Mohammed M Abdull | London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine (original) (raw)

Papers by Mohammed M Abdull

International journal of medical science and clinical research studies, Mar 16, 2024

The intervertebral disc in human being is a complex structure and is made up of fibrous and carti... more The intervertebral disc in human being is a complex structure and is made up of fibrous and cartilaginous tissues. It is characterized as tension-resisting structure while it allows limited range of motion in axial, bending or rotational posture. Degenerative process of this structure present with clinical morbidity to the patients and possess great challenges to the clinicians while offering care for disc's pathology. Degeneration begins with imbalance of homeostasis maintained by content of nucleus pulposus and annulus fibrosus. Numerous factors; genetic, mechanical and nutritional, can initiate and or accelerate this degeneration process which ultimately alter the biomechanics of the spine. The aim of this review is to give an overview on the degeneration process, causes and factors influencing disc degeneration, the mechanisms of degeneration and the changes resulted from intervertebral disc degeneration.

International journal of medical science and clinical research studies, Jun 24, 2024

Cardiovascular disease and its risk factors are no longer only problems in developed countries, t... more Cardiovascular disease and its risk factors are no longer only problems in developed countries, they are equally prevalent in developing countries. Cardiovascular risk factors have been hypothesized to play a role in the pathogenesis of hearing loss. Specifically, hypertension and diabetes mellitus can affect the cochlear microvasculature, leading to cochlear atherosclerosis. These atherosclerotic changes may result in impairment of local micro-cochlear circulation, causing ischemia and necrosis of the stria vascularis, hair cells, and the entire organ of Corti, and this may lead to hearing loss. The effect of cardiovascular risk factors on hearing is still under investigation. The aim of this study is to review the relationship between cardiovascular risk factors (hypertension and diabetes) and hearing loss.

International Journal of Medical Science and Clinical Research Studies, 2024

International Journal of Medical Science and Clinical Research Studies , 2023

Nigerian Journal of Ophthalmology, 2023

Aim: To estimate the direct health care cost of glaucoma in patients attending glaucoma clinic at... more Aim: To estimate the direct health care cost of glaucoma in patients attending glaucoma clinic at National Eye Centre, Kaduna.
Methods: The study was a hospital-based observational, cross-sectional study of 150 consecutive glaucoma patients on follow-up visits to the glaucoma clinic from November, 2017 to January, 2018. The study was conducted using a structured interviewer-administered questionnaire. The study investigated the patients’ monthly income, the method of funding glaucoma treatment, and cost of treatment of glaucoma. Data obtained were entered and analyzed using SPSS version 24 with level of significance set at 95% confidence interval.
Results: There were a total of 150 patients who participated in the study, with a male-to-female ratio of M: F ratio is 1.2: 1. Majority of respondents (65%) in the study were below the age of 60 years with a mean age of 55.36 (SD+/− 13.7). The average monthly income of respondents was NGN 4,600 for unskilled workers, NGN 28,812 for skilled workers, and NGN 97,111 for professionals. The mean monthly direct health cost was NGN 9,954 and majority (91.7%) of the patients fund their treatment out of pocket. Only 14 (9.3%) patients were subscribers of the National Health Insurance Scheme. None among the unskilled and unemployed respondents had monthly direct costs below their average monthly income. The insured patients spent an average of 1.5% and 4.5%, respectively of their total monthly income on antiglaucoma medication and glaucoma surgery unlike the uninsured group who have spent 10.1% and 10.5%, respectively on medications and surgery.

http://isrctn.com/, Mar 11, 2021

Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, May 1, 2009

Background: Glaucoma is a chronic eye disease associated with irreversible visual loss. In Africa... more Background: Glaucoma is a chronic eye disease associated with irreversible visual loss. In Africa, glaucoma patients often present late, with very advanced disease. One-off procedures, such as laser or surgery, are recommended in Africa because of lack of or poor adherence to medical treatment. However, acceptance of surgery is usually extremely low. To prevent blindness, adherence to treatment needs to improve, using acceptable, replicable and cost-effective interventions. After reviewing the literature and interviewing patients in Bauchi (Nigeria) motivational interviewing (MI) was selected as the intervention for this trial, with adaptation for glaucoma (MIG). MI is designed to strengthen personal motivation for, and commitment to a specific goal by eliciting and exploring a person's reasons for change within an atmosphere of acceptance and compassion. The aim of this study is to assess whether MIG increases the uptake of laser or surgery amongst glaucoma patients where this is the recommended treatment. The hypothesis is that MIG increases the uptake of treatment. This will be the first trial of MI in Africa. Methods: This is a hospital based, single centre, randomized controlled trial of MIG plus an information sheet on glaucoma and its treatment (the latter being "standard care") compared with standard care alone for glaucoma patients where the treatment recommended is surgery or laser. Those eligible for the trial are adults aged 17 years and above who live within 200 km of Bauchi with advanced glaucoma where the examining ophthalmologist recommends surgery or laser. After obtaining written informed consent, participants will be randomly allocated to MIG plus standard care, or standard care alone. Motivational interviewing will be delivered in Hausa or English by one of two MIG trained personnel. One hundred and fifty participants will be recruited to each arm. The primary outcome is the proportion of participants undergoing laser or surgery within two months of the date given to re attend for the procedure. MIG quality will be assessed using the validated MI treatment integrity scale. Discussion: Motivational interviewing may be an important tool to increase the acceptance of treatment for glaucoma. The approach is potentially scalable and may be useful for other chronic conditions in Africa.

