Baiba Kalke | University of Latvia (original) (raw)
Papers by Baiba Kalke
Integrity has always been projected as a positive value. Academic integrity is one of the key asp... more Integrity has always been projected as a positive value. Academic integrity is one of the key aspects of the teaching/learning process, which is connected to the principles of ethics in addition to being genuine, honest and reliable. This is the basis for sustainable knowledge as well as a prerequisite for success. The study has been developed with the aim of assessing the understanding of learners and teachers in relation to academic integrity and exploring types of academic dishonesty and the factors affecting it during the primary education stage in Latvia. The study has explored concepts of academic integrity, dishonesty in theoretical literature and binding normative documents in Latvia, as well as the factors influencing them, and the correlation with ages and character features, and forms of academic dishonesty have been discussed. The type of research design is a case study, so the results of the study are not generalizable. The empirical part is based on the survey; the participants were teachers working in the primary education stage (157) and 345 students of Grades 4-9. The results obtained show that students and teachers do not have a shared understanding about the concept of academic integrity and its importance because no common guidelines have been developed for promoting academic integrity. The data also reveal that one quarter of teachers and more than half of the surveyed students have never encountered the issue of academic integrity in their experience. The main types of academic dishonesty mentioned are verbal communication, looking at someone else's work; the main reasons noted are the lack of knowledge and skills, not enough time spent for preparing for a test and desire to obtain a good mark.
Parents are important educational partners in schools as they are the first educators of their ch... more Parents are important educational partners in schools as they are the first educators of their children and play an important role in their children's education, educational targets, and future professions for their children. Parents have their expectations about their children's educational targets but are these expectations connected with targets defined in education documents, and more important-are these expectations aimed at the future perspective of education? The purpose of the study was to compare the educational targets of parents with educational targets defined in education documents-Latvia education system change project "School 2030" (Skola 2030), Sustainable Development Strategy of Latvia until 2030, and UNESCO new social contract for education for 2050. The methodology used in this study was an express-survey for parents, in May 2022, with the open question "What do you expect for your child's educational targets?"; literature and source analysis with mapping review strategy, documents detecting the perspective of the education; finding educational target keywords, analysing data, and synthesising categories with data collected in express-survey; data analysis was done using data identifying method by selected keywords. Analysing three educational documents with the future perspective, 7 educational targets as keywords were found and analysed-curricula and skills, cooperation and collaboration, digitalization, inclusion, sustainability, research and innovations, and globalisation. 240 respondents participated in the express survey, detecting the problem of the research, that parents' expectations only partly overlap educational targets defined in education documents. Analysing survey data, family and parents cannot be considered as educational partners in the educational process as is shown in literature and document analysis. There are two main survey answer tendencies-child-centred education and education based on knowledge and achievements. Parents' behaviour is customer-centred, what is that school can provide for a child's education.
Sabiedrība, integrācija, izglītība, Jul 24, 2015
Latvijas Universitātes Zinātniskie raksti, 2018
Today, mass media is the most important creator of public opinion, and school textbooks are part ... more Today, mass media is the most important creator of public opinion, and school textbooks are part of this. On the one hand, textbooks form student attitudes towards the learning process, and the teacher is the key figure. On the other hand, textbooks are a historic source that depicts pedagogical practices of any given era. The purpose of this study is to determine how the teacher is pictured in primary school textbooks in Latvia during the transition period from authoritarianism to democracy. My sources were 30 text books in which the teacher was identified in 28 images and 36 texts. Teacher images were studied using the following: gender, age, body type, hairstyle, clothing, footwear, accessories, facial expressions, gestures, activities, and personality traits. Teacher image in textbooks is not showy, most likely to adhere to stereotypes cultivated by the middle class for whom modesty is an important moral virtue. No changes were observed in the professional activities of teachers under democracy requirements, i.e., teachers did not cooperate with pupils during the study process. This research demonstrates that teacher images depicted in primary school textbooks have not radically changed since the Soviet dictatorship, indicating that it is not likely that radical changes in teaching practices occured.
