Sélim MEKDESSI | Lebanese University (original) (raw)

Papers by Sélim MEKDESSI

International Journal of Business Management and Economic Review, 2024

Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) are critical to Lebanon's economic structure, contribut... more Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) are critical to Lebanon's economic structure, contributing significantly to employment and economic growth. However, one of the key challenges SMEs face is maintaining robust financial performance in an increasingly competitive and volatile business environment (Mekdessi et al., 2023). While much attention has been placed on technical skills development, the role of soft skills training in enhancing financial performance has been relatively underexplored. This research examines how soft skills, such as communication, leadership, emotional intelligence, and problem-solving, directly influence the financial metrics of Lebanese SMEs. Through a quantitative analysis of SMEs that have integrated soft skills training into their development programs, this study demonstrates that such training significantly improves financial outcomes, including profitability, operational efficiency, and customer satisfaction. These findings highlight the critical importance of a balanced skillset-one that incorporates both technical competencies and soft skills-to ensure the long-term success and competitiveness of SMEs in Lebanon. Practical recommendations are provided for SME leaders to incorporate soft skills training as part of their strategic development to drive financial growth.

International Journal of Social Science and Economic Research, 2024

SMEs are vital to the Lebanese economy, contributing significantly to employment, innovation, and... more SMEs are vital to the Lebanese economy, contributing significantly to employment, innovation, and regional development. However, the persistent challenges posed by Lebanon's ongoing political instability, economic crisis, and financial volatility have disproportionately affected SMEs. In this context, financial literacy emerges as a key factor that can empower SME owners to make informed decisions, access critical financing, manage risks, and ensure longterm growth and sustainability .

International Journal of Social Science and Economic Research, 2024

Employee motivation is a critical factor influencing the financial performance of small and mediu... more Employee motivation is a critical factor influencing the financial performance of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in Lebanon. In a challenging economic landscape marked by political instability and financial uncertainty, understanding how to effectively motivate employees becomes essential for business success. This study examines the relationship between employee motivation and financial performance within Lebanese SMEs. Utilizing a quantitative approach, data were collected from 250 SME employees and managers through a structured questionnaire. The findings reveal a strong positive correlation between employee motivation and key financial performance indicators, including productivity, profitability, and employee retention. The results suggest that SMEs that prioritize motivational strategies, such as recognition, career development, and supportive workplace environments, experience enhanced financial outcomes. The study concludes with recommendations for SME owners and managers to implement effective motivational practices, thereby fostering a motivated workforce that contributes to sustainable business growth and success in the Lebanese market.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PROGRESSIVE RESEARCH IN ENGINEERING MANAGEMENT AND SCIENCE (IJPREMS), 2024

In an increasingly complex financial landscape, financial literacy has emerged as a vital skill, ... more In an increasingly complex financial landscape, financial literacy has emerged as a vital skill, particularly for young individuals making investment decisions. This study explores the role of financial literacy in shaping the investment behavior of university students in Lebanon, a demographic poised to enter the workforce and engage with various financial products. Through a quantitative approach, data were collected from 300 university students across different disciplines using a structured questionnaire that assessed their levels of financial literacy, attitudes toward investing, and actual investment behavior. The findings reveal a significant positive correlation between financial literacy and the propensity to engage in investment activities. Students with higher financial literacy levels are more likely to invest, demonstrate a better understanding of financial products, and display confidence in their investment decisions. The study concludes with recommendations for integrating financial education into university curricula to empower students with the knowledge and skills necessary for effective financial decision-making. By fostering a culture of financial literacy, Lebanese universities can contribute to the development of informed investors who can navigate the complexities of the financial market and build a secure financial future.

Arab Economic and Business Journal, 2024

This study explores the complex area of tax compliance in Lebanon, using the principles of behavi... more This study explores the complex area of tax compliance in Lebanon, using the principles of behavioral economics and nudges as intervention tools. The central problem is to understand how nudges can positively influence the tax behavior of Lebanese taxpayers and improve tax collection. This study tends to investigate how can nudges modify taxpayers' tax behavior in Lebanon. To achieve those objectives, questionnaires were administered to a randomly selected sample of 500 Lebanese taxpayers. The results show that nudges have a significant positive impact on tax compliance. The study underscores the need for continuous evaluation and adaptation of nudge strategies to ensure their effectiveness and relevance in diverse socioeconomic contexts. Future research should expand on these findings to explore the nuanced impacts of different types of nudges across various settings.

IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM), 2024

This research paper delves into the impact of AI-Boosted career writing workshops on the skills, ... more This research paper delves into the impact of AI-Boosted career writing workshops on the skills, perceptions, and attitudes of young individuals in Lebanon. The workshops covered a range of career writing topics, including crafting CVs, composing cover letters and emails, and considering ethical implications of AI usage. Through a thorough survey approach, data was collected from 400 workshop participants. The findings suggest that participants hold favorable views regarding the effectiveness of AI tools in improving their career writing abilities. They also express confidence in using these tools proficiently and show openness to integrating AI into their writing tasks. Specific AI features were identified as particularly advantageous. However, the study acknowledges limitations such as gender imbalance in the sample and potential biases in self-reported data. Future research should explore the long-term effects of AI integration and identify optimal strategies for incorporating AI tools into career writing practices. Overall, the study highlights the significance of AI-driven interventions in equipping individuals with crucial skills for success in today's job market, while emphasizing the importance of ethical considerations and inclusivity in AI adoption.

IOSR Journal of Economics and Finance, 2023

This research paper delves into the intricate dynamics surrounding Small and Medium-sized Enterpr... more This research paper delves into the intricate dynamics surrounding Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs) in Lebanon and the profound impact of the Lebanese financial crisis on the frequency of arbitrary employee dismissals within these organizations. The study commences by establishing a robust theoretical foundation, meticulously exploring SME typologies, characteristics, strategic implications, and criteria for identification. Subsequently, it comprehensively defines the Lebanese financial crisis, elucidating its origins and multifaceted consequences. Furthermore, the paper unpacks the concept of arbitrary employee dismissals, underlining both the social and economic repercussions and offering potential remedies. To address the central research inquiry, two fundamental hypotheses are introduced. The first hypothesis posits that the Lebanese financial crisis significantly amplifies the incidence of arbitrary employee dismissals within SMEs in Lebanon. Conversely, the second hypothesis conjectures that the crisis might potentially reduce such dismissals by fostering a heightened awareness among companies to preserve their skilled workforce. The methodological underpinning of the study employs a deductive approach, accompanied by a quantitative research method. A structured questionnaire, featuring a Likert scale, is administered to 330 employees and managers within Lebanese SMEs operating in Lebanon. Data collected from this sample is subjected to rigorous analysis using the SPSS program, involving a battery of tests including correlation, regression, and one-way ANOVA. The paper suggests several avenues for future research, encompassing the exploration of alternative research methodologies, expanding sample sizes for improved representativeness, diversifying the scope to encompass various industries and business types. Practical implications stemming from this study offer critical recommendations. Stakeholders are encouraged to meticulously analyze economic factors contributing to arbitrary layoffs and engage in in-depth interviews and surveys with SME owners and affected workers. A cross-regional analysis is advocated to assess the varying impact of the crisis across different geographic locations in Lebanon. Proposals aimed at mitigating the negative consequences of arbitrary dismissals on employees and their families are of paramount importance. Given the rapidly evolving economic situation in Lebanon, continuous efforts to gather up-to-date data are underscored. Moreover, the organization of awareness sessions or workshops serves as a valuable platform to share research findings with local stakeholders and facilitate constructive dialogue on this pressing issue.

