Måns Svensson | Lund University (original) (raw)
Papers by Måns Svensson
In Baier, M. (ed.) Social and Legal Norms. London: Ashgate., 2013
In this paper, I have argued that the norm concept is central to Sociology of Law and could be he... more In this paper, I have argued that the norm concept is central to Sociology of Law and could be held to be equally important as, say, the concept of attitude to Social Psychology. It will probably never be possible to fully bridge the classic gulf between the two dominating academic perspectives on Law – namely, Sociology and Legal Science. However, the norm concept, defined via the essential attributes, tells us that all norms (legal and other social norms) have three properties in common: they are imperatives (‘ought’), yet social facts (‘is’), and, in the end, always subjective beliefs.
In Braga, R. and Caruso, G. Piracy Effect. Cinergie Media, 2013
"This article presents the analysis of a large survey on file-sharing that was conducted in April... more "This article presents the analysis of a large survey on file-sharing that was conducted in April 2011 with over 75,000 respondents from all over the world. The study, also known as The Research Bay, due to that it was conducted in collaboration with the infamous BitTorrent site The Pirate Bay, by the Cybernorms research group. The aim of the online study of The Pirate Bay community has been to describe a file sharing community from within and thereby to shed light on the underlying demographics and social structures of the phenomenon that has emerged as one of the greatest challenges to IP law ever.
The results indicate that this community of mainly bitTorrentfile-sharers to a large extent is a male community (93.8 % of the respondents were male) of a younger generation (77.3 percent were younger than 30 years of age). These results, in combination with the fact that the relatively low share of uploaders are more inclined to seek protection from identification via encrypted means than the rest and the fact that offline sharing is common, is an indication of that the file sharing community is differentiated within. This is in the article discussed in terms of a professionalization or specialization existing in the file-sharing community, that includes different roles in an “eco system” of sharing files and consuming media. This means that those informants we have found via the Pirate Bay website may represent a link in a bigger chain, as a technology competent and vital link for a larger structure of which BitTorrent plays an important, but not all-encompassing, part."
European Journal of Social Security. Vol. 14: Iss. 2, pp. 64-85. , 2012
There have been extensive discussions in academic circles of why some countries develop into welf... more There have been extensive discussions in academic circles of why some countries develop into welfare states while others do not. Two main factors mentioned in these discussions are economic growth and the need for political stability. In these discussions, the example of Sweden, where the welfare state allegedly emerged from a ‘culture of consensus,’ has often been treated as an historic exception. In this article we discuss the relevance of the two main factors suggested in the literature, and investigate whether Sweden is a rare case of a country where welfare arose out of a culture of consensus or if welfare in Sweden emerged as a product of strategies that aimed at promoting political stability, and thereby followed a similar pattern to other Western European countries. In undertaking this task, we have conducted a review of the literature and used Migdal’s ‘state-in-society’ perspective and the ‘institutional approach’ as a theoretical framework. Our results can be summarised under three headings: (a) until the mid-twentieth century, Sweden was a highly unstable, conflict-ridden class society, and thereby a followed similar pattern to other Western European countries; (b) welfare reforms in Sweden were introduced as a means of addressing political and social instability; (c) Sweden is therefore no exception to the theory that deep political crises trigger welfare reforms.
New Media & Society, Volume 14, Number 7, 2012
The gap between copyright law and social norms has been widely discussed. We have empirically sho... more The gap between copyright law and social norms has been widely discussed. We have empirically shown the existence of this gap. Theoretically founded in the sociology of law, the study uses a well-defined concept of norms to measure changes in the strength of social norms before and after a legal implementation. The ”IPRED law” was on 1 April 2009 implemented in Sweden, following the EU IPR Enforcement Directive 2004/48/EC. The law aims at enforcing copyright, as well as other IP rights, when violated, especially online. We conducted a survey three months before the IPRED law was implemented in Sweden, and the survey was repeated six months after. The about 1000 respondents between 15 and 25 years-of-age showed, among other things, that although the actual file sharing behaviour had to some extent decreased, the social norms remained unaffected by the law.
Scandinavian Studies in Law, Vol. 53, Jan 1, 2008
The aim of this article is to propose a method for creating a more coherent concept of norms – an... more The aim of this article is to propose a method for creating a more coherent concept of norms – and to deliver a tentative and open suggestion on how to define norms in a way that is suitable to Sociology of Law. The suggested ontological analysis for this is mainly founded on the Aristotelian concepts of ‘essence’ and ‘accident.’ Thus, the method is concerned with distinguishing between norm attributes that lie in their (the norms’) nature, (collectively, they form the definition), and other attributes (that form the basis for categorization of norms).
Journal of Research in Interactive Marketing, Vol. 6 Iss: 4, pp.260 - 280, 2012
Purpose The purpose of this study is to better understand online anonymity in the global file-sh... more Purpose
The purpose of this study is to better understand online anonymity in the global file-sharing community in the context of social norms and copyright law. The study describes the respondents in terms of use of Virtual Private Networks (VPNs) or similar services with respect to age, gender, geographical location, as well as analysing the correlation with file-sharing frequencies.
Design/methodology/approach
This study, to a large extent, collected descriptive data through a web-based survey. This was carried out in collaboration with the BitTorrent tracker The Pirate Bay (TPB), which allowed us to link the survey from the main logo of their site. In 72 hours, we received over 75,000 responses, providing the opportunity to compare use of anonymity services with factors of age, geographical region, file-sharing frequency, etc.
Findings
Overall, 17.8 per cent of the respondents used a VPN or similar service (free or paid). A core of high-frequency uploaders is more inclined to use VPNs or similar services than the average file sharer. Online anonymity practices in the file-sharing community depend on how legal and social norms correlate (more enforcement means more anonymity).
Research limitations/implications
The web-based survey was in English and mainly attracted visitors on The Pirate Bay’s web site. This means that it is likely that those who do not have the language skills necessary were excluded from the survey.
Practical implications
This study adds to the knowledge of online anonymity practices in terms of traceability and identification, and therefore describes some of the conditions for legal enforcement in a digital environment.
Social implications
This study adds to the knowledge of how the Internet is changing in terms of a polarization between stronger means of legally enforced identification and a growing awareness of how to be more untraceable.
Originality/value
The scale of the survey, with over 75,000 respondents from most parts of the world, has likely not been seen before on this topic. The descriptive study of anonymity practices in the global file-sharing community is therefore likely unique.
Policy & Internet: Vol. 2: Iss. 4, Article 4., Jan 1, 2010
The European Union directive on Intellectual Property Rights Enforcement (IPRED) was implemented ... more The European Union directive on Intellectual Property Rights Enforcement (IPRED) was implemented in Sweden on April 1, 2009, and was meant to be the enforcement needed to achieve increased compliance with intellectual property online, especially copyright. This, therefore, was the manifest function of the directive. The article empirically shows changes in levels of use of Online Anonymity Services (OAS) as a result of the implementation of IPRED in Sweden, as being a latent dysfunction of the implementation The data consists of two surveys of about 1,000 people between 15 and 25 years of age, where the first survey was conducted two months prior to the implementation of IPRED, and the second one seven months afterwards. This data is complemented with OAS statistics as well as Google search engine statistics in Sweden during 2009 on a selection of phrases related to online anonymity, revealing the link between encrypted anonymity fluctuations and copyright enforcement.
The article suggests that a key to understand any relationship between IPRED and fluctuations in online anonymity can be found in the law’s relationship to social norms and levels of perceived legitimacy. The implementation of illegitimate laws is likely to spur dysfunctional (for the law) counter-measures. In the case of copyright enforcement and encryption technologies, the first seems to drive the other to some extent, affecting the balance of openness and anonymity on the Internet, possibly and at worst leading to that the enforcement of legislation that has a weak representation among social norms negatively affects the enforcement of legislation that has a strong representation among social norms.