Human, Technologies and Quality of Education, 2021, 2021
The paradigm shift in higher education pedagogy and policy has been a subject of discussion for 3... more The paradigm shift in higher education pedagogy and policy has been a subject of discussion for 30 years, during which time the emphasis has been placed on the transition to student-centred education. The implementation of this approach requires the democratisation of the study process and a shift towards performance-based outcomes, thus promoting students’ research capacities, well-being, personal growth, and quality of life. The most important document on the subject, which was developed in collaboration with the leading organisations of the Bologna Process, is the Standards and Guidelines for Quality Assurance in the European Higher Education Area. This describes the common understanding of student-centred learning, teaching, and assessment. The standards and guidelines are also incorporated into the Latvian higher education quality assurance regulations. The authors of the present study are involved in the development and approbation of a new master’s study program, in which spe...
SOCIETY, INTEGRATION, EDUCATION. Proceedings of the International Scientific Conference, 2015
In the article "Image of the University Faculty in the View of Student Teachers", the methods of ... more In the article "Image of the University Faculty in the View of Student Teachers", the methods of survey and analysis of performance results are used to explore the image of university faculty in the experience of students of teacher education and pedagogics. An illustrative example is one of the key tools of education in pedagogics. It is significant to investigate the image of university faculty in teacher education because the university teacher also serves as a model of the professional pedagogical performance for student teachers in teacher education. The article highlights the visual image of the university teacher and their most typical personality traits that might have impacts on the future professional performance of student teachers.
Tiltai, Apr 19, 2021
During the soviet times pedagogy in Latvia develops in difficult and controversial conditions. It... more During the soviet times pedagogy in Latvia develops in difficult and controversial conditions. It becomes a specific area of influence and a propaganda tool, in which ideologised guidelines of soviet pedagogy prevail. So far Soviet experience in education theory and practice (1940-1941, 1944-1990) has not been fully identified and evaluated because it is "recent" history. People living during the soviet times have developed self-experience, based on which conclusions can be made. At the same time young people develop this experience in their daily life (communicating with people, watching and reading in the mass media), thus based on other people's experience. One of the sources promoting teachers' historical experience is study courses The History of Pedagogy and Literature Didactics, in which future teachers gain knowledge about the historical development of pedagogy, learn different ideas proposed by famous educators, acquire skill in analysing pedagogical ideas in the context of a particular historical period, assess different offerings of pedagogy and their application in nowadays pedagogical situations. At the same time in the study course Literature Didactics future teachers enrich their knowledge about the development of Didactics of Latvian Literature during the soviet period, master their skills in critical evaluation of study contents, study programs, materials, additional materials, study aims, methods and approaches as well as teacher student interaction during the lesson.
Acta Paedagogica Vilnensia
This study examined competences of heads of schools when acquiring the current terminology of edu... more This study examined competences of heads of schools when acquiring the current terminology of education in Latvia. In the school year 2020/2021 schools in Latvia implemented new approach to learning by introducing the curriculum reform called “Introducing the competence approach in the instructional content “Skola 2030”. The event led to several changes in the curriculum as well as an addition of various new terms to be used when introducing the reform to schools; therefore, to successfully implement the reform heads of schools have to fully understand the new curriculum and terms. The aim of this research paper was to study what the necessary competences of heads of schools are when acquiring the current terminology of education.To achieve the objective, analysis of theoretical literature, scientific research and statistics were performed; a survey for heads of schools was developed and conducted; the results of the study were compiled.In the empirical part it was clarified which w...
Мiждисциплiнарнi дослiдження складних систем
One of the most important tasks in the 2022 UNESCO report is the preparation of teachers in the f... more One of the most important tasks in the 2022 UNESCO report is the preparation of teachers in the field of higher education, which is oriented towards the improvement of professional competence. The teacher is described as a creator of knowledge, and as a central person in educational and social transformation, while knowledge and learning are described as the basis of renewal and transformation. Opportunities for meaningful and high-quality education should be available at every stage of a person's life. Preschool education is the first level of education and is where a child gains first knowledge, skills, and experience about the world around them. The preschool teacher and their professional competences are of particular importance in this cognitive process. Using the teachers' professional competence assessment tool (survey), this study analyses the self-assessment of future preschool teachers' professional competence in the planning, implementation and evaluation of the learning process. Our results show that the survey that we created can be used as one of the tools for the evaluation of the teacher's professional competence. In addition, the professional competence of future preschool teachers can be promoted in the study process in the unity of theory and practice. From the survey, it can be concluded that the planning, implementation and evaluation of the learning process interact and are mutually dependent components of the teacher's professional competence. In the data analysis, it was found that the professional competences of preschool teachers are strengthened, which helps to identify the individual needs of children and to plan, implement and evaluate the learning process in accordance with them.