Iosr Journal Of Economics And Finance (Iosr-Jef), 2023

This research paper delves into the intricate relationship between e-commerce adoption and financ... more This research paper delves into the intricate relationship between e-commerce adoption and financial performance during a financial crisis, focusing on the context of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in Lebanon. The primary objective of this study is to elucidate whether e-commerce can serve as a strategic instrument for Lebanese SMEs, enabling them to alleviate the detrimental impacts of financial crises while bolstering their financial performance. The research employs a comprehensive mixed-methods approach, combining quantitative analyses of financial data with qualitative assessments of SMEs' e-commerce strategies, challenges, and real-world experiences during times of financial upheaval, utilizing a questionnaire and the Likert scale for data collection, with SPSS employed for data interpretation. Notably, a survey of 250 SMEs in Lebanon was conducted to gather data for this research. The nuanced findings derived from this study offer significant insights, providing valuable implications for SMEs in Lebanon and analogous economies. Additionally, it serves as a valuable resource for policymakers and researchers alike, shedding light on the pivotal role of e-commerce in bolstering financial resilience during periods of economic turbulence. In conclusion, this research highlights the critical role of e-commerce in helping Lebanese SMEs adapt and thrive during challenging financial times. As the financial crisis continues to affect Lebanon and the world, this study underscores the importance of embracing e-commerce, engaging customers effectively, and navigating the evolving landscape of online business.

IOSR Journal of Economics and Finance, 2023

Lebanon, a nation plagued by persistent crises, has witnessed a profound impact on its entreprene... more Lebanon, a nation plagued by persistent crises, has witnessed a profound impact on its entrepreneurial landscape, particularly within the innovation ecosystem. This study delves into the repercussions of the country's financial crisis on entrepreneurs. Drawing on data and extensive research, we examine the shifts in financial behavior, budgeting, spending, and saving patterns among entrepreneurs in the wake of these crises. The financial turmoil in Lebanon has led to a significant reduction in annual investments in local startups, triggering a mass exodus of startups relocating abroad. The economic and political instability, compounded by the COVID-19 pandemic and the Beirut port explosion, have left small businesses and entrepreneurs struggling for survival. Nevertheless, Lebanese entrepreneurs have displayed resilience and adaptability in the face of adversity. Applying insights from behavioral finance, which underscores the influence of psychological factors and personal biases on financial decisions, we scrutinize how entrepreneurs in small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) navigate crises. The study recognizes that SMEs are often the hardest-hit during extended economic crises due to their limited financial resources and reliance on high-interest bank credit. Our research employs a mixed-method approach, combining a descriptive analysis with surveys to investigate the financial behavior of entrepreneurs in Lebanon. We formulate hypotheses to test differences in budgeting, spending, and saving before and after the crisis, shedding light on how entrepreneurs adapt their financial strategies. The findings reveal that the crisis has had a detrimental impact on entrepreneurs, leading to constrained spending and reduced savings. To address these challenges, we provide recommendations to help business owners manage their finances effectively during tumultuous times. These recommendations include assessing costs and revenues, evaluating business sustainability, planning for the future, and embracing digitization. Ultimately, this study underscores the critical role of financial literacy in empowering entrepreneurs to make informed financial decisions, especially in times of crisis. As Lebanon grapples with ongoing economic and political uncertainties, entrepreneurs emerge as the heroes, innovators, and fighters who hold the key to the nation's economic resurgence. Further research could explore the strategies of improvisational entrepreneurs in enhancing business performance amid these challenging circumstances.

Journal of Business and Management (JBM) publisged by the International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR), 2023

This research paper investigates the intricate interplay between crises and the financial perform... more This research paper investigates the intricate interplay between crises and the financial performance of hotels, with a specific focus on the region of Mount Lebanon. It provides a comprehensive overview of the research's journey, from an in-depth literature review that elucidates the theoretical constructs of crises, encompassing financial, economic, and health dimensions, to their manifestations and impact on the financial performance of hotels. The research formulates and validates three critical hypotheses, constructing a conceptual model that explicates the intricate dynamics between current crises and the financial equilibrium of the hotel sector. Methodologically, the study employs a deductive approach, underpinned by quantitative analysis. Data collection is facilitated through a customized Google Forms questionnaire, and statistical interpretation is enabled through SPSS. A total of 80 reputable hotels in the Mount Lebanon region were surveyed to provide empirical validation of the hypotheses. The results of this research unearth a compelling narrative. Notably, it is established that financial and economic crises significantly and detrimentally influence the financial performance of hotels in Mount Lebanon. Conversely, financial crises do not exhibit a similar pronounced effect, showcasing resilience within this particular crisis context. As this study unfolds new insights and perspectives, it also lays the groundwork for future research. While its scope is geographically constrained, potential research extensions could explore a broader context. Future investigations could further enhance data quality, employ diverse research methods, and delve into alternative variables and facets of the crisis-hotel relationship. Recommendations springing from this study proffer valuable insights for hoteliers, policymakers, and the wider hospitality industry. In conclusion, this research illuminates the intricate relationship between current crises and the financial performance of hotels. It is our anticipation that this research will serve as a valuable resource for hotel industry professionals, policymakers, and academics, fostering resilience and growth in an ever-evolving landscape.