SSRN Working Papers Series
Objective This study provides the summary of current knowledge about migrant work in agriculture... more Objective
This study provides the summary of current knowledge about migrant work in agriculture available from journal articles, books, reports and other relevant academic publications, focusing on political, economic, legal, social and medical aspects of migrant work in agriculture.
Methods
A systematic search was carried out on the LibHub and Google Scholar databases in order to compile the existing peer-reviewed publications, research reports, and policy papers concerning migrant work in agriculture. The literatures was selected through the following process: (1) reading the title and abstract in English for the period 1960 – 2011; (2) reading the entire text of selected articles; (3) making a manual search of the relevant quotations in the selected articles; (4) eliminating articles without a focus on migrant populations and the themes of central interest, and then reading and analyzing the definitive set of articles.
Results
In spite of their varying geographical focus, scope, unit of analysis and settings, most of the studies reviewed highlighted that migrant farmworkers work under very poor working conditions and face numerous health and safety hazards, including occupational chemical and ergonomic exposures, various injuries and illnesses and even death, discrimination and social exclusion, poor pay and long working hours, and language and cultural barriers. Many studies also reported poor enforcement of labour regulations and a lack of health and safety training on the farms, difficulty accessing medical care and compensation when injured or ill.
Conclusions
The studies have also pointed out the lack of research in relation to labour, health, psychosocial, and wage conditions of migrant farmworkers. The accumulated results of the study indicate that the issues and problems migrant farmworkers face are multidimensional, and there is a need for both policy development and further research in order to address migrant workers’ problems.
Research Report in Sociology of Law 2009:1. Lund: MediaTryck., 2009
This report is the result of study that was performed in January and February 2009. It was presen... more This report is the result of study that was performed in January and February 2009. It was presented and reviewed at the Annual Meeting of the Law and Society Association: Law, Power, and Inequality in the 21st Century in May 2009. The study empirically examined, or rather examined the lack of, social norms opposing illegal file sharing. A total of over 1,000 respondents have answered the questionnaire. Along with the social norm indicators, the study maps out relevant questions regarding internet behaviour in this field, such as the will to use anonymity services and the will to pay for copyrighted content. These results are compared and contrasted with the legal development trend in European law in internet and file sharing related matters, as well as the Swedish implementation of this development, as a member of the European Union. This includes the Intellectual Property Enforcement Directive (IPRED), the Directive on Data retention as well as the implementation of INFOSOC. Svensson and Larsson in Social Norms and Intellectual Property – Online norms and the European legal development consequently portrays the social norms on the one hand and the legal development on the other, and the overarching question of the report therefore addresses the correlation of these two. Do the social norms amongst 15-25 year olds match the legal regulation, as well as the regulatory trend on this field? If not, how can this be understood or explained? The study shows that the cybernorms differ, both in inherent structures and origin, from current legal constructions.
Convergence: The International Journal of Research into New Media Technologies, February 2013 vol. 19 no. 1 95-114, 2012
This article analyses current trends in the use of anonymity services among younger Swedes (15–25... more This article analyses current trends in the use of anonymity services among younger Swedes (15–25 years old) and focuses on individuals engaging in illegal file sharing in order to better understand the rationale behind both file sharing as well as online anonymity, especially in relation to enforcement of copyright. By comparing the findings of a survey conducted on three occasions (early 2009, late 2009 and early 2012), we measure the fluctuations in the use of anonymity services among approximately 1000 15–25-year-olds in Sweden, compare them with file sharing frequencies and, to some extent, trends within legal enforcement. The article also suggests that the key to understanding any relationship between copyright enforcement and fluctuations in online anonymity can be found in the law’s relationship to social norms in terms of legitimacy by showing a correlation between file sharing frequency and the use of anonymity services. The findings indicate that larger proportions of frequent file sharers (downloaders) also use anonymity services more often than those who file share less. However, in comparison to the earlier surveys, the strongest increase in the use of anonymity services is found in the groups where file sharing is less frequent, suggesting that reasons for actively making oneself less traceable online other than avoiding copyright enforcement have emerged since the initial two surveys in 2009. Further, the overall increase (from 8.6 per cent to 14.9 per cent) in using anonymity services found for the whole group of respondents suggests both that high file sharing frequency is a driver for less traceability, as well as a larger trend for online anonymity relating to factors other than mere file sharing of copyright infringing content – for example, increased governmental identification, data retention and surveillance in the online environment. The results are analysed in Merton’s terminology as file sharers and protocol architects adapting in terms of both innovation and rebellion in the sense that institutional means for achieving specific cultural goals are rejected. This means, to some extent, participating in or contributing to the construction of other means for reaching cultural goals.
In Baier, M. (ed.) Social and Legal Norms. London: Ashgate., 2013
The aim of this study is to explore the social meaning and ordinary activities surrounding inform... more The aim of this study is to explore the social meaning and ordinary activities surrounding informal transactions in order to better understand the social context forming the premises and informing the meaning of corruption (especially among low-level officials) in Uzbekistan. We have argued that the informal transactions mainly are manifestations of social norms, a “culture of money”, characterised by networks of reciprocity and exchange. We have focused on socio-economic structures and their normative elements, drawing on a ‘state-in-society’ perspective and the concept of social norms as theoretical framework. The ethnographic data on wedding ceremonies was analysed in order to describe and understand the local perceptions of moral codes and values of informal transactions.
One could argue that the connection, painted in this chapter, between social practices in weddings and corruption is too tenuous. The reader might wish that we had done some observation of actual corruption in order to note the parallels in structure and meaning of exchange between weddings and corruption in public transactions; hence, demonstrating the relation, rather than surmising it. However, it is important to underline that we did not set out to prove any causal relation between (a) social norms and practices in weddings and (b) corruption. Rather, our aim was to show the underlying social norms, moral codes and local perceptions in order to describe a society where corruption occurs. In a metaphorical sense, we are more interested in examining the soil than the actual wheat.
Our results can be summarised in three points: (a) informal transactions are deeply embedded in cultural practices; (b) not all informal transactions are corrupt; (c) when talking about (or measuring) corruption – social norms, moral codes and local perceptions should be considered. If this is not taken into consideration informal transactions that are not corrupt run the risk of being labelled as illicit. Corruption is an overly general term, which often simply masks competing sets of rules with those of the state. Similar points have been made before by scholars such as Werner (2000), Humphrey (2002), and Polese (2008). In that sense our research could be said to empirically support findings of previous research, calling for a more nuanced view on grass-roots level informal transactions in developing countries. Our research in one aspect differs from the previous by focusing on interactions and exchange between ordinary citizens (and not on citizen-state officials). By adding this perspective we underline the importance of understanding the very culture of the society in which corruption is being discussed and/or measured.
Even though the state in Uzbekistan might look omnipotent due to its infrastructural and coercive capacity, our fieldwork suggests that it has limited meaning in the everyday life at local level. The decline of the Soviet-type welfare state spurred the monetisation of society in Uzbekistan, since the people in rural Fergana have become increasingly dependent on informal coping strategies for meeting their livelihood needs. The unrelenting increase in informal transactions during for example weddings, such as “toyana” and “pul qistirish”, is one illustration of general monetisation of society that gained momentum following the post-Soviet economic decline.
In this paper we state that we accept the definition of corruption as TI describes it: “corruption is the abuse of entrusted power for private gain”. However, we also stress the need to focus on the key word ‘abuse’ from a sociological understanding of the specific cultural context in which corruption is viewed. It is obvious that many of the activities that are considered to be corruption from a pure Western perspective have little to do with ‘abuse’. Rather informal coping strategies are incorporated into Uzbek culture as a rational way of getting things done. Hence, anticorruption measures are not simply a matter of getting people to obey the law. It is more importantly about promoting socio-economic change.