Human, Technologies and Quality of Education, 2020, 2020
In order to understand how the concept of national identity, currently included in national legis... more In order to understand how the concept of national identity, currently included in national legislation and curricula, has been formed, our research focuses on the recent history of national identity formation in the absence of the nation-state “frame”, i.e. in Latvian diaspora on both sides of the Iron Curtain – in Western exile and in Soviet Latvia. The question of our study is: how was national identity represented and taught to next generations in the national community that had lost the protection of its state? As primers reveal a pattern of national identity practice, eight primers published in Western exile and six primers used in Soviet Latvian schools between the mid-1940s and the mid-1970s were taken as research sources. In primers, national identity is represented through the following components: land and nation state iconography, traditions, common history, national language and literature. The past reverberating with cultural heritage became the cornerstone of learning...
Revista Colombiana de Educación, 2015
SOCIETY, INTEGRATION, EDUCATION. Proceedings of the International Scientific Conference, 2015
Diverse evaluation of the study process and the activities of all participants involved in it is ... more Diverse evaluation of the study process and the activities of all participants involved in it is a significant element in the context of introducing quality culture at the higher education institutions (HEI). It is a common practice in HEI to carry out students’ surveys in order to receive students’ evaluation on the quality of the study process as such, the study curriculum, the content and organization of particular subjects. On the basis of the performed analysis of the scientific and didactic literature, the article describes students’ survey and the possibilities of applying its results in assessing the quality of the university faculty’s professional activities. The survey of pedagogy students was performed in the empirical study which helped to find out students’ understanding about the competences needed for the university faculty in their professional activities in the study process at higher education institution and the professional development needs of the university fac...
Acta Paedagogica Vilnensia
One of the objectives of the European Higher Education Area is to promote the development of comp... more One of the objectives of the European Higher Education Area is to promote the development of competences, with an emphasis on those competences that people need to maintain their current quality of life and high level of employability in the face of a changing society and labor market. This study analyzed the self-assessment of student preschool teachers’ professional competence, using a tool (survey) for assessing teachers’ professional competence. A structure of preschool teachers’ professional competence was analyzed. The results indicate that the developed survey can be used as a tool for the self-assessment of teachers’ professional competence. The most highly evaluated sub-competences were general tasks of ensuring professional activity; implementation of learning process; and improvement of professional competence. The data analysis revealed that the question “Is the work related to the field of study?” with the statements included in the survey sections “Implementation of th...
Separate summary in Latvian and English, 52 p.Available from Latvian Academic Library / LAL - Lat... more Separate summary in Latvian and English, 52 p.Available from Latvian Academic Library / LAL - Latvian Academic LibrarySIGLELVLatvi
Revista Colombiana de Educación, 2015
After World War II , the central questions in re-training teachers in the Baltic States focused o... more After World War II , the central questions in re-training teachers in the Baltic States focused on Soviet political and ideological issues. Yet, the communist regime did not focus only on the mind, but also the disciplining of the body – books meant for teachers and pupils reveal strict instructions on the formation of the Soviet teachers’ image. Discussion of this topic can also be found in pedagogical press, school functions, clubs, and libraries. The instructions were presented in “must be” terms, but we are interested in the question – what was the “real” image of the Soviet teacher? Did s/he follow the instructions? How far would a teacher diverge from officially accepted norms? What methods were used by the authoritarian power to remediate a teacher’s “wrong” image? Our study adds to the research on the understanding of why the image of the Latvian teacher, even today, continues to be more negative than positive in the collective memory, as well as in the public space. We anal...
Human, Technologies and Quality of Education, 2020
In order to understand how the concept of national identity, currently included in national legis... more In order to understand how the concept of national identity, currently included in national legislation and curricula, has been formed, our research focuses on the recent history of national identity formation in the absence of the nation-state "frame", i.e. in Latvian diaspora on both sides of the Iron Curtain-in Western exile and in Soviet Latvia. The question of our study is: how was national identity represented and taught to next generations in the national community that had lost the protection of its state? As primers reveal a pattern of national identity practice, eight primers published in Western exile and six primers used in Soviet Latvian schools between the mid-1940s and the mid-1970s were taken as research sources. In primers, national identity is represented through the following components: land and nation state iconography, traditions, common history, national language and literature. The past reverberating with cultural heritage became the cornerstone of ...
