Fakhra Aziz | University of Malaya, Malaysia (original) (raw)
Papers by Fakhra Aziz
Materials, 2021
The current work proposed the application of methylammonium lead iodide (MAPbI3) perovskite micro... more The current work proposed the application of methylammonium lead iodide (MAPbI3) perovskite microrods toward photo resistor switches. A metal-semiconductor-metal (MSM) configuration with a structure of silver-MAPbI3(rods)-silver (Ag/MAPbI3/Ag) based photo-resistor was fabricated. The MAPbI3 microrods were prepared by adopting a facile low-temperature solution process, and then an independent MAPbI3 microrod was employed to the two-terminal device. The morphological and elemental compositional studies of the fabricated MAPbI3 microrods were performed using FESEM and EDS, respectively. The voltage-dependent electrical behavior and electronic conduction mechanisms of the fabricated photo-resistors were studied using current–voltage (I–V) characteristics. Different conduction mechanisms were observed at different voltage ranges in dark and under illumination. In dark conditions, the conduction behavior was dominated by typical trap-controlled charge transport mechanisms within the inves...
Low Dimensional Materials Research Ce Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 5 fakhra69@yahoo.... more Low Dimensional Materials Research Ce Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 5 fakhra69@yahoo.com Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Saudi Arabia Physics and Engineering Mathematics Depa Menoua University, Menouf 32952, Egypt Department of Electronics, Jinnah Colleg Peshawar 25120, Pakistan Department of Electrical Engineering, Colle Box 2713, Doha, Qatar Cite this: RSC Adv., 2016, 6, 23048
We report on the microelectronic characteristics of a novel hybrid heterojunction device based on... more We report on the microelectronic characteristics of a novel hybrid heterojunction device based on a solution processable semiconducting polymer poly(9,9-dioctylfluorenyl-2,7-diyl)- co-(N,N0-diphenyl)-N,N′di(p-butyl-oxy-pheyl)-1,4-diamino-benzene) (PFB) and p-type silicon (p-Si). The PFB/p-Si heterojunction is prepared by spin coating 20 mg/mL solution of PFB in chloroform on the precleaned polished surface of p-Si substrate. Thermal evaporation of silver (Ag) electrode on top of PFB completes the fabrication of the Ag (90 nm)/PFB (180 nm)/p-Si heterojunction device. Morphology of PFB thin film is studied by using an atomic force microscope (AFM) and scanning electron microscope (SEM), which reveals grains are randomly distributed with slightly different grain sizes and shapes. It leads the film to form nonuniformity and some roughness in its topography that results in limiting the current (I) flow across the film/interface with p-Si. Ultraviolet (UV–vis) absorption and X-ray diffrac...
Nowadays humidity sensors are used in every industry, such as in food, pharmaceuticals [1], medic... more Nowadays humidity sensors are used in every industry, such as in food, pharmaceuticals [1], medicine, [2] and agriculture [3, 4]. These commercial humidity sensors are quite expensive, complicated in operation, and have low sensitivity and stability because of the materials used as a sensing element [5]. It is difficult to maintain their operational cost, power losses, sensitivity and stability [4]. Therefore, it is essential for a sensor to have high sensitivity and stability, low cost, small hysteresis, wide linear range, simple operation, short response, and short recovery time [5, 6]. Electrical conduction is affected significantly by dipoles of water molecules, which makes it important for researchers to investigate the magnitude of change in impedance and capacitance of the samples with respect to varying relative humidity. The investigation becomes more important for composite materials due to the contribution of properties by two or more ingredients. Changing the constitutin...