In Baier, M. (ed.) Social and Legal Norms. London: Ashgate., 2013
Central to this paper is the gap between the social and legal norms within the field of copyright... more Central to this paper is the gap between the social and legal norms within the field of copyright related behaviour in an online context. Many of the studies mentioned in this chapter have pointed out this gap and displayed the lack of social norms that correspond to those parts of copyright that deal with control over reproduction and distribution (e.g. Svensson and Larsson 2012). The overall and long-lasting consequences of the gap between social norms and copyright law are hard to predict but, by using a four-dimensional socio-legal model (the FDSL-model), they may be both highlighted and analysed in a meaningful way. By addressing the gaps between the different dimensions of socio-legal norms that are presented in the model, a greater understanding of the on-going gap-related processes could be achieved.
A multidimensional gap problem
The gap between the normative and the factual dimensions of social norms relates to the difference in societal norms concerning file-sharing and the actual intergroup norms within groups involved in file-sharing. While the factual dimensions are measureable through the use of quantitative studies, the normative dimension of social norms needs to be penetrated and explored with a more qualitative approach. The social norms related to file-sharing are somewhat consistent; the findings in Study 2 (interviews with young Swedes) confirm that social pressure and norms measured in Study 3 are not strong enough to dissuade young people from illegal file-sharing activities. However, the findings in Study 2 suggest that this is mainly due to an internalized pattern of behaviour wherein file-sharing tends to be handled as unproblematic. The legal status of file-sharing of copyright protected material overall is a non-issue to the respondents of the focus group interviews of Study 2. This suggests that the findings in Study 3 related to Social Norm Strength have a real impact on young file-sharers; but also, that this lack of norm pressure concerning these issues means that it is generally of little interest to even relate to the legal grounds of file-sharing.
This may also be understood by the findings in both Study 2 as well as the descriptive Study 1 (global file-sharing community), regarding the different methods to acquire file-shared material. This suggests that the file-sharing methods are not a key factor, but rather a sign of an on-going professionalization or specialization, including different roles in the `eco system´ of sharing files, further supported by Svensson, Larsson and de Kaminski (2013b; 2013a) and Larsson et al., (2012). This means that those informants we have found via the Pirate Bay website may represent a link in a bigger chain, as a technologically competent and vital link for a bigger ecosystem of file-sharing. This professionalization hints at a larger, structured organization within the file-sharing community, of which BitTorrent plays an important, but not all-encompassing, role. It is not a result of a planned form of organization; nonetheless, it constitutes a structure for content dissemination, where gender plays a significant role (Svensson, Larsson, and de Kaminski 2013a; 2013b). This is supported in the focus group interviews in Study 2, where respondents not feeling competent enough to handle technical file-sharing solutions often fall back on sneakernet methods like USB sticks or offline social gatherings to gain access to file-shared media.
In a more cognitive theoretical terminology (see Larsson’s contribution in this anthology) the gaps may be described as portraying the changing conceptions of right - and wrong – (Larsson 2011b), along with the means for achieving accepted goals, visible in the case of file-sharing norms (Larsson 2011b; Larsson, Svensson, and de Kaminski 2012) and the ways that file-sharers justify their behaviour (Andersson and Larsson 2013). The latter is confirmed in Study 2 in which the respondents in general do not consider file-sharing to be an actual crime. Differentiated from the legal formulations described in Study 5, file-sharing is – at least, in young age groups – not regarded as a criminal act. Rather, it is a normal way of consuming media, where accessibility is more important than legal status. Several of the respondents claim to use different streaming solutions that are still legal for the receiving party within this technical solution, pointing to the fact that simplicity – not legality – is a major issue in contemporary media consumption. Still, a fundamental reason for why social norms are relevant to study in this field is the fact that the corresponding legal regulation is completely locked to a number of key conceptions that will not easily change in the globally homogenous copyright regime. On the contrary, as study 4 shows, legal development has proven to further emphasize more control over longer time and harsher enforcement strategies.
The respondents of Study 2 are, in broad terms, aware of the legal situation as presented in Study 4. They have kept themselves informed of legal reinforcements during the last years, but the discussions tend to return to the fact that the number of cases, as referred to in Study 5, remains very low and that no-one personally seems to know anyone that has been charged with anything related to file-sharing. In Study 1 and 3, we clearly see an increased awareness of encryption technologies and services to ensure that one is less identifiable online (Larsson and Svensson 2010; Larsson, Svensson, and de Kaminski 2012; Larsson et al. 2012; Svensson and Larsson 2012). This is an issue that is also mentioned in Study 5, in which the legal rapporteurs write about the problematic increase of anonymity services. However, the respondents in Study 2 do not see this as a major issue, since they generally do not reflect in those terms at all. They do not feel the same legal pressure as the respondents in the other studies.
Therefore, this relates to the conceptions of reality in terms of legality, distribution and reproduction of media content, which create a collision between social and legal norms of copyright, analysed in Larsson (2011b). These conceptions of reality likely form a basis for how file-sharers justify their behaviour and relate to both its illegality as well as to what the digitalization of society entails (Larsson 2012a; Andersson and Larsson 2013). Such cross-model conflicts and relations generate unbalanced gap problems, where the distance between different norm-sets is seemingly uneven. The four fields of the FDSL-model suggest six possible relations between different parts of the model. As shown, the relations are often multi-party processes, making both the understanding as well as the solutions to potential problems difficult. The outcome of a process in which new norms emerge can only be understood if all parts of the model are taken into consideration, thus showing the relation between the different parallel processes."
Arbetsmarknad & Arbetsliv, årg 19, nr 2, sommaren 2013, 2013
Den här artikeln behandlar arbetsmiljöfrågor relaterade till migrantarbete inom den gröna näringe... more Den här artikeln behandlar arbetsmiljöfrågor relaterade till migrantarbete inom den gröna näringen (jordbruket) och då särskilt säsongsarbete. syftet med studien är att utifrån internationella erfarenheter identifiera och beskriva centrala problemområden för framtida forskning. Fokus ligger på diskriminering och psykosocial ohälsa, två områden som har pekats ut som särskilt angelägna i den internationella forskningen om migrantarbetare i jordbruket.
Books by Måns Svensson
I såväl media som inom myndigheter och organisationer har det under de senaste åren i allt högre ... more I såväl media som inom myndigheter och organisationer har det under de senaste åren i allt högre grad uppmärksammats att migrerande arbetskraft inom den gröna näringen eventuellt används på ett sätt som kan strida mot arbetsrättsliga och sociala regleringar. Olika beskrivningar har pekat på levnads- och arbetsförhållanden som starkt avviker från de normalt förekommande i svenskt arbetsliv och inte uppfyller arbetsmiljölagens minimikrav. Det har dessutom påpekats att de bristfälliga förhållandena för den migrerande arbetskraften riskerar att påverka den gröna näringen i stort på ett negativt sätt där näringsidkare tvingas in i en nedåtgående spiral av underbudskonkurrens.
Avsikten med föreliggande kunskapsöversikt är att sammanställa den forskning som finns avseende olika arbetslivs- och arbetsmiljöaspekter på migrantarbete inom den gröna näringen inklusive juridiska aspekter och myndighetsutövning.
