Kannan Subbaram | Maldives National University (original) (raw)

Papers by Kannan Subbaram

Research paper thumbnail of Trends in publication and collaboration of health-themed systematic reviews before and during the COVID-19 pandemic: A bibliometric study

Narra X, May 21, 2024

The presence of global threats such as coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic could potenti... more The presence of global threats such as coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic could potentially affect the research landscape, particularly that of systematic reviews. The aim of this study was to examine disparities between countries and the role of funding availability in the publication of health-themed systematic reviews. Metadata of published literature was collected from the Scopus database as of June 30, 2023. The dataset was divided into 'pre-COVID-19 (2017-2019)' and 'during COVID-19 (2020-2022)' by utilizing filter feature of the Scopus search engine. Network visualization of co-authorship was carried out on VoSviewer to identify collaborative patterns between countries. Our results suggest that most of the systematic reviews were published by authors from the United States of America (USA), both in pre-COVID-19 (n=29,463; Total link strength, TLS=32,832) and during COVID-19 (n=35,520; TLS=45,616). During COVID-19, the trend was not much different with the USA (14.6%), the UK (8.8%), and Australia (5%) in the top position among high-income countries. China (12.3%) and Iran (2.4%) topped the upper-middle-income and low-income countries groups. Publications by those who were from low-income countries were in a concerning low number; Ethiopia ranked first in this group only occupied 0.4% of the total publications (n=1,047). Furthermore, the number of publications was proportional to the number of funded studies (as observed in the top countries). However, during COVID-19 pandemic, the proportionality between funded publications and total publications was observed less. Taken altogether, our findings stress the importance of capacity building and providing more funds for on-desk research to close the disparity among countries.

Research paper thumbnail of Essential oils for COVID-19 management: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials

Narra X

Essential oils can be a beneficial adjuvant therapy in managing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-1... more Essential oils can be a beneficial adjuvant therapy in managing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). This systematic review aims to evaluate the efficacy of essential oils in ameliorative COVID-19-related symptoms. Published studies reporting the efficacy of essential oils as adjuvant therapy for COVID-19 were screened on Scillit, Scopus, SciFinder, and PubMed (December 7th, 2022). Inclusion criteria include the randomized controlled trials (RCTs) participated by those diagnosed with COVID-19 and treated with essential oils as adjuvant therapy. Quality assessment was carried out using Cochrane ‘risk-of-bias’ 2.0 tool. A total of 2112 records were retrieved from the initial screening, which was reduced to four publications (n=344 individuals). The foregoing studies reported that essential oils could improve the recovery rate, alleviate post-COVID-19 fatigue, and prevent disease progression. Regarding their potential antiviral activity, better designed studies are needed. In conclusio...

Research paper thumbnail of Monkeypox: Immune response, vaccination and preventive efforts

Narra J

Infectious threats to humans are continuously emerging. The 2022 worldwide monkeypox outbreak is ... more Infectious threats to humans are continuously emerging. The 2022 worldwide monkeypox outbreak is the latest of these threats with the virus rapidly spreading to 106 countries by the end of September 2022. The burden of the ongoing monkeypox outbreak is manifested by 68,000 cumulative confirmed cases and 26 deaths. Although monkeypox is usually a self-limited disease, patients can suffer from extremely painful skin lesions and complications can occur with reported mortalities. The antigenic similarity between the smallpox virus (variola virus) and monkeypox virus can be utilized to prevent monkeypox using smallpox vaccines; treatment is also based on antivirals initially designed to treat smallpox. However, further studies are needed to fully decipher the immune response to monkeypox virus and the immune evasion mechanisms. In this review we provide an up-to-date discussion of the current state of knowledge regarding monkeypox virus with a special focus on innate immune response, imm...

Research paper thumbnail of Emerging Infertility Biothreat and Gynecological Pandemic Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS): Molecular Biogenesis with Emphasis on Treatment

Pharmacophore, 2024

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a heterogeneous endocrinopathy characterized by oligo or anov... more Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a heterogeneous endocrinopathy characterized by oligo or anovulation, hyperandrogenism, and/or polycystic ovarian morphology. While women in both developed and developing nations are affected, it is also the leading cause of ovulatory infertility among women of reproductive age. This article discusses the epidemiology, risk factors, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and particular emphasis to its treatment. Global prevalence of PCOS ranges from 4 to 21% whereas it is between 9.1 and 36% among adolescents. Clinical presentation of PCOS can be mainly attributed to hyperandrogenism and chronic anovulation. Symptoms of hyperandrogenism include hirsutism, acne, and/or male pattern alopecia. Chronic anovulation proceeds with features such as oligomenorrhea, amenorrhea, and/or infertility. Even though a specific gene responsible is not found yet, it's clear that women with PCOS have two major genetic alterations involving androgen synthesis, insulin action, and also an increased incidence of other genetic alterations. Family history, obesity, and an unhealthy diet are found to be significant risk factors for the development of PCOS. The fundamental pathological changes in PCOS include hyperandrogenism, abnormality of gonadotropin secretion, and insulin resistance. It has been noted that genes, HAS2 & CBLN1 that are associated with ovulation are expressed less in granulosa cells of PCOS patients. These cells also show significantly differentially expressed genes for transcription factors and secretory proteins in addition to having increased Toll- & NOD-like receptors. Presently, there is no universal treatment for PCOS.