Organic Electronics, 2019
Abstract This study sheds a light on the instability and degradation factors occurring within the... more Abstract This study sheds a light on the instability and degradation factors occurring within the dopant-free hole transport layer (HTL) based perovskite solar cells with aging time. To prepare the perovskite solar cells (PSCs), a layer-by-layer deposition method was adopted. The PSCs were prepared in the conventional n-i-p structure using the mixed perovskite (MAPbI3 and MAPbBr3) solution. FA-CN based dopant-free HTL was deposited on the top of the perovskite layer using the spin coating procedure. The fresh and aged (for 45, 90 and 180 days) PSCs were studied by using current-voltage (I–V) characterization technique and impedance spectroscopy (IS). The average power conversion efficiency (PCE) of the freshly prepared PSCs was ~15.98%. With the aging, the hysteresis in the I–V characteristics was increased and a noticeable rise in the deep traps has been noted. IS spectra demonstrates that charge transfer resistance of the samples was reduced with the passage of time, which indicates that the compact-TiO2 layer (blocking layer) might be degraded and the electrical properties of the FTO/TiO2/perovskite interfaces have been effected. Furthermore, the recombination resistance of the samples has also been decreased significantly during the aging process. Based on the experimental results, fundamental features that account for the instability in the perovskite solar cells have been discussed.
Journal of Electronic Materials, 2016
Cobalt phthalocyanine (CoPc), an organic semiconductor, has been introduced as an active sensing ... more Cobalt phthalocyanine (CoPc), an organic semiconductor, has been introduced as an active sensing layer in a surface-type multipurpose sensor owing to its stability, low fabrication cost, and multifunctional sensitivity. The capacitance of the sensor was recorded to increase 26.7-fold for a change in relative humidity (RH) from 0% to 92.3%, 12.6-fold for a change in illumination from 11.5 lx to 23,000 lx, and 5.2-fold for a change in temperature from 27°C to 187°C. The morphology of the active thin film of the sensor was analyzed by atomic force microscopy, revealing a rough surface favorable for moisture absorption and light harvesting. The CoPc film was amorphous in nature according to x-ray diffraction analysis. By virtue of its response to humidity, light, and temperature, this represents an attractive approach for cost-effective environmental sensing applications.
Pigment & Resin Technology, 2015
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to study the optical and electrical characteristics of a s... more Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to study the optical and electrical characteristics of a single-junction solar cell based on a green-colour dye vanadyl 2,9,16, 23-tetraphenoxy-29H, 31H-phthalocyanine (VOPcPhO). The use of soluble vanadyl phthalocyanine derivative makes it very attractive for photovoltaic applications due to its tunable properties and high solubility. Design/methodology/approach – A photoactive layer of VOPcPhO has been sandwiched between indium tin oxide (ITO) and aluminium (Al) electrodes to produce a ITO/PEDOT:PSS/VOPcPhO/Al photovoltaic device. The VOPcPhO thin film is deposited by a simple spin coating technique. To obtain the optimal thickness for the solar cell device, different thicknesses of the photoactive layer, achieved by manipulating the spin rate, have been investigated. Findings – The device exhibited photovoltaic effect with the values of Jsc, Voc and FF equal to 5.26 × 10-6 A/cm2, 0.621 V and 0.33, respectively. The electronic parameters of t...
Organic Electronics, 2012
In this study, we have successfully demonstrated a new system of donor-acceptor blend for bulk he... more In this study, we have successfully demonstrated a new system of donor-acceptor blend for bulk heterojunction solar cells of poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) by using vanadyl 2,9,16,23-tetraphenoxy-29H,31H-phthalocyanine (VOPcPhO) as acceptor material. A broad absorption over the whole visible range (450-750 nm) is achieved. Utilizing this blend system in solar cell fabrication, ITO/PEDOT:PSS/P3HT:VOPcPhO/Al solar cells have been fabricated and characterized in open air. A maximum power conversation efficiency up to 1.09% has been recorded. To confirm the charge transport, the electron and hole mobility of VoPc-PhO has been measured. The results show that the VoPcPhO has bipolar transport and can act as an electron as well as hole transporting material. The electron mobility is comparable with hole mobility.