I den gröna sektorn finns arbetsmiljörisker förknippade med olycksfall, ergonomisk belastning, och exponering för t.ex. kemiska och biologiska bekämpningsmedel. Migrantarbetare inom den gröna sektorn i Sverige kommer ibland från länder där ‖arbetsplatskulturen‖ innefattar ett annorlunda säkerhetstänkande jämfört med i Sverige. Väl i Sverige kan språket vara ett hinder för arbetaren att tillgodogöra sig muntlig och skriftlig information om arbetet, miljön, skyddsföreskrifter och möjliga risker. Låg utbildningsnivå kan utgöra ytterligare problem. Undermåliga bostäder tillhandahållna av arbetsgivaren har beskrivits. En del av problemet utgörs av dolt arbete som utförs av papperslösa.
Projektledning och administration i projektet, som har tagit fram kunskapsöversikt- en, har legat hos Arbetsmiljöhögskolan (AMH) vid Lunds universitet, som är en nätverks- organisation som samlar kompetenser från universitetets olika fakulteter – vilket borgar för en mångvetenskaplig belysning av kunskapsläget på området.
Kunskapsöversikten utgörs till största delen av en litteraturstudie där relevant forskning på området har sökts i olika databaser; och av en uppföljning av referenslistor i artiklar och böcker. På grund av den flerdimensionella problematiken kring migrant- arbetet inom den gröna sektorn har en mångdisciplinär forskargrupp satts samman för uppdraget. Detta innebär att vi kan belysa problematiken utifrån många olika perspektiv. Redan på ett tidigt stadium stod det emellertid klart att det inte existerar någon mer omfattande svensk forskning på området vilket innebär att mycket av de resonemang som förs i den här skriften vilar på internationella erfarenheter.
För att trots allt kunna ge en bild av förhållandena i Sverige har vi valt att genomföra ett antal telefonintervjuer med aktörer på nyckelpositioner. Intervjuer har gjorts med rådgivare, intresseorganisationer, fackliga organisationer för anställda och arbetsgivare samt berörda myndigheter.
Genom den internationella litteraturen står det klart att det finns en rad arbetslivs- och arbetsmiljöproblem vilka är specifika för migrantarbete på säsongsbasis inom den gröna näringen. Ett av de främsta problemen har att göra med de uppenbara svårigheter- na att följa upp och kontrollera konsekvenser och effekter. Säsongsarbetet innebär att människor endast uppehåller sig i landet under en begränsad period. Därför är det svårt att slå fast långsiktiga effekter på arbetstagarnas hälsa.
Ett annat grundläggande problem är att incitamentet för värdländerna att vidta åtgärder för att minimera arbetslivs- och arbetsmiljöproblem är tämligen svagt. Ofta har de personer som lider skada på grund av bristfällig arbetsmiljö återvänt till sina hemländer då hälsoeffekterna blivit tydliga. Den här problematiken illustreras exempelvis av att de som har valt att ratificera FN:s konvention om migrantarbetares rättigheter främst är nationer varifrån migrantarbetarna kommer. Varken Sverige eller någon annan medlemsstat i EU har anslutit sig till konventionen.
Det går inte att utifrån befintlig kunskap avgöra antalet migrantarbetare som på säsongsbasis arbetar inom den gröna näringen. Intervjuer med företagare ger vid handen att det skulle kunna röra sig om omkring 2 000 personer per år inom trädgård och jordbruk. Men det finns anledning att misstänka att det verkliga antalet är större – inte minst på grund av att företagarna får antas dra sig för att rapportera om migrantarbetare som saknar nödvändiga papper och som är anlitade som svart arbetskraft.
Det finns god grund i den internationella forskningen att anta att många migrant- arbetare inom den gröna näringen i Sverige lever och arbetar under oacceptabla förhållanden - bortom rättslig kontroll och insyn. Det handlar bland annat om undermåliga bostäder och bristande hygien, ökad olycksrisk, exponering för hälsovådliga kemikalier, ergonomiska problem, risk för hot och våld, diskriminering, trakasserier, brist på stöd från samhället såsom sjukvård och rättshjälp, långa arbetstider och låg lön.
Intervjuerna som genomfördes med representanter för relevanta svenska organisationer och myndigheter antyder att vi har anledning att misstänka att migrantarbetare inom den gröna näringen i Sverige lever och arbetar med samma problem som migrantarbetare inom den gröna näringen i andra länder. Det faktum att problematiken potentiellt är svårartad gör att kunskapsbristen i Sverige blir särskilt allvarlig – ny forskning behövs. Dessutom torde behovet av insatser från myndigheter och organisationer vara stort.
The thesis aims to: (a) broaden the knowledge base that makes up the foundation for decisions wit... more The thesis aims to: (a) broaden the knowledge base that makes up the foundation for decisions with regard to how traffic law enforcement is best outlined, as well as increasing the understanding of how the shaping of different public instruments of control affects the chances of success; and (b) contribute to the development of theory and methodology within sociology of law. The relationship between legal rules and social norms play a crucial part in the analysis. The study takes place within the framework of the broader question of how traffic control and sanctioning systems in general influence the road-users behaviour. Other strategies such as education, information or various technical solutions are ever so important but fall outside the scope of the specific issue being investigated in this study. The specific research question is: Can the observance of the laws on the roads be increased through increased traffic control and/or through more stringent sanctions? The question is delimited to speed, seat belt use and sobriety.
The thesis thus operates using three fundamental unities of analysis: speed, seat belt use and sanction. The question will be answered using five main instruments. Firstly, it concerns a theoretical model of analysis developed for the study, which has been used in the design of the empirical analyses as well as in the analysis of empirical results. Secondly, the investigation originates from a description of the law and the authorities that are administrators of justice in the field. Thirdly, the results from an empirical investigation are presented that was directed towards Swedish embassies around the world and that gives an illustration of how supervision and sanctions are used in other countries. Fourthly, it relates to a literature study where European research results in the field are presented. Fifthly, the results from an empirical study of social norms in Sweden are presented, which has been conducted through a survey that a thousand people responded to.
To conclude, it can be ascertained that the supervision and the sanctions are determining factors in terms of ensuring the observance of the laws on the roads. This is shown by both the literature study and the embassy study. The survey showed that the scope to improve the observance of the laws through increased supervision of the speed, seat belt and sobriety rules is decidedly broadest in the speed domain.
If one wants to understand the reasons behind the reality that the law has not been able to ensure observance of the laws within the speed domain, one must proceed from the political action that forms the basis of Swedish road safety work. A fundamental problem is that the politicians have chosen to convey the zero vision to the authorities concerned through a concentrated proposed law, which is an exceedingly weak instrument of control. The political apparatus marks averseness and the authorities concerned turn downwards in the system directly towards the citizens to construct legitimacy. This kind of steering can in some areas be efficient and bring about positive results. But when dealing with an area where a gap has developed between the social norm system and the legal system, it is rather a counterproductive form of steering. When the authorities responsible for implementing the legislation must turn towards the public to seek support for their actions, it is clearly difficult to come to the conclusion of pressuring the public to act against their will. The legislation says one thing and the social norms another and the authorities concerned lack clear signals from both political quarters and from the public.
Hur vet vi vad som är rätt och fel i en situation? Och hur avgör vi hur vi ska handla? Lagar är t... more Hur vet vi vad som är rätt och fel i en situation? Och hur avgör vi hur vi ska handla? Lagar är tydligt nedskrivna och det finns föreskrivna sanktioner om man bryter mot lagen. Men så tydligt är inte vårt samhälle. Vårt handlande styrs sällan av lagar och regler - utan av oskrivna och osynliga normer.
Den här boken analyserar och diskuterar samhällets och rättssystemets normer. Författarna ger en övergripande bild av vad normer är för något, deras tillkomst och uppbyggnad och olika typer av normer. De reflekterar även över vad normer har för funktion, varför vi följer normer i samhället samt hur normer kan användas som undersökningsmetod för att beskriva, analysera och påverka samhällsförhållanden.
Om normer är särskilt framtagen för grundutbildningen i rättssociologi, men kan även användas i andra utbildningar i juridik och sociologi.