Integrity has always been projected as a positive value. Academic integrity is one of the key asp... more Integrity has always been projected as a positive value. Academic integrity is one of the key aspects of the teaching/learning process, which is connected to the principles of ethics in addition to being genuine, honest and reliable. This is the basis for sustainable knowledge as well as a prerequisite for success. The study has been developed with the aim of assessing the understanding of learners and teachers in relation to academic integrity and exploring types of academic dishonesty and the factors affecting it during the primary education stage in Latvia. The study has explored concepts of academic integrity, dishonesty in theoretical literature and binding normative documents in Latvia, as well as the factors influencing them, and the correlation with ages and character features, and forms of academic dishonesty have been discussed. The type of research design is a case study, so the results of the study are not generalizable. The empirical part is based on the survey; the participants were teachers working in the primary education stage (157) and 345 students of Grades 4-9. The results obtained show that students and teachers do not have a shared understanding about the concept of academic integrity and its importance because no common guidelines have been developed for promoting academic integrity. The data also reveal that one quarter of teachers and more than half of the surveyed students have never encountered the issue of academic integrity in their experience. The main types of academic dishonesty mentioned are verbal communication, looking at someone else's work; the main reasons noted are the lack of knowledge and skills, not enough time spent for preparing for a test and desire to obtain a good mark.
Parents are important educational partners in schools as they are the first educators of their ch... more Parents are important educational partners in schools as they are the first educators of their children and play an important role in their children's education, educational targets, and future professions for their children. Parents have their expectations about their children's educational targets but are these expectations connected with targets defined in education documents, and more important-are these expectations aimed at the future perspective of education? The purpose of the study was to compare the educational targets of parents with educational targets defined in education documents-Latvia education system change project "School 2030" (Skola 2030), Sustainable Development Strategy of Latvia until 2030, and UNESCO new social contract for education for 2050. The methodology used in this study was an express-survey for parents, in May 2022, with the open question "What do you expect for your child's educational targets?"; literature and source analysis with mapping review strategy, documents detecting the perspective of the education; finding educational target keywords, analysing data, and synthesising categories with data collected in express-survey; data analysis was done using data identifying method by selected keywords. Analysing three educational documents with the future perspective, 7 educational targets as keywords were found and analysed-curricula and skills, cooperation and collaboration, digitalization, inclusion, sustainability, research and innovations, and globalisation. 240 respondents participated in the express survey, detecting the problem of the research, that parents' expectations only partly overlap educational targets defined in education documents. Analysing survey data, family and parents cannot be considered as educational partners in the educational process as is shown in literature and document analysis. There are two main survey answer tendencies-child-centred education and education based on knowledge and achievements. Parents' behaviour is customer-centred, what is that school can provide for a child's education.
Sabiedrība, integrācija, izglītība, Jul 24, 2015
Latvijas Universitātes Zinātniskie raksti, 2018
Today, mass media is the most important creator of public opinion, and school textbooks are part ... more Today, mass media is the most important creator of public opinion, and school textbooks are part of this. On the one hand, textbooks form student attitudes towards the learning process, and the teacher is the key figure. On the other hand, textbooks are a historic source that depicts pedagogical practices of any given era. The purpose of this study is to determine how the teacher is pictured in primary school textbooks in Latvia during the transition period from authoritarianism to democracy. My sources were 30 text books in which the teacher was identified in 28 images and 36 texts. Teacher images were studied using the following: gender, age, body type, hairstyle, clothing, footwear, accessories, facial expressions, gestures, activities, and personality traits. Teacher image in textbooks is not showy, most likely to adhere to stereotypes cultivated by the middle class for whom modesty is an important moral virtue. No changes were observed in the professional activities of teachers under democracy requirements, i.e., teachers did not cooperate with pupils during the study process. This research demonstrates that teacher images depicted in primary school textbooks have not radically changed since the Soviet dictatorship, indicating that it is not likely that radical changes in teaching practices occured.