http://isrctn.org/>, Jan 30, 2013

Tropical Medicine & International Health, Jan 31, 2014

The Lancet

Background The 2015 Lancet Commission on global surgery identified surgery and anaesthesia as ind... more Background The 2015 Lancet Commission on global surgery identified surgery and anaesthesia as indispensable parts of holistic health-care systems. However, COVID-19 exposed the fragility of planned surgical services around the world, which have also been neglected in pandemic recovery planning. This study aimed to develop and validate a novel index to support local elective surgical system strengthening and address growing backlogs. Methods First, we performed an international consultation through a four-stage consensus process to develop a multidomain index for hospital-level assessment (surgical preparedness index; SPI). Second, we measured surgical preparedness across a global network of hospitals in high-income countries (HICs), middle-income countries (MICs), and low-income countries (LICs) to explore the distribution of the SPI at national, subnational, and hospital levels. Finally, using COVID-19 as an example of an external system shock, we compared hospitals' SPI to their planned surgical volume ratio (SVR; ie, operations for which the decision for surgery was made before hospital admission), calculated as the ratio of the observed surgical volume over a 1-month assessment period between June 6 and Aug 5, 2021, against the expected surgical volume based on hospital administrative data from the same period in 2019 (ie, a pre-pandemic baseline). A linear mixed-effects regression model was used to determine the effect of increasing SPI score. Findings In the first phase, from a longlist of 103 candidate indicators, 23 were prioritised as core indicators of elective surgical system preparedness by 69 clinicians (23 [33%] women; 46 [67%] men; 41 from HICs, 22 from MICs, and six from LICs) from 32 countries. The multidomain SPI included 11 indicators on facilities and consumables, two on staffing, two on prioritisation, and eight on systems. Hospitals were scored from 23 (least prepared) to 115 points (most prepared). In the second phase, surgical preparedness was measured in 1632 hospitals by 4714 clinicians from 119 countries. 745 (45•6%) of 1632 hospitals were in MICs or LICs. The mean SPI score was 84•5 (95% CI 84•1-84•9), which varied between HIC (88•5 [89•0-88•0]), MIC (81•8 [82•5-81•1]), and LIC (66•8 [64•9-68•7]) settings. In the third phase, 1217 (74•6%) hospitals did not maintain their expected SVR during the COVID-19 pandemic, of which 625 (51•4%) were from HIC, 538 (44•2%) from MIC, and 54 (4•4%) from LIC settings. In the mixed-effects model, a 10-point increase in SPI corresponded to a 3•6% (95% CI 3•0-4•1; p<0•0001) increase in SVR. This was consistent in HIC (4•8% [4•1-5•5]; p<0•0001), MIC (2•8 [2•0-3•7]; p<0•0001), and LIC (3•8 [1•3-6•7%]; p<0•0001) settings. Interpretation The SPI contains 23 indicators that are globally applicable, relevant across different system stressors, vary at a subnational level, and are collectable by front-line teams. In the case study of COVID-19, a higher SPI was associated with an increased planned surgical volume ratio independent of country income status, COVID-19 burden, and hospital type. Hospitals should perform annual self-assessment of their surgical preparedness to identify areas that can be improved, create resilience in local surgical systems, and upscale capacity to address elective surgery backlogs.

Journal of Glaucoma

Précis: The initial presentation of glaucoma varies meaningfully across SSA. A comprehensive stra... more Précis: The initial presentation of glaucoma varies meaningfully across SSA. A comprehensive strategy with regional customization based on local differences is needed to reduce glaucoma blindness in SSA. Purpose: To explore regional variations in the presentation of newly diagnosed glaucoma in Sub Saharan Africa (SSA). Methodology: This was a multicenter, cross-sectional study in which newly diagnosed, consecutive, glaucoma patients aged older than or equal to 18 years were recruited from 27 eye clinics in 10 countries throughout SSA. Demographic and ophthalmic examination data were collected. Glaucoma severity was based on optic nerve head and visual field assessment. Statistical analyses were performed using STATA version 14.0. Results: Among 1214 enrolled patients with newly diagnosed glaucoma from Western, Eastern, and Southern Africa, the overall mean (SD) age was 59.9 (17.1) years. More than half of all patients (716/1178; 60.8%) presented with severe glaucoma in the worse eye...