Iosr Journal Of Economics And Finance, 2023

Foreign direct investment (FDI) is a key driver of economic growth in developing countries. It in... more Foreign direct investment (FDI) is a key driver of economic growth in developing countries. It involves the investment of capital by individuals or companies from one country in the economic interests of another country, often with the aim of taking long-term control of a foreign company. FDI can take various forms, including private investment in buying shares in foreign companies, as well as administrative or technical arrangements 1. Economic growth refers to the expansion of the market value of goods and services in an economy over time, taking inflation into account. One of the most common methods used to measure economic growth is to observe the proportional increase in real GDP. FDI has been identified as a fundamental solution to economic underdevelopment, and it can help fill technology and resource gaps in developing countries 2. The aim of this research is to investigate the impact of FDI and financial development on economic growth in Lebanon. Specifically, the study will examine how FDI can contribute to economic growth in developing countries, and how developing country governments can effectively promote and regulate FDI to maximize its economic benefits. The research will also analyze the effect of changes in the financial situation on the growth of economic growth in terms of GDP. Given the presence of FDI in Lebanon and the significant decline in financial situation due to political instability and hyperinflation, the use of FDI to boost Lebanon's economic growth could be seen as a way to mitigate the country's financial crisis.

Iosr Journal Of Economics And Finance, 2023

The ongoing fluctuations in exchange rates have brought forth consequential variations in the fin... more The ongoing fluctuations in exchange rates have brought forth consequential variations in the financial behavior of entrepreneurs. This study delves into the substantial influence of exchange rate fluctuations on the financial behavior of entrepreneurs in North Lebanon. The primary objective of our investigation is to establish a comprehensive understanding of the intricate relationship between exchange rate fluctuations and entrepreneurial financial behavior.
To achieve this aim, we devised an analytical framework that positions exchange rate fluctuations as the independent variable and entrepreneurial financial behavior as the dependent variable. This framework is constructed based on a synthesis of relevant literature concerning both exchange rate dynamics and entrepreneurial behavior.
Our study concentrates on exploring the nuanced connection between exchange rate movements and entrepreneurial financial behavior. Through the distribution of questionnaires to entrepreneurs in Lebanon, we collected two hundred eighty valid responses, which formed the basis of our data analysis.
Statistical examination of the collected data led to the following key findings:
- Exchange rate fluctuations exert a positive influence on strategic planning among entrepreneurs.
- Entrepreneurial expenses demonstrate an upward trend in response to exchange rate variations.
- Changes in exchange rates lead to increased savings by entrepreneurs.
- The fluctuation of exchange rates significantly impacts entrepreneurial behavior within the study region.
For a comprehensive understanding of this phenomenon, we employed both quantitative and qualitative data collection methods. Our study predominantly adopted a quantitative questionnaire-based approach.
Our results unveil that exchange rate fluctuations, particularly during the current crisis, have indeed influenced entrepreneurial financial behavior. The research model illustrates that turnover plays a pivotal role in shaping business strategies, savings patterns, and expenditure decisions.
In conclusion, fostering entrepreneurship in North Lebanon requires collective efforts from all stakeholders. It is imperative to promote economic growth and stability through collaborative approaches and proactive measures. By addressing the challenges posed by financial crises and embracing a collective vision, a brighter future can be forged for the entrepreneurs and businesses in the region.