Nanoscale Research Letters, 2017
Measurement Science & Technology, 2012
The fabrication and characterization of a novel co-planar humidity sensor based on organic semico... more The fabrication and characterization of a novel co-planar humidity sensor based on organic semiconducting material, vanadyl phthalocyanine (VOPc), is presented in this paper. Here we examine the effect of different humidity conditions on the capacitive and resistive response of VOPc thin films in the Al/VOPc/Pt co-planar structure. The two asymmetric electrodes, aluminum (Al) and platinum (Pt), were deposited through the photolithography technique. Thin films of VOPc were spun-cast on the glass substrate with primarily deposited asymmetric metal electrodes, from a solution of 30 mg ml−1 in chloroform at 3000 rpm. The gap between the electrodes was 17 µm. A 100-fold increase was observed in the capacitance of the VOPc sensing material with an elevation of relative humidity level. The resistance of the sensor reduced from 2.9 GΩ to 2.1 MΩ with increasing level of humidity. The VOPc thin film has been analyzed by x-ray diffraction as well as atomic force microscopy in order to get stru...
Scientific Reports
Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) expressed great potentials for offering a feasible alternative to c... more Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) expressed great potentials for offering a feasible alternative to conventional photovoltaic technologies. 2D/3D hybrid PSCs, where a 2D capping layer is used over the 3D film to avoid the instability issues associated with perovskite film, have been reported with improved stabilities and high power conversion efficiencies (PCE). However, the profound analysis of the PSCs with prolonged operational lifetime still needs to be described further. Heading towards efficient and long-life PSCs, in-depth insight into the complicated degradation processes and charge dynamics occurring at PSCs' interfaces is vital. In particular, the Au/HTM/perovskite interface got a substantial consideration due to the quest for better charge transfer; and this interface is debatably the trickiest to explain and analyze. In this study, multiple characterization techniques were put together to understand thoroughly the processes that occur at the Au/HTM/perovskite interface. ...
Energies
We report on the fabrication and study of bulk heterojunction (BHJ) solar cells based on a novel ... more We report on the fabrication and study of bulk heterojunction (BHJ) solar cells based on a novel combination of a donor–acceptor poly(9,9-dioctylfluorenyl-2,7-diyl)-co-(N,N0-diphenyl)-N,N′di(p-butyl-oxy-pheyl)-1,4-diamino-benzene) (PFB) and [6, 6]-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) blend composed of 1:1 by volume. indium tin oxide (ITO)/poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS)/PFB–PCBM/Ag BHJ solar cells are fabricated by a facile cost-effective spin-coating technique. The thickness of the active film (PFB–PCBM) plays an important role in the efficiency of light absorption, exciton creation, and dissociation into free charges that results in higher power conversion efficiency (PCE). In order to optimize the PCE as a function of active layer thickness, a number of solar cells are fabricated with different thicknesses of PFB–PCBM films at 120, 140, 160, 180, and 200 nm, and their photovoltaic characteristics are investigated. It is observed that the...
Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics
Journal of Electronic Materials
Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics
In the present work, we report the fabrication of a photodetector using methylammonium lead iodid... more In the present work, we report the fabrication of a photodetector using methylammonium lead iodide perovskite (MAPbI 3) micro rod. Photosensitivity of the Ag/MAPbI 3 /Ag photodetector has been studied under various light intensities ranging from 10 to 100 mW/cm 2. The MAPbI 3 perovskite micro rod-based photodetector shows a high on/off ratio (4.47 × 10 5), and fast response & recovery times (2.7 ms, each), as compared to the photodetectors using perovskite films. This work could initiate new perspectives for perovskite micro rods to be employed in high-performance optoelectronic devices.
Energies
Herein, we report thin films’ characterizations and photovoltaic properties of an organic semicon... more Herein, we report thin films’ characterizations and photovoltaic properties of an organic semiconductor zinc phthalocyanine (ZnPc). To study the former, a 100 nm thick film of ZnPc is thermally deposited on quartz glass by using vacuum thermal evaporator at 1.5 × 10−6 mbar. Surface features of the ZnPc film are studied by using scanning electron microscope (SEM) with in situ energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDS) analysis and atomic force microscope (AFM) which reveal uniform film growth, grain sizes and shapes with slight random distribution of the grains. Ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopies are carried out of the ZnPc thin films to measure its optical bandgap (1.55 eV and 3.08 eV) as well as to study chemical composition and bond-dynamics. To explore photovoltaic properties of ZnPc, an Ag/ZnPc/PEDOT:PSS/ITO cell is fabricated by spin coating a 20 nm thick film of hole transport layer (HTL)—poly-(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) poly(sty...
Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics
Materials, 2021
The current work proposed the application of methylammonium lead iodide (MAPbI3) perovskite micro... more The current work proposed the application of methylammonium lead iodide (MAPbI3) perovskite microrods toward photo resistor switches. A metal-semiconductor-metal (MSM) configuration with a structure of silver-MAPbI3(rods)-silver (Ag/MAPbI3/Ag) based photo-resistor was fabricated. The MAPbI3 microrods were prepared by adopting a facile low-temperature solution process, and then an independent MAPbI3 microrod was employed to the two-terminal device. The morphological and elemental compositional studies of the fabricated MAPbI3 microrods were performed using FESEM and EDS, respectively. The voltage-dependent electrical behavior and electronic conduction mechanisms of the fabricated photo-resistors were studied using current–voltage (I–V) characteristics. Different conduction mechanisms were observed at different voltage ranges in dark and under illumination. In dark conditions, the conduction behavior was dominated by typical trap-controlled charge transport mechanisms within the inves...
Low Dimensional Materials Research Ce Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 5 fakhra69@yahoo.... more Low Dimensional Materials Research Ce Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 5 fakhra69@yahoo.com Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Saudi Arabia Physics and Engineering Mathematics Depa Menoua University, Menouf 32952, Egypt Department of Electronics, Jinnah Colleg Peshawar 25120, Pakistan Department of Electrical Engineering, Colle Box 2713, Doha, Qatar Cite this: RSC Adv., 2016, 6, 23048
We report on the microelectronic characteristics of a novel hybrid heterojunction device based on... more We report on the microelectronic characteristics of a novel hybrid heterojunction device based on a solution processable semiconducting polymer poly(9,9-dioctylfluorenyl-2,7-diyl)- co-(N,N0-diphenyl)-N,N′di(p-butyl-oxy-pheyl)-1,4-diamino-benzene) (PFB) and p-type silicon (p-Si). The PFB/p-Si heterojunction is prepared by spin coating 20 mg/mL solution of PFB in chloroform on the precleaned polished surface of p-Si substrate. Thermal evaporation of silver (Ag) electrode on top of PFB completes the fabrication of the Ag (90 nm)/PFB (180 nm)/p-Si heterojunction device. Morphology of PFB thin film is studied by using an atomic force microscope (AFM) and scanning electron microscope (SEM), which reveals grains are randomly distributed with slightly different grain sizes and shapes. It leads the film to form nonuniformity and some roughness in its topography that results in limiting the current (I) flow across the film/interface with p-Si. Ultraviolet (UV–vis) absorption and X-ray diffrac...
Nowadays humidity sensors are used in every industry, such as in food, pharmaceuticals [1], medic... more Nowadays humidity sensors are used in every industry, such as in food, pharmaceuticals [1], medicine, [2] and agriculture [3, 4]. These commercial humidity sensors are quite expensive, complicated in operation, and have low sensitivity and stability because of the materials used as a sensing element [5]. It is difficult to maintain their operational cost, power losses, sensitivity and stability [4]. Therefore, it is essential for a sensor to have high sensitivity and stability, low cost, small hysteresis, wide linear range, simple operation, short response, and short recovery time [5, 6]. Electrical conduction is affected significantly by dipoles of water molecules, which makes it important for researchers to investigate the magnitude of change in impedance and capacitance of the samples with respect to varying relative humidity. The investigation becomes more important for composite materials due to the contribution of properties by two or more ingredients. Changing the constitutin...