The Grants Register 2022, 2021

Anaesthesia, 2021

SummaryPeri‐operative SARS‐CoV‐2 infection increases postoperative mortality. The aim of this stu... more SummaryPeri‐operative SARS‐CoV‐2 infection increases postoperative mortality. The aim of this study was to determine the optimal duration of planned delay before surgery in patients who have had SARS‐CoV‐2 infection. This international, multicentre, prospective cohort study included patients undergoing elective or emergency surgery during October 2020. Surgical patients with pre‐operative SARS‐CoV‐2 infection were compared with those without previous SARS‐CoV‐2 infection. The primary outcome measure was 30‐day postoperative mortality. Logistic regression models were used to calculate adjusted 30‐day mortality rates stratified by time from diagnosis of SARS‐CoV‐2 infection to surgery. Among 140,231 patients (116 countries), 3127 patients (2.2%) had a pre‐operative SARS‐CoV‐2 diagnosis. Adjusted 30‐day mortality in patients without SARS‐CoV‐2 infection was 1.5% (95%CI 1.4–1.5). In patients with a pre‐operative SARS‐CoV‐2 diagnosis, mortality was increased in patients having surgery wi...

Anaesthesia, 2021

SummarySARS‐CoV‐2 has been associated with an increased rate of venous thromboembolism in critica... more SummarySARS‐CoV‐2 has been associated with an increased rate of venous thromboembolism in critically ill patients. Since surgical patients are already at higher risk of venous thromboembolism than general populations, this study aimed to determine if patients with peri‐operative or prior SARS‐CoV‐2 were at further increased risk of venous thromboembolism. We conducted a planned sub‐study and analysis from an international, multicentre, prospective cohort study of elective and emergency patients undergoing surgery during October 2020. Patients from all surgical specialties were included. The primary outcome measure was venous thromboembolism (pulmonary embolism or deep vein thrombosis) within 30 days of surgery. SARS‐CoV‐2 diagnosis was defined as peri‐operative (7 days before to 30 days after surgery); recent (1–6 weeks before surgery); previous (≥7 weeks before surgery); or none. Information on prophylaxis regimens or pre‐operative anti‐coagulation for baseline comorbidities was no...

Ophthalmic epidemiology, 2015

Poverty can be a cause and consequence of blindness. Some causes only affect the poorest communit... more Poverty can be a cause and consequence of blindness. Some causes only affect the poorest communities (e.g. trachoma), and poor individuals are less likely to access services. In low income countries, cataract blind adults have been shown to be less economically active, indicating that blindness can exacerbate poverty. This study aims to explore associations between poverty and blindness using national survey data from Nigeria. Participants ≥40 years were examined in 305 clusters (2005-2007). Sociodemographic information, including literacy and occupation, was obtained by interview. Presenting visual acuity (PVA) was assessed using a reduced tumbling E LogMAR chart. Full ocular examination was undertaken by experienced ophthalmologists on all with PVA <6/12 in either eye. Causes of vision loss were determined using World Health Organization guidelines. Households were categorized into three levels of poverty based on literacy and occupation at household level. A total of 569/13,59...

Asia-Pacific Journal of Ophthalmology, 2018

This policy brief is for policy-makers, decision-makers and planners involved in healthcare. The ... more This policy brief is for policy-makers, decision-makers and planners involved in healthcare. The purpose is to provide information that will enable them to contribute to a reduction in the magnitude of blindness and vision loss by taking informed decisions on policy, planning and allocation of resources for comprehensive, inclusive eye care integrated within health systems to strengthen Universal Health Coverage (UHC). Key messages 1. Vision loss is large, is serious and is increasing in magnitude as a result of the ageing population, the increasing number of people with diabetes, and rising levels of short-sightedness among children and young people. 2. Some 95 million blind and vision-impaired people need assessment and treatment immediately in the Commonwealth countries (Bourne et al., 2013). 3. Blindness and vision loss is associated with reduced quality of life, loss of economic productivity and reduced life expectancy. 4. Blindness in children is associated with underachievement in education. 5. Four in five blind or vision-impaired Commonwealth citizens could have their sight completely restored with skilful, cost-effective treatments. 6. There are highly effective treatments for cataract and uncorrected refractive error (URE) that restore sight in 95 per cent of affected individuals. Ongoing programmes could eliminate blinding trachoma and the transmission of river blindness (onchocerciasis) in the next 10 years, if sustained. 7. There is good return on investment in eye care. For every US$1 invested, there is an estimated average of $4 gain from improved economic productivity (Fred Hollows Foundation and PWC, 2014). This means that investing in universal eye health to reduce blindness and vision loss stimulates local economic development. 8. Comprehensive, inclusive eye health integrated into general healthcare services improves the effectiveness of a whole-person approach in the control of emerging non-communicable diseases and co-morbidities, e.g. diabetes.

International Research Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences, 2017

Pulmonary Tuberculosis (PTB) remains a major public health concern in both developing and develop... more Pulmonary Tuberculosis (PTB) remains a major public health concern in both developing and developed countries, but the impact is much felt in sub-Saharan Africa and Asia, with high predisposing risk factor of co-morbidities of poverty, and high incidence of HIV. Information on the demographics and outcome is necessary for the control of the disease. The demographic characteristics and the treatment outcome of PTB have not been reported in Abubakar Tafawa Balewa Teaching Hospital (ATBUTH) Bauchi. Therefore, this study was aimed to describe the sociodemographic characteristics and determine the treatment outcome of the patients attending the Directly Observed Treatment Short course (DOTS) clinic at the institution. Demographic and outcome variables were extracted from the medical records and patient treatment by using a standard structured questionnaire and the results were express in percentages and frequencies. A total of two hundred and fifty nine (259) PTB patients records were extracted and entered into the study data base. Their Gender distribution was 146(56%) males and 113(44%) females age range of 15-70 years. Majority of the patient were civil servants with some level of education and earned less than thirty thousand (₦30,000) Naira, approximately sixty five dollars ($65) monthly. Most of them lived less than 5 Kilometres from the clinic. Eighty percent (80%) of patients were successfully treated while in 20% were not successfully treated. This study showed that pulmonary tuberculosis affects mostly the most productive age group of the population with some level of education and low income. The success rate of treatment falls short of the recommended success rate suggested by WHO. There is need for further studies to identify the factors responsible for failure to achieve the WHO recommendation as well as factors responsible for unsuccessful treatment.

International journal of medical science and clinical research studies, Mar 16, 2024

International journal of medical science and clinical research studies, Jun 24, 2024

International Journal of Medical Science and Clinical Research Studies, 2024

International Journal of Medical Science and Clinical Research Studies , 2023

Nigerian Journal of Ophthalmology, 2023

http://isrctn.com/, Mar 11, 2021

Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, May 1, 2009

http://isrctn.org/>, Jan 30, 2013

Tropical Medicine & International Health, Jan 31, 2014

The Lancet

Journal of Glaucoma

The Grants Register 2022, 2021

Anaesthesia, 2021

Ophthalmic epidemiology, 2015

Asia-Pacific Journal of Ophthalmology, 2018

International Research Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences, 2017

ABSTRACT Importance To investigate the safety, effectiveness and follow up rates after transscler... more ABSTRACT Importance To investigate the safety, effectiveness and follow up rates after transscleral diode laser cyclophotocoagulation as primary treatment for seeing eyes with primary open angle glaucoma in Bauchi, Nigeria. Background There is a high prevalence of primary open angle glaucoma in Africa where adherence to medical treatment and acceptance of surgery are poor. Design Prospective case series Participants New glaucoma patients where surgical intervention was recommended. Methods A diode 810nm laser G‐probe was used under retrobulbar anaesthesia to deliver approximately 20 shots for 2000ms, titrating the power. If both eyes were treated the first was the study eye. Repeat treatment offered if the intraocular pressure (IOP) was >21mmHg on two consecutive visits. Main outcome measures Intraocular pressure <22mmHg, change in ≥2 lines of Snellen visual acuity, and complications. Results 201/204 eyes with complete data analysed. Mean age 52 years, 17 (8.3\%) eyes were re‐treated. Mean pre‐treatment IOP was 39 (SD 11) mmHg. 106 (53\%) attended at 12 months when the mean IOP was 19 (7‐45) mmHg; 77 (73\%) had IOP <22mmHg. Visual acuities were better in 13 (12.3\%) and worse in 23 (21.7\%) eyes. Post‐operative complications included mild uveitis (5.5\%), corneal oedema (2.5\%), severe uveitis (0.5\%) and transient hypotony (2.0\%). No hypotony at 12 months. Conclusions and relevance Transscleral diode laser cyclophotocoagulation controlled IOP in almost three quarters of eyes at 12 months with short‐term preservation of vision and minimal complications. Poor follow‐up in this setting highlights the need for an effective, safe and acceptable treatment where regular follow‐up is less critical. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.