In Baier, M. (ed.) Social and Legal Norms. London: Ashgate., 2013
In this paper, I have argued that the norm concept is central to Sociology of Law and could be he... more In this paper, I have argued that the norm concept is central to Sociology of Law and could be held to be equally important as, say, the concept of attitude to Social Psychology. It will probably never be possible to fully bridge the classic gulf between the two dominating academic perspectives on Law – namely, Sociology and Legal Science. However, the norm concept, defined via the essential attributes, tells us that all norms (legal and other social norms) have three properties in common: they are imperatives (‘ought’), yet social facts (‘is’), and, in the end, always subjective beliefs.
In Braga, R. and Caruso, G. Piracy Effect. Cinergie Media, 2013
"This article presents the analysis of a large survey on file-sharing that was conducted in April... more "This article presents the analysis of a large survey on file-sharing that was conducted in April 2011 with over 75,000 respondents from all over the world. The study, also known as The Research Bay, due to that it was conducted in collaboration with the infamous BitTorrent site The Pirate Bay, by the Cybernorms research group. The aim of the online study of The Pirate Bay community has been to describe a file sharing community from within and thereby to shed light on the underlying demographics and social structures of the phenomenon that has emerged as one of the greatest challenges to IP law ever.
The results indicate that this community of mainly bitTorrentfile-sharers to a large extent is a male community (93.8 % of the respondents were male) of a younger generation (77.3 percent were younger than 30 years of age). These results, in combination with the fact that the relatively low share of uploaders are more inclined to seek protection from identification via encrypted means than the rest and the fact that offline sharing is common, is an indication of that the file sharing community is differentiated within. This is in the article discussed in terms of a professionalization or specialization existing in the file-sharing community, that includes different roles in an “eco system” of sharing files and consuming media. This means that those informants we have found via the Pirate Bay website may represent a link in a bigger chain, as a technology competent and vital link for a larger structure of which BitTorrent plays an important, but not all-encompassing, part."
European Journal of Social Security. Vol. 14: Iss. 2, pp. 64-85. , 2012
There have been extensive discussions in academic circles of why some countries develop into welf... more There have been extensive discussions in academic circles of why some countries develop into welfare states while others do not. Two main factors mentioned in these discussions are economic growth and the need for political stability. In these discussions, the example of Sweden, where the welfare state allegedly emerged from a ‘culture of consensus,’ has often been treated as an historic exception. In this article we discuss the relevance of the two main factors suggested in the literature, and investigate whether Sweden is a rare case of a country where welfare arose out of a culture of consensus or if welfare in Sweden emerged as a product of strategies that aimed at promoting political stability, and thereby followed a similar pattern to other Western European countries. In undertaking this task, we have conducted a review of the literature and used Migdal’s ‘state-in-society’ perspective and the ‘institutional approach’ as a theoretical framework. Our results can be summarised under three headings: (a) until the mid-twentieth century, Sweden was a highly unstable, conflict-ridden class society, and thereby a followed similar pattern to other Western European countries; (b) welfare reforms in Sweden were introduced as a means of addressing political and social instability; (c) Sweden is therefore no exception to the theory that deep political crises trigger welfare reforms.
New Media & Society, Volume 14, Number 7, 2012
The gap between copyright law and social norms has been widely discussed. We have empirically sho... more The gap between copyright law and social norms has been widely discussed. We have empirically shown the existence of this gap. Theoretically founded in the sociology of law, the study uses a well-defined concept of norms to measure changes in the strength of social norms before and after a legal implementation. The ”IPRED law” was on 1 April 2009 implemented in Sweden, following the EU IPR Enforcement Directive 2004/48/EC. The law aims at enforcing copyright, as well as other IP rights, when violated, especially online. We conducted a survey three months before the IPRED law was implemented in Sweden, and the survey was repeated six months after. The about 1000 respondents between 15 and 25 years-of-age showed, among other things, that although the actual file sharing behaviour had to some extent decreased, the social norms remained unaffected by the law.
Scandinavian Studies in Law, Vol. 53, Jan 1, 2008
The aim of this article is to propose a method for creating a more coherent concept of norms – an... more The aim of this article is to propose a method for creating a more coherent concept of norms – and to deliver a tentative and open suggestion on how to define norms in a way that is suitable to Sociology of Law. The suggested ontological analysis for this is mainly founded on the Aristotelian concepts of ‘essence’ and ‘accident.’ Thus, the method is concerned with distinguishing between norm attributes that lie in their (the norms’) nature, (collectively, they form the definition), and other attributes (that form the basis for categorization of norms).
Journal of Research in Interactive Marketing, Vol. 6 Iss: 4, pp.260 - 280, 2012
Purpose The purpose of this study is to better understand online anonymity in the global file-sh... more Purpose
The purpose of this study is to better understand online anonymity in the global file-sharing community in the context of social norms and copyright law. The study describes the respondents in terms of use of Virtual Private Networks (VPNs) or similar services with respect to age, gender, geographical location, as well as analysing the correlation with file-sharing frequencies.
Design/methodology/approach
This study, to a large extent, collected descriptive data through a web-based survey. This was carried out in collaboration with the BitTorrent tracker The Pirate Bay (TPB), which allowed us to link the survey from the main logo of their site. In 72 hours, we received over 75,000 responses, providing the opportunity to compare use of anonymity services with factors of age, geographical region, file-sharing frequency, etc.
Findings
Overall, 17.8 per cent of the respondents used a VPN or similar service (free or paid). A core of high-frequency uploaders is more inclined to use VPNs or similar services than the average file sharer. Online anonymity practices in the file-sharing community depend on how legal and social norms correlate (more enforcement means more anonymity).
Research limitations/implications
The web-based survey was in English and mainly attracted visitors on The Pirate Bay’s web site. This means that it is likely that those who do not have the language skills necessary were excluded from the survey.
Practical implications
This study adds to the knowledge of online anonymity practices in terms of traceability and identification, and therefore describes some of the conditions for legal enforcement in a digital environment.
Social implications
This study adds to the knowledge of how the Internet is changing in terms of a polarization between stronger means of legally enforced identification and a growing awareness of how to be more untraceable.
Originality/value
The scale of the survey, with over 75,000 respondents from most parts of the world, has likely not been seen before on this topic. The descriptive study of anonymity practices in the global file-sharing community is therefore likely unique.
Policy & Internet: Vol. 2: Iss. 4, Article 4., Jan 1, 2010
The European Union directive on Intellectual Property Rights Enforcement (IPRED) was implemented ... more The European Union directive on Intellectual Property Rights Enforcement (IPRED) was implemented in Sweden on April 1, 2009, and was meant to be the enforcement needed to achieve increased compliance with intellectual property online, especially copyright. This, therefore, was the manifest function of the directive. The article empirically shows changes in levels of use of Online Anonymity Services (OAS) as a result of the implementation of IPRED in Sweden, as being a latent dysfunction of the implementation The data consists of two surveys of about 1,000 people between 15 and 25 years of age, where the first survey was conducted two months prior to the implementation of IPRED, and the second one seven months afterwards. This data is complemented with OAS statistics as well as Google search engine statistics in Sweden during 2009 on a selection of phrases related to online anonymity, revealing the link between encrypted anonymity fluctuations and copyright enforcement.
The article suggests that a key to understand any relationship between IPRED and fluctuations in online anonymity can be found in the law’s relationship to social norms and levels of perceived legitimacy. The implementation of illegitimate laws is likely to spur dysfunctional (for the law) counter-measures. In the case of copyright enforcement and encryption technologies, the first seems to drive the other to some extent, affecting the balance of openness and anonymity on the Internet, possibly and at worst leading to that the enforcement of legislation that has a weak representation among social norms negatively affects the enforcement of legislation that has a strong representation among social norms.