IOSR Journal of Business and Management, 2023

Lebanon is currently grappling with an unprecedented economic crisis, presenting an immense chall... more Lebanon is currently grappling with an unprecedented economic crisis, presenting an immense challenge to businesses spanning various sectors. This crisis has resulted in the unfortunate closure of many companies across the country. However, amid this adversity, certain enterprises have opted for a strategic shift by transitioning from one sector to another, safeguarding their viability 1. A prominent exemplar of this phenomenon is Winnerforce, an enterprise within the Lebanese context. This study undertakes a comprehensive examination of the repercussions of the ongoing economic crisis on Lebanese businesses, with a specific focus on the transformation of commercial company into industrial entity. Employing a mixed research methodology, the research endeavors to substantiate the formulated hypotheses. The findings successfully corroborate all anticipated hypotheses, establishing that the economic crisis acts as a catalyst compelling companies to pivot from commercial-oriented operations to an industrial orientation. Furthermore, this transition exerts profound influence on pivotal aspects of these companies' operations. Noteworthy effects manifest in product pricing dynamics, logistical considerations encompassing shipping procedures, product quality parameters, and the diversification of product portfolios. Based on meticulously collected and analyzed data, the study acknowledges certain limitations inherent in the research process. As a result, the research contributes valuable insights into the nuanced interplay between economic upheaval and corporate adaptability. The implications of the study extend to policy recommendations and strategic insights, serving as a guide for businesses navigating similarly challenging economic circumstances. Ultimately, this research advances our comprehension of the multifaceted relationship between economic crises, sectoral transitions, and the subsequent impacts on diverse facets of company operations.

IOSR Journal of Business and Management, 2023

This article delves into the intricate dynamics of company distress, with a specific focus on Sma... more This article delves into the intricate dynamics of company distress, with a specific focus on Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) within the context of the economic, financial, and social crises that unfolded in Lebanon post-October 2019. The study seeks to unravel the mechanisms that enable companies, particularly SMEs, to navigate the challenges posed by external and internal factors and consequently enhance their chances of survival. Drawing parallels between corporate distress and medical conditions, the article conceptualizes the financial health of companies through a diagnostic lens. It explores how companies exhibit "symptoms" or "signals" of financial problems before progressing to a "sick" state analogous to bankruptcy, which is deemed comparable to corporate "death." Just as remedies are prescribed in the medical field, the article emphasizes the need for timely, preventive measures to avert the onset of distressful situations. The study critically examines existing literature on distressed companies, pinpointing bankruptcy prediction techniques as having dominated scholarly attention, often overshadowing comprehensive explanatory efforts. The SMOCK model is introduced, categorizing bankruptcy causes into external environmental factors, internal company attributes including leadership capabilities, and company-specific initiatives or goals. Framed within the broader context of Lebanon's multifaceted financial instability, the article elucidates the nation's macro-financial dysfunctions, evident in soaring inflation, currency depreciation, and restricted access to dollar deposits within Lebanese banks. While external factors play a role, the article underscores the significance of company-specific attributes in contributing to distress, such as strained creditor relationships and an inability to adapt to changing demands and environmental shifts. The central inquiry of the study revolves around a fundamental question: How can struggling businesses be effectively rescued? Through a comprehensive exploration of the intricacies of distress and resilience, the article contributes to a nuanced understanding of the mechanisms that can potentially safeguard SMEs in Lebanon, and by extension, in similar contexts worldwide. The findings emphasize the need for tailored, proactive strategies that address both external pressures and internal company capabilities, facilitating the preservation and revitalization of businesses facing adversity.