Organic Electronics, 2019
Abstract This study sheds a light on the instability and degradation factors occurring within the... more Abstract This study sheds a light on the instability and degradation factors occurring within the dopant-free hole transport layer (HTL) based perovskite solar cells with aging time. To prepare the perovskite solar cells (PSCs), a layer-by-layer deposition method was adopted. The PSCs were prepared in the conventional n-i-p structure using the mixed perovskite (MAPbI3 and MAPbBr3) solution. FA-CN based dopant-free HTL was deposited on the top of the perovskite layer using the spin coating procedure. The fresh and aged (for 45, 90 and 180 days) PSCs were studied by using current-voltage (I–V) characterization technique and impedance spectroscopy (IS). The average power conversion efficiency (PCE) of the freshly prepared PSCs was ~15.98%. With the aging, the hysteresis in the I–V characteristics was increased and a noticeable rise in the deep traps has been noted. IS spectra demonstrates that charge transfer resistance of the samples was reduced with the passage of time, which indicates that the compact-TiO2 layer (blocking layer) might be degraded and the electrical properties of the FTO/TiO2/perovskite interfaces have been effected. Furthermore, the recombination resistance of the samples has also been decreased significantly during the aging process. Based on the experimental results, fundamental features that account for the instability in the perovskite solar cells have been discussed.
Journal of Electronic Materials, 2016
Cobalt phthalocyanine (CoPc), an organic semiconductor, has been introduced as an active sensing ... more Cobalt phthalocyanine (CoPc), an organic semiconductor, has been introduced as an active sensing layer in a surface-type multipurpose sensor owing to its stability, low fabrication cost, and multifunctional sensitivity. The capacitance of the sensor was recorded to increase 26.7-fold for a change in relative humidity (RH) from 0% to 92.3%, 12.6-fold for a change in illumination from 11.5 lx to 23,000 lx, and 5.2-fold for a change in temperature from 27°C to 187°C. The morphology of the active thin film of the sensor was analyzed by atomic force microscopy, revealing a rough surface favorable for moisture absorption and light harvesting. The CoPc film was amorphous in nature according to x-ray diffraction analysis. By virtue of its response to humidity, light, and temperature, this represents an attractive approach for cost-effective environmental sensing applications.
Pigment & Resin Technology, 2015
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to study the optical and electrical characteristics of a s... more Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to study the optical and electrical characteristics of a single-junction solar cell based on a green-colour dye vanadyl 2,9,16, 23-tetraphenoxy-29H, 31H-phthalocyanine (VOPcPhO). The use of soluble vanadyl phthalocyanine derivative makes it very attractive for photovoltaic applications due to its tunable properties and high solubility. Design/methodology/approach – A photoactive layer of VOPcPhO has been sandwiched between indium tin oxide (ITO) and aluminium (Al) electrodes to produce a ITO/PEDOT:PSS/VOPcPhO/Al photovoltaic device. The VOPcPhO thin film is deposited by a simple spin coating technique. To obtain the optimal thickness for the solar cell device, different thicknesses of the photoactive layer, achieved by manipulating the spin rate, have been investigated. Findings – The device exhibited photovoltaic effect with the values of Jsc, Voc and FF equal to 5.26 × 10-6 A/cm2, 0.621 V and 0.33, respectively. The electronic parameters of t...
Organic Electronics, 2012
In this study, we have successfully demonstrated a new system of donor-acceptor blend for bulk he... more In this study, we have successfully demonstrated a new system of donor-acceptor blend for bulk heterojunction solar cells of poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) by using vanadyl 2,9,16,23-tetraphenoxy-29H,31H-phthalocyanine (VOPcPhO) as acceptor material. A broad absorption over the whole visible range (450-750 nm) is achieved. Utilizing this blend system in solar cell fabrication, ITO/PEDOT:PSS/P3HT:VOPcPhO/Al solar cells have been fabricated and characterized in open air. A maximum power conversation efficiency up to 1.09% has been recorded. To confirm the charge transport, the electron and hole mobility of VoPc-PhO has been measured. The results show that the VoPcPhO has bipolar transport and can act as an electron as well as hole transporting material. The electron mobility is comparable with hole mobility.
Nanoscale Research Letters, 2017
Measurement Science & Technology, 2012
The fabrication and characterization of a novel co-planar humidity sensor based on organic semico... more The fabrication and characterization of a novel co-planar humidity sensor based on organic semiconducting material, vanadyl phthalocyanine (VOPc), is presented in this paper. Here we examine the effect of different humidity conditions on the capacitive and resistive response of VOPc thin films in the Al/VOPc/Pt co-planar structure. The two asymmetric electrodes, aluminum (Al) and platinum (Pt), were deposited through the photolithography technique. Thin films of VOPc were spun-cast on the glass substrate with primarily deposited asymmetric metal electrodes, from a solution of 30 mg ml−1 in chloroform at 3000 rpm. The gap between the electrodes was 17 µm. A 100-fold increase was observed in the capacitance of the VOPc sensing material with an elevation of relative humidity level. The resistance of the sensor reduced from 2.9 GΩ to 2.1 MΩ with increasing level of humidity. The VOPc thin film has been analyzed by x-ray diffraction as well as atomic force microscopy in order to get stru...