SSRN Working Papers Series
Objective This study provides the summary of current knowledge about migrant work in agriculture... more Objective
This study provides the summary of current knowledge about migrant work in agriculture available from journal articles, books, reports and other relevant academic publications, focusing on political, economic, legal, social and medical aspects of migrant work in agriculture.
Methods
A systematic search was carried out on the LibHub and Google Scholar databases in order to compile the existing peer-reviewed publications, research reports, and policy papers concerning migrant work in agriculture. The literatures was selected through the following process: (1) reading the title and abstract in English for the period 1960 – 2011; (2) reading the entire text of selected articles; (3) making a manual search of the relevant quotations in the selected articles; (4) eliminating articles without a focus on migrant populations and the themes of central interest, and then reading and analyzing the definitive set of articles.
Results
In spite of their varying geographical focus, scope, unit of analysis and settings, most of the studies reviewed highlighted that migrant farmworkers work under very poor working conditions and face numerous health and safety hazards, including occupational chemical and ergonomic exposures, various injuries and illnesses and even death, discrimination and social exclusion, poor pay and long working hours, and language and cultural barriers. Many studies also reported poor enforcement of labour regulations and a lack of health and safety training on the farms, difficulty accessing medical care and compensation when injured or ill.
Conclusions
The studies have also pointed out the lack of research in relation to labour, health, psychosocial, and wage conditions of migrant farmworkers. The accumulated results of the study indicate that the issues and problems migrant farmworkers face are multidimensional, and there is a need for both policy development and further research in order to address migrant workers’ problems.
Research Report in Sociology of Law 2009:1. Lund: MediaTryck., 2009
This report is the result of study that was performed in January and February 2009. It was presen... more This report is the result of study that was performed in January and February 2009. It was presented and reviewed at the Annual Meeting of the Law and Society Association: Law, Power, and Inequality in the 21st Century in May 2009. The study empirically examined, or rather examined the lack of, social norms opposing illegal file sharing. A total of over 1,000 respondents have answered the questionnaire. Along with the social norm indicators, the study maps out relevant questions regarding internet behaviour in this field, such as the will to use anonymity services and the will to pay for copyrighted content. These results are compared and contrasted with the legal development trend in European law in internet and file sharing related matters, as well as the Swedish implementation of this development, as a member of the European Union. This includes the Intellectual Property Enforcement Directive (IPRED), the Directive on Data retention as well as the implementation of INFOSOC. Svensson and Larsson in Social Norms and Intellectual Property – Online norms and the European legal development consequently portrays the social norms on the one hand and the legal development on the other, and the overarching question of the report therefore addresses the correlation of these two. Do the social norms amongst 15-25 year olds match the legal regulation, as well as the regulatory trend on this field? If not, how can this be understood or explained? The study shows that the cybernorms differ, both in inherent structures and origin, from current legal constructions.
Convergence: The International Journal of Research into New Media Technologies, February 2013 vol. 19 no. 1 95-114, 2012
This article analyses current trends in the use of anonymity services among younger Swedes (15–25... more This article analyses current trends in the use of anonymity services among younger Swedes (15–25 years old) and focuses on individuals engaging in illegal file sharing in order to better understand the rationale behind both file sharing as well as online anonymity, especially in relation to enforcement of copyright. By comparing the findings of a survey conducted on three occasions (early 2009, late 2009 and early 2012), we measure the fluctuations in the use of anonymity services among approximately 1000 15–25-year-olds in Sweden, compare them with file sharing frequencies and, to some extent, trends within legal enforcement. The article also suggests that the key to understanding any relationship between copyright enforcement and fluctuations in online anonymity can be found in the law’s relationship to social norms in terms of legitimacy by showing a correlation between file sharing frequency and the use of anonymity services. The findings indicate that larger proportions of frequent file sharers (downloaders) also use anonymity services more often than those who file share less. However, in comparison to the earlier surveys, the strongest increase in the use of anonymity services is found in the groups where file sharing is less frequent, suggesting that reasons for actively making oneself less traceable online other than avoiding copyright enforcement have emerged since the initial two surveys in 2009. Further, the overall increase (from 8.6 per cent to 14.9 per cent) in using anonymity services found for the whole group of respondents suggests both that high file sharing frequency is a driver for less traceability, as well as a larger trend for online anonymity relating to factors other than mere file sharing of copyright infringing content – for example, increased governmental identification, data retention and surveillance in the online environment. The results are analysed in Merton’s terminology as file sharers and protocol architects adapting in terms of both innovation and rebellion in the sense that institutional means for achieving specific cultural goals are rejected. This means, to some extent, participating in or contributing to the construction of other means for reaching cultural goals.
In Baier, M. (ed.) Social and Legal Norms. London: Ashgate., 2013
The aim of this study is to explore the social meaning and ordinary activities surrounding inform... more The aim of this study is to explore the social meaning and ordinary activities surrounding informal transactions in order to better understand the social context forming the premises and informing the meaning of corruption (especially among low-level officials) in Uzbekistan. We have argued that the informal transactions mainly are manifestations of social norms, a “culture of money”, characterised by networks of reciprocity and exchange. We have focused on socio-economic structures and their normative elements, drawing on a ‘state-in-society’ perspective and the concept of social norms as theoretical framework. The ethnographic data on wedding ceremonies was analysed in order to describe and understand the local perceptions of moral codes and values of informal transactions.
One could argue that the connection, painted in this chapter, between social practices in weddings and corruption is too tenuous. The reader might wish that we had done some observation of actual corruption in order to note the parallels in structure and meaning of exchange between weddings and corruption in public transactions; hence, demonstrating the relation, rather than surmising it. However, it is important to underline that we did not set out to prove any causal relation between (a) social norms and practices in weddings and (b) corruption. Rather, our aim was to show the underlying social norms, moral codes and local perceptions in order to describe a society where corruption occurs. In a metaphorical sense, we are more interested in examining the soil than the actual wheat.
Our results can be summarised in three points: (a) informal transactions are deeply embedded in cultural practices; (b) not all informal transactions are corrupt; (c) when talking about (or measuring) corruption – social norms, moral codes and local perceptions should be considered. If this is not taken into consideration informal transactions that are not corrupt run the risk of being labelled as illicit. Corruption is an overly general term, which often simply masks competing sets of rules with those of the state. Similar points have been made before by scholars such as Werner (2000), Humphrey (2002), and Polese (2008). In that sense our research could be said to empirically support findings of previous research, calling for a more nuanced view on grass-roots level informal transactions in developing countries. Our research in one aspect differs from the previous by focusing on interactions and exchange between ordinary citizens (and not on citizen-state officials). By adding this perspective we underline the importance of understanding the very culture of the society in which corruption is being discussed and/or measured.
Even though the state in Uzbekistan might look omnipotent due to its infrastructural and coercive capacity, our fieldwork suggests that it has limited meaning in the everyday life at local level. The decline of the Soviet-type welfare state spurred the monetisation of society in Uzbekistan, since the people in rural Fergana have become increasingly dependent on informal coping strategies for meeting their livelihood needs. The unrelenting increase in informal transactions during for example weddings, such as “toyana” and “pul qistirish”, is one illustration of general monetisation of society that gained momentum following the post-Soviet economic decline.
In this paper we state that we accept the definition of corruption as TI describes it: “corruption is the abuse of entrusted power for private gain”. However, we also stress the need to focus on the key word ‘abuse’ from a sociological understanding of the specific cultural context in which corruption is viewed. It is obvious that many of the activities that are considered to be corruption from a pure Western perspective have little to do with ‘abuse’. Rather informal coping strategies are incorporated into Uzbek culture as a rational way of getting things done. Hence, anticorruption measures are not simply a matter of getting people to obey the law. It is more importantly about promoting socio-economic change.
In Baier, M. (ed.) Social and Legal Norms. London: Ashgate., 2013
Central to this paper is the gap between the social and legal norms within the field of copyright... more Central to this paper is the gap between the social and legal norms within the field of copyright related behaviour in an online context. Many of the studies mentioned in this chapter have pointed out this gap and displayed the lack of social norms that correspond to those parts of copyright that deal with control over reproduction and distribution (e.g. Svensson and Larsson 2012). The overall and long-lasting consequences of the gap between social norms and copyright law are hard to predict but, by using a four-dimensional socio-legal model (the FDSL-model), they may be both highlighted and analysed in a meaningful way. By addressing the gaps between the different dimensions of socio-legal norms that are presented in the model, a greater understanding of the on-going gap-related processes could be achieved.
A multidimensional gap problem
The gap between the normative and the factual dimensions of social norms relates to the difference in societal norms concerning file-sharing and the actual intergroup norms within groups involved in file-sharing. While the factual dimensions are measureable through the use of quantitative studies, the normative dimension of social norms needs to be penetrated and explored with a more qualitative approach. The social norms related to file-sharing are somewhat consistent; the findings in Study 2 (interviews with young Swedes) confirm that social pressure and norms measured in Study 3 are not strong enough to dissuade young people from illegal file-sharing activities. However, the findings in Study 2 suggest that this is mainly due to an internalized pattern of behaviour wherein file-sharing tends to be handled as unproblematic. The legal status of file-sharing of copyright protected material overall is a non-issue to the respondents of the focus group interviews of Study 2. This suggests that the findings in Study 3 related to Social Norm Strength have a real impact on young file-sharers; but also, that this lack of norm pressure concerning these issues means that it is generally of little interest to even relate to the legal grounds of file-sharing.
This may also be understood by the findings in both Study 2 as well as the descriptive Study 1 (global file-sharing community), regarding the different methods to acquire file-shared material. This suggests that the file-sharing methods are not a key factor, but rather a sign of an on-going professionalization or specialization, including different roles in the `eco system´ of sharing files, further supported by Svensson, Larsson and de Kaminski (2013b; 2013a) and Larsson et al., (2012). This means that those informants we have found via the Pirate Bay website may represent a link in a bigger chain, as a technologically competent and vital link for a bigger ecosystem of file-sharing. This professionalization hints at a larger, structured organization within the file-sharing community, of which BitTorrent plays an important, but not all-encompassing, role. It is not a result of a planned form of organization; nonetheless, it constitutes a structure for content dissemination, where gender plays a significant role (Svensson, Larsson, and de Kaminski 2013a; 2013b). This is supported in the focus group interviews in Study 2, where respondents not feeling competent enough to handle technical file-sharing solutions often fall back on sneakernet methods like USB sticks or offline social gatherings to gain access to file-shared media.
In a more cognitive theoretical terminology (see Larsson’s contribution in this anthology) the gaps may be described as portraying the changing conceptions of right - and wrong – (Larsson 2011b), along with the means for achieving accepted goals, visible in the case of file-sharing norms (Larsson 2011b; Larsson, Svensson, and de Kaminski 2012) and the ways that file-sharers justify their behaviour (Andersson and Larsson 2013). The latter is confirmed in Study 2 in which the respondents in general do not consider file-sharing to be an actual crime. Differentiated from the legal formulations described in Study 5, file-sharing is – at least, in young age groups – not regarded as a criminal act. Rather, it is a normal way of consuming media, where accessibility is more important than legal status. Several of the respondents claim to use different streaming solutions that are still legal for the receiving party within this technical solution, pointing to the fact that simplicity – not legality – is a major issue in contemporary media consumption. Still, a fundamental reason for why social norms are relevant to study in this field is the fact that the corresponding legal regulation is completely locked to a number of key conceptions that will not easily change in the globally homogenous copyright regime. On the contrary, as study 4 shows, legal development has proven to further emphasize more control over longer time and harsher enforcement strategies.
The respondents of Study 2 are, in broad terms, aware of the legal situation as presented in Study 4. They have kept themselves informed of legal reinforcements during the last years, but the discussions tend to return to the fact that the number of cases, as referred to in Study 5, remains very low and that no-one personally seems to know anyone that has been charged with anything related to file-sharing. In Study 1 and 3, we clearly see an increased awareness of encryption technologies and services to ensure that one is less identifiable online (Larsson and Svensson 2010; Larsson, Svensson, and de Kaminski 2012; Larsson et al. 2012; Svensson and Larsson 2012). This is an issue that is also mentioned in Study 5, in which the legal rapporteurs write about the problematic increase of anonymity services. However, the respondents in Study 2 do not see this as a major issue, since they generally do not reflect in those terms at all. They do not feel the same legal pressure as the respondents in the other studies.
Therefore, this relates to the conceptions of reality in terms of legality, distribution and reproduction of media content, which create a collision between social and legal norms of copyright, analysed in Larsson (2011b). These conceptions of reality likely form a basis for how file-sharers justify their behaviour and relate to both its illegality as well as to what the digitalization of society entails (Larsson 2012a; Andersson and Larsson 2013). Such cross-model conflicts and relations generate unbalanced gap problems, where the distance between different norm-sets is seemingly uneven. The four fields of the FDSL-model suggest six possible relations between different parts of the model. As shown, the relations are often multi-party processes, making both the understanding as well as the solutions to potential problems difficult. The outcome of a process in which new norms emerge can only be understood if all parts of the model are taken into consideration, thus showing the relation between the different parallel processes."
Arbetsmarknad & Arbetsliv, årg 19, nr 2, sommaren 2013, 2013
Den här artikeln behandlar arbetsmiljöfrågor relaterade till migrantarbete inom den gröna näringe... more Den här artikeln behandlar arbetsmiljöfrågor relaterade till migrantarbete inom den gröna näringen (jordbruket) och då särskilt säsongsarbete. syftet med studien är att utifrån internationella erfarenheter identifiera och beskriva centrala problemområden för framtida forskning. Fokus ligger på diskriminering och psykosocial ohälsa, två områden som har pekats ut som särskilt angelägna i den internationella forskningen om migrantarbetare i jordbruket.
I såväl media som inom myndigheter och organisationer har det under de senaste åren i allt högre ... more I såväl media som inom myndigheter och organisationer har det under de senaste åren i allt högre grad uppmärksammats att migrerande arbetskraft inom den gröna näringen eventuellt används på ett sätt som kan strida mot arbetsrättsliga och sociala regleringar. Olika beskrivningar har pekat på levnads- och arbetsförhållanden som starkt avviker från de normalt förekommande i svenskt arbetsliv och inte uppfyller arbetsmiljölagens minimikrav. Det har dessutom påpekats att de bristfälliga förhållandena för den migrerande arbetskraften riskerar att påverka den gröna näringen i stort på ett negativt sätt där näringsidkare tvingas in i en nedåtgående spiral av underbudskonkurrens.
Avsikten med föreliggande kunskapsöversikt är att sammanställa den forskning som finns avseende olika arbetslivs- och arbetsmiljöaspekter på migrantarbete inom den gröna näringen inklusive juridiska aspekter och myndighetsutövning.
I den gröna sektorn finns arbetsmiljörisker förknippade med olycksfall, ergonomisk belastning, och exponering för t.ex. kemiska och biologiska bekämpningsmedel. Migrantarbetare inom den gröna sektorn i Sverige kommer ibland från länder där ‖arbetsplatskulturen‖ innefattar ett annorlunda säkerhetstänkande jämfört med i Sverige. Väl i Sverige kan språket vara ett hinder för arbetaren att tillgodogöra sig muntlig och skriftlig information om arbetet, miljön, skyddsföreskrifter och möjliga risker. Låg utbildningsnivå kan utgöra ytterligare problem. Undermåliga bostäder tillhandahållna av arbetsgivaren har beskrivits. En del av problemet utgörs av dolt arbete som utförs av papperslösa.