Journal of Business and Management, 2023

Entrepreneurs are frequently viewed as national assets that should be developed, driven, and full... more Entrepreneurs are frequently viewed as national assets that should be developed, driven, and fully compensated possible 1. Entrepreneurs have the power to alter how we work and live by enabling the combination of the experimental learning, skills development, forcing individuals to remain learning 2. Their revolutions could raise our standard of living if they are effective efficient by producing an effect to the lifestyle. In other words, through their business endeavors, entrepreneurs not only build wealth but also jobs and the framework for a thriving society 3. Therefore, spreading entrepreneurship knowledge is very essential. This study aims to evaluate how nudging university students through an entrepreneurial course can boost their entrepreneurial intentions and help them in improving their business ideas to create them in the future. A kind of entrepreneurial education in form of an intensive course was implemented for 30 hours to deliver maximum progress of learning concerning how to be a boss in minimal time. Quantitative research was conducted through a Pretest-posttest design on 302 students from different academic backgrounds. This study has demonstrated that encouraging students to take an entrepreneurship course is effective in terms of immediate improvement in theoretical knowledge of entrepreneurship, in aiding the students in the process of finding business ideas, as well as in improving their business idea, if they already had one. In conclusion, entrepreneurial intention is significantly influenced by entrepreneurship education.

Journal of Business and Management, International Organization of Scientific Research, 2022

Contrary to a widespread description of the traditional family business suffers from mismanagemen... more Contrary to a widespread description of the traditional family business suffers from mismanagement, based on emotional relationships and unable to cope with crises, this contribution underlines that this entity is able to free itself from its limitations and to operate on the local market and even on foreign markets. It must resolve itself to tolerate external interventions both in terms of funding and human resources. Technological and organizational factors will also need to be improved, as they help this entity to overcome either direct competition or moments of crisis. But first, it must be able to express, on the basis of its own characteristics, resilience and financial strategies capable of ensuring. The aim of this study is to assess the performance of family businesses and determine their ability to withstand crises.

IOSR Journal of Economics and Finance, 2022

Sustainable development is the ultimate goal of every NGO 1. In other words, sustainable developm... more Sustainable development is the ultimate goal of every NGO 1. In other words, sustainable development is the common foundation and long-term goal of all organizations, allowing them to broaden the scope of their activities to collaborate with other institutions and move from the national level, to regional and international levels. The concepts developed anchor these operations in the historical process and guarantee future continuity. Therefore, monthly and annual work plans are essential elements for a progressive and sustainable path 2. The internal governance of NGOs has a fault relationship with the term development. The form of an association is linked to its objectives, methods and content 3. The latter is defined as the working method of NGOs, their internal governance and the objectives they wish to achieve. The purpose of the ONGS is not itself, but the delivery of the services provided at the company level 4. Currently, development activities represent a series of theoretical and practical frameworks that enable NGOs to develop, coordinate and share activities at all levels (national and international), while responding to the needs of society. Lebanese NGOs have a positive impact on sustainable development. Their role is to promote democratic participation, to strengthen the power of civil society, to protect rights and freedoms and good governance, both within non-governmental organizations and throughout society. However, some NGOs suffer significant difficulties in their internal governance, the lack of mechanisms, the rotation of powers and the most important is the difficulty of funding 5 .

International Organization of Scientific Research; Journal of Business and Management, 2022

This study shows the characteristics present in business owners that are mandatory for growing a ... more This study shows the characteristics present in business owners that are mandatory for growing a business and being self-employed. Several topics are discussed, such as: entrepreneurship, personality characteristics and psychological bias of entrepreneurial behavior, and how challenges straighten up an entrepreneur. By challenges, we mean all difficulties that business owners were able to discuss during their interviews to share personal experiences and earned skills throughout the overall process. The study was conducted with 399 business owners in Lebanon (covering all regions and sectors), detailed interviews with matching answers from the entrepreneurs were very valuable to conduct a qualitative study and reach these results. Main results reached were that passion and close environment are the two most important factors to entrepreneurial growth, and furthermore detecting personality biases' and other factors that could be considered as challenges for them.

International Organization of Scientific Research; Journal of Economics and Finance, 2022