Human, Technologies and Quality of Education, 2021, 2021
The paradigm shift in higher education pedagogy and policy has been a subject of discussion for 3... more The paradigm shift in higher education pedagogy and policy has been a subject of discussion for 30 years, during which time the emphasis has been placed on the transition to student-centred education. The implementation of this approach requires the democratisation of the study process and a shift towards performance-based outcomes, thus promoting students’ research capacities, well-being, personal growth, and quality of life. The most important document on the subject, which was developed in collaboration with the leading organisations of the Bologna Process, is the Standards and Guidelines for Quality Assurance in the European Higher Education Area. This describes the common understanding of student-centred learning, teaching, and assessment. The standards and guidelines are also incorporated into the Latvian higher education quality assurance regulations. The authors of the present study are involved in the development and approbation of a new master’s study program, in which spe...
SOCIETY, INTEGRATION, EDUCATION. Proceedings of the International Scientific Conference, 2015
In the article "Image of the University Faculty in the View of Student Teachers", the methods of ... more In the article "Image of the University Faculty in the View of Student Teachers", the methods of survey and analysis of performance results are used to explore the image of university faculty in the experience of students of teacher education and pedagogics. An illustrative example is one of the key tools of education in pedagogics. It is significant to investigate the image of university faculty in teacher education because the university teacher also serves as a model of the professional pedagogical performance for student teachers in teacher education. The article highlights the visual image of the university teacher and their most typical personality traits that might have impacts on the future professional performance of student teachers.
Tiltai, Apr 19, 2021
During the soviet times pedagogy in Latvia develops in difficult and controversial conditions. It... more During the soviet times pedagogy in Latvia develops in difficult and controversial conditions. It becomes a specific area of influence and a propaganda tool, in which ideologised guidelines of soviet pedagogy prevail. So far Soviet experience in education theory and practice (1940-1941, 1944-1990) has not been fully identified and evaluated because it is "recent" history. People living during the soviet times have developed self-experience, based on which conclusions can be made. At the same time young people develop this experience in their daily life (communicating with people, watching and reading in the mass media), thus based on other people's experience. One of the sources promoting teachers' historical experience is study courses The History of Pedagogy and Literature Didactics, in which future teachers gain knowledge about the historical development of pedagogy, learn different ideas proposed by famous educators, acquire skill in analysing pedagogical ideas in the context of a particular historical period, assess different offerings of pedagogy and their application in nowadays pedagogical situations. At the same time in the study course Literature Didactics future teachers enrich their knowledge about the development of Didactics of Latvian Literature during the soviet period, master their skills in critical evaluation of study contents, study programs, materials, additional materials, study aims, methods and approaches as well as teacher student interaction during the lesson.
Acta Paedagogica Vilnensia
This study examined competences of heads of schools when acquiring the current terminology of edu... more This study examined competences of heads of schools when acquiring the current terminology of education in Latvia. In the school year 2020/2021 schools in Latvia implemented new approach to learning by introducing the curriculum reform called “Introducing the competence approach in the instructional content “Skola 2030”. The event led to several changes in the curriculum as well as an addition of various new terms to be used when introducing the reform to schools; therefore, to successfully implement the reform heads of schools have to fully understand the new curriculum and terms. The aim of this research paper was to study what the necessary competences of heads of schools are when acquiring the current terminology of education.To achieve the objective, analysis of theoretical literature, scientific research and statistics were performed; a survey for heads of schools was developed and conducted; the results of the study were compiled.In the empirical part it was clarified which w...
Мiждисциплiнарнi дослiдження складних систем
One of the most important tasks in the 2022 UNESCO report is the preparation of teachers in the f... more One of the most important tasks in the 2022 UNESCO report is the preparation of teachers in the field of higher education, which is oriented towards the improvement of professional competence. The teacher is described as a creator of knowledge, and as a central person in educational and social transformation, while knowledge and learning are described as the basis of renewal and transformation. Opportunities for meaningful and high-quality education should be available at every stage of a person's life. Preschool education is the first level of education and is where a child gains first knowledge, skills, and experience about the world around them. The preschool teacher and their professional competences are of particular importance in this cognitive process. Using the teachers' professional competence assessment tool (survey), this study analyses the self-assessment of future preschool teachers' professional competence in the planning, implementation and evaluation of the learning process. Our results show that the survey that we created can be used as one of the tools for the evaluation of the teacher's professional competence. In addition, the professional competence of future preschool teachers can be promoted in the study process in the unity of theory and practice. From the survey, it can be concluded that the planning, implementation and evaluation of the learning process interact and are mutually dependent components of the teacher's professional competence. In the data analysis, it was found that the professional competences of preschool teachers are strengthened, which helps to identify the individual needs of children and to plan, implement and evaluate the learning process in accordance with them.
Human, Technologies and Quality of Education, 2020, 2020
In order to understand how the concept of national identity, currently included in national legis... more In order to understand how the concept of national identity, currently included in national legislation and curricula, has been formed, our research focuses on the recent history of national identity formation in the absence of the nation-state “frame”, i.e. in Latvian diaspora on both sides of the Iron Curtain – in Western exile and in Soviet Latvia. The question of our study is: how was national identity represented and taught to next generations in the national community that had lost the protection of its state? As primers reveal a pattern of national identity practice, eight primers published in Western exile and six primers used in Soviet Latvian schools between the mid-1940s and the mid-1970s were taken as research sources. In primers, national identity is represented through the following components: land and nation state iconography, traditions, common history, national language and literature. The past reverberating with cultural heritage became the cornerstone of learning...
Revista Colombiana de Educación, 2015
SOCIETY, INTEGRATION, EDUCATION. Proceedings of the International Scientific Conference, 2015
Diverse evaluation of the study process and the activities of all participants involved in it is ... more Diverse evaluation of the study process and the activities of all participants involved in it is a significant element in the context of introducing quality culture at the higher education institutions (HEI). It is a common practice in HEI to carry out students’ surveys in order to receive students’ evaluation on the quality of the study process as such, the study curriculum, the content and organization of particular subjects. On the basis of the performed analysis of the scientific and didactic literature, the article describes students’ survey and the possibilities of applying its results in assessing the quality of the university faculty’s professional activities. The survey of pedagogy students was performed in the empirical study which helped to find out students’ understanding about the competences needed for the university faculty in their professional activities in the study process at higher education institution and the professional development needs of the university fac...
Acta Paedagogica Vilnensia
One of the objectives of the European Higher Education Area is to promote the development of comp... more One of the objectives of the European Higher Education Area is to promote the development of competences, with an emphasis on those competences that people need to maintain their current quality of life and high level of employability in the face of a changing society and labor market. This study analyzed the self-assessment of student preschool teachers’ professional competence, using a tool (survey) for assessing teachers’ professional competence. A structure of preschool teachers’ professional competence was analyzed. The results indicate that the developed survey can be used as a tool for the self-assessment of teachers’ professional competence. The most highly evaluated sub-competences were general tasks of ensuring professional activity; implementation of learning process; and improvement of professional competence. The data analysis revealed that the question “Is the work related to the field of study?” with the statements included in the survey sections “Implementation of th...
Separate summary in Latvian and English, 52 p.Available from Latvian Academic Library / LAL - Lat... more Separate summary in Latvian and English, 52 p.Available from Latvian Academic Library / LAL - Latvian Academic LibrarySIGLELVLatvi
Revista Colombiana de Educación, 2015
After World War II , the central questions in re-training teachers in the Baltic States focused o... more After World War II , the central questions in re-training teachers in the Baltic States focused on Soviet political and ideological issues. Yet, the communist regime did not focus only on the mind, but also the disciplining of the body – books meant for teachers and pupils reveal strict instructions on the formation of the Soviet teachers’ image. Discussion of this topic can also be found in pedagogical press, school functions, clubs, and libraries. The instructions were presented in “must be” terms, but we are interested in the question – what was the “real” image of the Soviet teacher? Did s/he follow the instructions? How far would a teacher diverge from officially accepted norms? What methods were used by the authoritarian power to remediate a teacher’s “wrong” image? Our study adds to the research on the understanding of why the image of the Latvian teacher, even today, continues to be more negative than positive in the collective memory, as well as in the public space. We anal...
Human, Technologies and Quality of Education, 2020
In order to understand how the concept of national identity, currently included in national legis... more In order to understand how the concept of national identity, currently included in national legislation and curricula, has been formed, our research focuses on the recent history of national identity formation in the absence of the nation-state "frame", i.e. in Latvian diaspora on both sides of the Iron Curtain-in Western exile and in Soviet Latvia. The question of our study is: how was national identity represented and taught to next generations in the national community that had lost the protection of its state? As primers reveal a pattern of national identity practice, eight primers published in Western exile and six primers used in Soviet Latvian schools between the mid-1940s and the mid-1970s were taken as research sources. In primers, national identity is represented through the following components: land and nation state iconography, traditions, common history, national language and literature. The past reverberating with cultural heritage became the cornerstone of ...