Projektledning och administration i projektet, som har tagit fram kunskapsöversikt- en, har legat hos Arbetsmiljöhögskolan (AMH) vid Lunds universitet, som är en nätverks- organisation som samlar kompetenser från universitetets olika fakulteter – vilket borgar för en mångvetenskaplig belysning av kunskapsläget på området.
Kunskapsöversikten utgörs till största delen av en litteraturstudie där relevant forskning på området har sökts i olika databaser; och av en uppföljning av referenslistor i artiklar och böcker. På grund av den flerdimensionella problematiken kring migrant- arbetet inom den gröna sektorn har en mångdisciplinär forskargrupp satts samman för uppdraget. Detta innebär att vi kan belysa problematiken utifrån många olika perspektiv. Redan på ett tidigt stadium stod det emellertid klart att det inte existerar någon mer omfattande svensk forskning på området vilket innebär att mycket av de resonemang som förs i den här skriften vilar på internationella erfarenheter.
För att trots allt kunna ge en bild av förhållandena i Sverige har vi valt att genomföra ett antal telefonintervjuer med aktörer på nyckelpositioner. Intervjuer har gjorts med rådgivare, intresseorganisationer, fackliga organisationer för anställda och arbetsgivare samt berörda myndigheter.
Genom den internationella litteraturen står det klart att det finns en rad arbetslivs- och arbetsmiljöproblem vilka är specifika för migrantarbete på säsongsbasis inom den gröna näringen. Ett av de främsta problemen har att göra med de uppenbara svårigheter- na att följa upp och kontrollera konsekvenser och effekter. Säsongsarbetet innebär att människor endast uppehåller sig i landet under en begränsad period. Därför är det svårt att slå fast långsiktiga effekter på arbetstagarnas hälsa.
Ett annat grundläggande problem är att incitamentet för värdländerna att vidta åtgärder för att minimera arbetslivs- och arbetsmiljöproblem är tämligen svagt. Ofta har de personer som lider skada på grund av bristfällig arbetsmiljö återvänt till sina hemländer då hälsoeffekterna blivit tydliga. Den här problematiken illustreras exempelvis av att de som har valt att ratificera FN:s konvention om migrantarbetares rättigheter främst är nationer varifrån migrantarbetarna kommer. Varken Sverige eller någon annan medlemsstat i EU har anslutit sig till konventionen.
Det går inte att utifrån befintlig kunskap avgöra antalet migrantarbetare som på säsongsbasis arbetar inom den gröna näringen. Intervjuer med företagare ger vid handen att det skulle kunna röra sig om omkring 2 000 personer per år inom trädgård och jordbruk. Men det finns anledning att misstänka att det verkliga antalet är större – inte minst på grund av att företagarna får antas dra sig för att rapportera om migrantarbetare som saknar nödvändiga papper och som är anlitade som svart arbetskraft.
Det finns god grund i den internationella forskningen att anta att många migrant- arbetare inom den gröna näringen i Sverige lever och arbetar under oacceptabla förhållanden - bortom rättslig kontroll och insyn. Det handlar bland annat om undermåliga bostäder och bristande hygien, ökad olycksrisk, exponering för hälsovådliga kemikalier, ergonomiska problem, risk för hot och våld, diskriminering, trakasserier, brist på stöd från samhället såsom sjukvård och rättshjälp, långa arbetstider och låg lön.
Intervjuerna som genomfördes med representanter för relevanta svenska organisationer och myndigheter antyder att vi har anledning att misstänka att migrantarbetare inom den gröna näringen i Sverige lever och arbetar med samma problem som migrantarbetare inom den gröna näringen i andra länder. Det faktum att problematiken potentiellt är svårartad gör att kunskapsbristen i Sverige blir särskilt allvarlig – ny forskning behövs. Dessutom torde behovet av insatser från myndigheter och organisationer vara stort.
The thesis aims to: (a) broaden the knowledge base that makes up the foundation for decisions wit... more The thesis aims to: (a) broaden the knowledge base that makes up the foundation for decisions with regard to how traffic law enforcement is best outlined, as well as increasing the understanding of how the shaping of different public instruments of control affects the chances of success; and (b) contribute to the development of theory and methodology within sociology of law. The relationship between legal rules and social norms play a crucial part in the analysis. The study takes place within the framework of the broader question of how traffic control and sanctioning systems in general influence the road-users behaviour. Other strategies such as education, information or various technical solutions are ever so important but fall outside the scope of the specific issue being investigated in this study. The specific research question is: Can the observance of the laws on the roads be increased through increased traffic control and/or through more stringent sanctions? The question is delimited to speed, seat belt use and sobriety.
The thesis thus operates using three fundamental unities of analysis: speed, seat belt use and sanction. The question will be answered using five main instruments. Firstly, it concerns a theoretical model of analysis developed for the study, which has been used in the design of the empirical analyses as well as in the analysis of empirical results. Secondly, the investigation originates from a description of the law and the authorities that are administrators of justice in the field. Thirdly, the results from an empirical investigation are presented that was directed towards Swedish embassies around the world and that gives an illustration of how supervision and sanctions are used in other countries. Fourthly, it relates to a literature study where European research results in the field are presented. Fifthly, the results from an empirical study of social norms in Sweden are presented, which has been conducted through a survey that a thousand people responded to.
To conclude, it can be ascertained that the supervision and the sanctions are determining factors in terms of ensuring the observance of the laws on the roads. This is shown by both the literature study and the embassy study. The survey showed that the scope to improve the observance of the laws through increased supervision of the speed, seat belt and sobriety rules is decidedly broadest in the speed domain.
If one wants to understand the reasons behind the reality that the law has not been able to ensure observance of the laws within the speed domain, one must proceed from the political action that forms the basis of Swedish road safety work. A fundamental problem is that the politicians have chosen to convey the zero vision to the authorities concerned through a concentrated proposed law, which is an exceedingly weak instrument of control. The political apparatus marks averseness and the authorities concerned turn downwards in the system directly towards the citizens to construct legitimacy. This kind of steering can in some areas be efficient and bring about positive results. But when dealing with an area where a gap has developed between the social norm system and the legal system, it is rather a counterproductive form of steering. When the authorities responsible for implementing the legislation must turn towards the public to seek support for their actions, it is clearly difficult to come to the conclusion of pressuring the public to act against their will. The legislation says one thing and the social norms another and the authorities concerned lack clear signals from both political quarters and from the public.
Hur vet vi vad som är rätt och fel i en situation? Och hur avgör vi hur vi ska handla? Lagar är t... more Hur vet vi vad som är rätt och fel i en situation? Och hur avgör vi hur vi ska handla? Lagar är tydligt nedskrivna och det finns föreskrivna sanktioner om man bryter mot lagen. Men så tydligt är inte vårt samhälle. Vårt handlande styrs sällan av lagar och regler - utan av oskrivna och osynliga normer.
Den här boken analyserar och diskuterar samhällets och rättssystemets normer. Författarna ger en övergripande bild av vad normer är för något, deras tillkomst och uppbyggnad och olika typer av normer. De reflekterar även över vad normer har för funktion, varför vi följer normer i samhället samt hur normer kan användas som undersökningsmetod för att beskriva, analysera och påverka samhällsförhållanden.
Om normer är särskilt framtagen för grundutbildningen i rättssociologi, men kan även användas i andra utbildningar i juridik och sociologi.