Lebanon has experienced a large number of financial, economic, political and health crises marked... more Lebanon has experienced a large number of financial, economic, political and health crises marked by banking restrictions and currency depreciation. Foreign exchange risk is one of the risks considered as a source of concern in the company's international relationship. Companies are subject to the risk of exchange rate fluctuation because they carry out import and export activities invoiced in a currency different from the one used by the company in its balance sheet. The exchange rate is the value of a national currency or a currency against a national currency of another country. It represents the amount of a foreign currency that can be purchased with a unit of another currency.
The exchange rate is divided into two types: a fixed exchange rate and a floating exchange rate. The currency market is a type of financial market in which currencies are exchanged. It is the place where different players can exchange money according to a specific exchange rate. However, this rate is not fixed and changes every day according to supply and demand. The exchange rate risk arises when a company uses a foreign currency to conduct international transactions.
The risk of changing the exchange rate to not use the fixed parity system in the year 1971, exchange rate risk is the uncertainty about the exchange rate of one currency against another in the short to medium term. It is the risk based on the value of one currency in exchange for another due to a future change in the exchange rate. Currency risk is a real disadvantage for companies with international activities. Importing and exporting companies see their profitability largely affected by changes in the value of currencies. These influences lead companies to consider techniques to manage the risk of exchange rate variation.
Therefore, when facing these potential risks on the foreign exchange market, there are techniques, tools and instruments that allow companies to reduce the consequences of this exchange rate divergence. These methods consist in reducing or eliminating the risks related to the foreign exchange centers through internal or external methods by transferring the management of the foreign exchange risk to the financial or banking institutions. The economic crisis in Lebanon has started since the year 2019 and has contributed to serious consequences on businesses that are paralyzed by banking restrictions on cash withdrawals and transfers abroad since October and a prolonged liquidity crisis since August.
The private sector, composed of more than 90% of SMEs, is working to ensure its survival. Many of the companies have reduced the salary of the employees also other companies have laid off employees. The decrease in income has been one of the main factors to reduce the quality of goods and services and also this decrease has influenced the stock of the company from where a large number of companies are facing a shortage of stock or lack of stock.

International Organization of Scientific Research; Journal of Economics and Finance, 2022

The several crises that have ravaged Lebanon in the last 3 years left us in a big need for findin... more The several crises that have ravaged Lebanon in the last 3 years left us in a big need for finding solutions for unprecedented unemployment and poverty rates. Recognized as a catalyst for economic growth and job creation, entrepreneurship was a very suitable option, that's why this research aimed to evaluate the Entrepreneurial readiness of university students in Lebanon. From the behavioral perspective, this study analyzed the entrepreneurial capacity of university students in terms of psychological traits, skills and motivational factors to become entrepreneurs. We examined the possession of the students for factors that enable them to engage in entrepreneurial activities and start their own business. The study was conducted on 357 students from different universities in Lebanon. The findings showed that the majority of students had the profile of an entrepreneur and are ready to become entrepreneurs.

International Journal of Business Management and Economic Review, 2024

International Journal of Social Science and Economic Research, 2024

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PROGRESSIVE RESEARCH IN ENGINEERING MANAGEMENT AND SCIENCE (IJPREMS), 2024

Arab Economic and Business Journal, 2024

IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM), 2024

IOSR Journal of Economics and Finance, 2023

Iosr Journal Of Economics And Finance (Iosr-Jef), 2023

IOSR Journal of Economics and Finance, 2023

Journal of Business and Management (JBM) publisged by the International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR), 2023

Iosr Journal Of Economics And Finance, 2023

IOSR Journal of Business and Management, 2023

Journal of Business and Management, 2023

Journal of Business and Management, International Organization of Scientific Research, 2022

IOSR Journal of Economics and Finance, 2022

International Organization of Scientific Research; Journal of Business and Management, 2022

International Organization of Scientific Research; Journal of Economics and Finance, 2022

ADERSE, 2018

Cette recherche s’intéresse au mode de gouvernance multi parties prenantes de PME libanaises en s... more Cette recherche s’intéresse au mode de gouvernance multi parties prenantes de PME libanaises en soulignant le rôle de l’adoption et la mise en place des normes sociales et environnementales comme étant des outils de gestion permettant cette gouvernance.
A travers deux études de cas, nous passons en revue les parties prenantes de ces PME selon un objectif à trois visées, économique, social / sociétal, et environnemental, en montrant leur engagement RSE. Leurs systèmes de gouvernance multi parties prenantes soulignent l’attention particulière accordée à l’environnement, aux salariés et aux clients et pointe comment la mise en œuvre des normes internationales favorise cet engagement.
D’un point de vue managérial, ces études de cas peuvent constituer des exemples encourageant les dirigeants de PME à s’engager dans la responsabilité sociale et environnementale pour assurer leur pérennité.

Journal of Business and Management - IOSR, 2017

This paper emphasizes the importance of the networks’ role: adoption’s networking, integration, a... more This paper emphasizes the importance of the networks’ role: adoption’s networking, integration, and the importance of commitment’s degree in CSR of Lebanese SMEs.
To highlight networks and important stakeholders, we have decided to focus on particular life’s moments of a Leban ese company in an uncertain and unstable environment. Thus, we propose an analysis of the stakeholders during the 2006 crisis by analyzing eight enterprises in order to identify the stakeholders of the socially responsible Lebanese SMEs. We have identified a trend among the interviewed managers, which is giving more importance to shareholders satisfaction, motivation, continuous training of employees and the central role of banks in the survival and development of their business. We were also able to emphasize the role of the socially responsible values of proactive managers and their ability to act durably during difficult times and in an unstable and uncertain environment.
We can conclude that the Lebanese manager involved in a CSR logic manages crises better mainly by dint of certain stakeholders including employees and banks.
However, there are several limitations to our research. The number of SMEs studied and the effects of the crisis in the Arab countries, for which the managers are not able to see the end, open the way for further analysis.

Chamber of Commerce, Industry and Agriculture of Beirut, 2016

Les entreprises libanaises et leur responsabilité sociale: Etat des lieux de la RSE - Edition L'Harmattan, 2017

Dans une époque où tout le monde n’est intéressé que par l’engrangement de profits exorbitants, p... more Dans une époque où tout le monde n’est intéressé que par l’engrangement de profits exorbitants, peut-être est-il temps de revoir la vision du profit et de la performance financière pour s’ intéresser un peu plus à l’humain, rechercher des profits sans oublier la performance sociale et environnementale pour un monde durable (Grandin et Saïdane, 2011).
La crise financière mondiale de 2007-2008 a mis l’accent sur les pratiques scandaleuses de recherche de profits incalculables (Bourguinat et Briys, 2009; Aglietta et al. 2010) et sur ses conséquences néfastes sur le plan social avec l’augmentation de la pauvreté (Banque de France, 2010). Il s’ agit donc de s’ intéresser à la Responsabilité Sociale des Entreprises (RSE) et à la performance globale. Howard Bowen, père fondateur de la RSE avec son ouvrage intitulé:«Social Responsibilities of the Businessman» publié en 1953, marque l’entrée de la notion de RSE dans le champ académique (Gond et Igalens, 2014).

L'Harmattan, 2017

Les entreprises libanaises, terrain fertile pour la RSE (responsabilité sociale des entreprises) ... more Les entreprises libanaises, terrain fertile pour la RSE (responsabilité sociale des entreprises) ? Pour éclairer le nouveau contrat social mondial dont parle Michel Capron, les contributeurs de ce livre tentent de répondre à certaines questions en s'intéressant au cas du Liban : où en sont les entreprises libanaises ? Les consommateurs sont-ils sensibles à la RSE ? Peut-on repérer des pratiques de RSE dans différents secteurs d'activité : informatique, agro-alimentaires, bancaire...? Quels sont les leviers qui favorisent les pratiques socialement responsables des entreprises libanaises ?

Les entreprises libanaises et leur responsabilité sociale. Etat des lieux de la RSE ». Collection « Colloques & Rencontres ». Edition L’Harmattan ; ISBN 978-2-343-12110-9, 239 pages., 2017

L'économie libanaise se caractérise par un tissu de PME qui représentent 97% du total des entrepr... more L'économie libanaise se caractérise par un tissu de PME qui représentent 97% du total des entreprises libanaises et emploient 50% de la main d'oeuvre libanaise (CCI, 2014) avec seulement 16 000 entreprises, parmi près de 175 000, qui déclarent avoir un chiffre d'affaires supérieur à 100 000 dollars (Sbeih, 2009). Plus de 74% des PME libanaises ont été fondées par leurs propriétaires actuels. Les autres PME sont des entreprises familiales.