Scientific Reports
Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) expressed great potentials for offering a feasible alternative to c... more Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) expressed great potentials for offering a feasible alternative to conventional photovoltaic technologies. 2D/3D hybrid PSCs, where a 2D capping layer is used over the 3D film to avoid the instability issues associated with perovskite film, have been reported with improved stabilities and high power conversion efficiencies (PCE). However, the profound analysis of the PSCs with prolonged operational lifetime still needs to be described further. Heading towards efficient and long-life PSCs, in-depth insight into the complicated degradation processes and charge dynamics occurring at PSCs' interfaces is vital. In particular, the Au/HTM/perovskite interface got a substantial consideration due to the quest for better charge transfer; and this interface is debatably the trickiest to explain and analyze. In this study, multiple characterization techniques were put together to understand thoroughly the processes that occur at the Au/HTM/perovskite interface. ...
Energies
We report on the fabrication and study of bulk heterojunction (BHJ) solar cells based on a novel ... more We report on the fabrication and study of bulk heterojunction (BHJ) solar cells based on a novel combination of a donor–acceptor poly(9,9-dioctylfluorenyl-2,7-diyl)-co-(N,N0-diphenyl)-N,N′di(p-butyl-oxy-pheyl)-1,4-diamino-benzene) (PFB) and [6, 6]-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) blend composed of 1:1 by volume. indium tin oxide (ITO)/poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS)/PFB–PCBM/Ag BHJ solar cells are fabricated by a facile cost-effective spin-coating technique. The thickness of the active film (PFB–PCBM) plays an important role in the efficiency of light absorption, exciton creation, and dissociation into free charges that results in higher power conversion efficiency (PCE). In order to optimize the PCE as a function of active layer thickness, a number of solar cells are fabricated with different thicknesses of PFB–PCBM films at 120, 140, 160, 180, and 200 nm, and their photovoltaic characteristics are investigated. It is observed that the...
Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics
Journal of Electronic Materials
Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics
In the present work, we report the fabrication of a photodetector using methylammonium lead iodid... more In the present work, we report the fabrication of a photodetector using methylammonium lead iodide perovskite (MAPbI 3) micro rod. Photosensitivity of the Ag/MAPbI 3 /Ag photodetector has been studied under various light intensities ranging from 10 to 100 mW/cm 2. The MAPbI 3 perovskite micro rod-based photodetector shows a high on/off ratio (4.47 × 10 5), and fast response & recovery times (2.7 ms, each), as compared to the photodetectors using perovskite films. This work could initiate new perspectives for perovskite micro rods to be employed in high-performance optoelectronic devices.
Energies
Herein, we report thin films’ characterizations and photovoltaic properties of an organic semicon... more Herein, we report thin films’ characterizations and photovoltaic properties of an organic semiconductor zinc phthalocyanine (ZnPc). To study the former, a 100 nm thick film of ZnPc is thermally deposited on quartz glass by using vacuum thermal evaporator at 1.5 × 10−6 mbar. Surface features of the ZnPc film are studied by using scanning electron microscope (SEM) with in situ energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDS) analysis and atomic force microscope (AFM) which reveal uniform film growth, grain sizes and shapes with slight random distribution of the grains. Ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopies are carried out of the ZnPc thin films to measure its optical bandgap (1.55 eV and 3.08 eV) as well as to study chemical composition and bond-dynamics. To explore photovoltaic properties of ZnPc, an Ag/ZnPc/PEDOT:PSS/ITO cell is fabricated by spin coating a 20 nm thick film of hole transport layer (HTL)—poly-(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) poly(sty...
Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics