... more Debris on glacier surfaces is linked with increased melt rates. Observations of glaciers in west China has suggested that black carbon deposited on the surface might accelerate the melt rates, the reduced albedos being over 5% due to black carbon deposits. Glacier surfaces can also support unique microbial food webs dominated by organic and inorganic debris called ‘cryoconite’ which can influence the surface albedo by cementing dark particles and organic debris together. This study aimed to make a preliminary assessment of the organic and fine inorganic sediment content of surface ice samples.
During a six week wilderness expedition in the Caribou Mountains, British Columbia, three partici... more During a six week wilderness expedition in the Caribou Mountains, British Columbia, three participants took part in a research project with the aim of investigating how the wilderness experience affected their archaeopsychic behaviours These be haviours are a manifestation of the formative transactions experienced throughout our developing years, the main themes of this model being grounded in the workings of Eric Berne (1964) The three participants completed questionnaires, one to one interviews and recorded their reflections in a personal diary The data highlighted the many variables that potentially influence individual archaeopsychic behaviour All the participants exhibited a change in the dominant driver traits; a poignant point being that the improvement actually increased with time elapsed after the exposure to the wilderness; with two participants also demonstrating a change in terms of dominancy, of their primary and secondary ‘drivers ’ We therefore propose a relationship ...
Outdoor Recreation
This chapter first defines camping and presents a camping spectrum which ranges from survival cam... more This chapter first defines camping and presents a camping spectrum which ranges from survival camping to trailer tents, caravans, and motorhomes. It then discusses snow caves, quinzhees and igloos, and finally bothies before examining participation numbers. The final part of the chapter focuses on specific environmental impacts: damage to soil and vegetation, impacts on water, and the impacts on wildlife. The final section considers the management of these activities such as trail design and the development of hardened campsites as in the Overland Track in Tasmania. There is discussion on some attempts to manage the impact of human faeces on water resources, with examples from the Cairngorms, UK. Finally, examples of how the impact of camping on wildlife has been managed are presented.
Adventure Tourism, 2019
By studying many different proxy data sources from places around the world, scientists have found... more By studying many different proxy data sources from places around the world, scientists have found evidence of global-scale climate change, from ice ages or glacial periods, when huge ice sheets covered most of Earth, to such as the present, when ice is largely confined to the polar and high mountain regions. According to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (2014), warming of the climate system is unequivocal. This is now evident from observations of increases in global average air and ocean temperatures that anthropogenically produced greenhouse gases (mainly carbon dioxide, CO2) are contributing to the present warming of about 1.1 °C that has taken place since the late nineteenth century. Rising sea level is consistent with warming. Global average sea level has risen since 1961 at an average rate of 1.8 (1.3–2.3) mm per year, and since 1993 at 3.1 (2.4–3.8) mm per year, with thermal expansion, melting glaciers and ice caps, and the polar ice...
Adventure Tourism, 2019
Adventure tourism numbers are estimated for Alaska and the impacts on wildlife are considered in ... more Adventure tourism numbers are estimated for Alaska and the impacts on wildlife are considered in detail. This wildlife includes: black and brown bears, bear-viewing tourism and its management approaches; the impacts on Dall sheep; the effects of winter recreation on ungulates, including mountain caribou; the recreational impacts on bird populations, including bald eagles, black oystercatchers and marbled murrelets; and whale-watching and harbour seal impacts. The effects of recreation caused by camping, hiking trampling pressure on tundra, the invasive plant spread along trails and the development of informal trails in Arctic wildlife refuges are considered. The impacts of off-road vehicles on tundra, helicopter-supported recreation impacts and the effects of waste produced by climbers on Mount McKinley are evaluated. Finally, the effects of recreational fishing and some impacts on native human populations are discussed.
Study goals and effective management of study time are both linked to academic success for underg... more Study goals and effective management of study time are both linked to academic success for undergraduates. Mastery goals in particular are associated with study enjoyment and positive educational outcomes such as conceptual change. Conversely, poor self-regulation, in the form of procrastination, is linked to a range of negative study behaviours. Many researchers have treated goal orientations and procrastination tendency as stable traits and few have examined differences across academic levels. This study reports a cross-sectional measure of study goal orientation and procrastination tendency profiles at different academic levels on two undergraduate programmes. Findings concur with other studies in revealing a significant decline in mastery goals, particularly between the first and second years of study. Procrastination tendency is significantly higher in the second year. Potential causes of these differences and their implications are discussed, alongside considerations for positive learning environments.
Journal of Geography in Higher …, Jan 1, 2011
Greater flexibility in delivery resulting from increased use of e-learning will inevitably change... more Greater flexibility in delivery resulting from increased use of e-learning will inevitably change the way university students approach studying. Recent studies have examined relationships between attendance, online learning and performance but findings are inconclusive. One ...
Geografiska …, Jan 1, 2008
EGU General Assembly Conference …, Jan 1, 2010
Abstract Global climate change is impacting watershed hydrology and our use of water-related reso... more Abstract Global climate change is impacting watershed hydrology and our use of water-related resources particularly in snow and glacier-fed drainage basins. Most glaciers are out of equilibrium with the current climate and they are slowly adjusting to seasonal changes ...
Research in outdoor education and more specifically on wilderness expeditions has almost exclusiv... more Research in outdoor education and more specifically on wilderness expeditions has almost exclusively focused on short-term benefits (<5yrs) despite their findings suggesting these are "life-changing" experiences. This study examined long-term outcomes (40 years later) of three (month-long) adventurous school expeditions to mainland Europe, by staff and pupils from a high school (11-to 16-year-olds) in Scotland in the 1970s. The investigation was initiated by a call for life stories from 45 participants, followed by 10 interviews at a school reunion. The interviews revealed a transference of learning qualities attributed to the expedition, indicating a long-term impact on participants' personal and/or professional lives, with individuals still drawing upon their expedition experiences some 40 years later. Significant themes emerging were planning and preparation, confidence, and feelings of gratefulness, which led to participants wanting to undertake service that contributes back into society for young peoples' benefit. This study adds to the knowledge of long-range educational outcomes from school expeditions.
https://doi.org/10.18666/JOREL-2020-V13-I3-10674