Research paper thumbnail of A systematic review with narrative synthesis on medical robotics and laboratory automation in the control of SARS-CoV-2, Ebola and H1N1 (Swine Flu) viruses

Journal of Health and Social Sciences, 2020

Introduction: Medical robotics is a rapidly growing aspect of the modern health care landscape. T... more Introduction: Medical robotics is a rapidly growing aspect of the modern health care landscape. The aim of this paper was to review the availability of robotic technology and laboratory automation in the control of SARS-CoV-2, Ebola and H1N1 (Swine Flu) viruses. Methods: A systematic review with narrative synthesis was conducted using the following databases: ME-DLINE / PubMed, SCOPUS, Web of Science, Science Direct and Google Scholar to retrieve studies regarding the use of robots and automated lab technologies, with appropriate MeSH terms and in accordance with the "Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses" (PRISMA) guidelines. A narrative synthesis was performed to synthesize the findings of the different studies. Results: A total of 250 articles were selected and 30 articles were included in this systematic review. Our findings indicate that robotic technology and automated laboratories have a promising approach, while handling biosafety level-3 & 4 (BSL-3 & 4) biological agents. In case of epidemics with high case fatality ratio (Ebola virus) or high human-to-human transmission (SARS-CoV-2), healthcare workforce are at high risk. Thus, if robots are employed in such settings, it is possible to minimize intra-hospital transmission of these infections to the highest degree. Discussion and Conclusion: Medical robotics and lab automation may be utilized as a strategic approach in containing the spread of infectious diseases like SARS-CoV-2, Ebola and Swine Flu Pandemic (H1N1). However, in the next future, many clinical trials and further tests are needed to determine the effectiveness of this technology, in order to balance advantages and risk factors involved.

Research paper thumbnail of Generation of Oxygen Free Radicals by Proflavine: Implication in Protein Degradation

HAYATI Journal of Biosciences, 2017

Proflavine, an acridine dye, is a known DNA intercalating agent. In the present study, we show th... more Proflavine, an acridine dye, is a known DNA intercalating agent. In the present study, we show that proflavine alone on photoillumination can generate reactive oxygen species (ROS). These proflavinederived ROS cause damage to proteins, and this effect is enhanced when the divalent metal ion Cu (II) is included in the reaction. Bathocuproine, a specific Cu (I) sequestering agent, when present in the reaction mixture containing Cu (II), was found to inhibit the protein degradation, showing that Cu (I) is an essential intermediate in the reaction. The effect of several scavengers of ROS such as superoxide dismutase, sodium azide, potassium iodide, and thiourea were examined on the protein damaging reaction. Potassium iodide was found to be the most effective in inhibiting protein damage followed by sodium azide and thiourea. Our results indicate the involvement of superoxide, singlet oxygen, triplet oxygen, and hydroxyl radicals in proflavine-induced damage to proteins.

Research paper thumbnail of Essential oils for COVID-19 management: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials

Narra X, 2023

Essential oils can be a beneficial adjuvant therapy in managing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-1... more Essential oils can be a beneficial adjuvant therapy in managing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). This systematic review aims to evaluate the efficacy of essential oils in ameliorative COVID-19-related symptoms. Published studies reporting the efficacy of essential oils as adjuvant therapy for COVID-19 were screened on Scillit, Scopus, SciFinder, and PubMed (December 7 th , 2022). Inclusion criteria include the randomized controlled trials (RCTs) participated by those diagnosed with COVID-19 and treated with essential oils as adjuvant therapy. Quality assessment was carried out using Cochrane 'risk-of-bias' 2.0 tool. A total of 2112 records were retrieved from the initial screening, which was reduced to four publications (n=344 individuals). The foregoing studies reported that essential oils could improve the recovery rate, alleviate post-COVID-19 fatigue, and prevent disease progression. Regarding their potential antiviral activity, better designed studies are needed. In conclusion, essential oils as adjuvant therapy are beneficial in ameliorating mild COVID-19 symptoms.

Research paper thumbnail of Non pharmaceutical interventions reduce the incidence and mortality of COVID 19 A study

Journal of Medical Virology, 2023

The recently emerged novel coronavirus, "severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-Co... more The recently emerged novel coronavirus, "severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2)," caused a highly contagious disease called coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). It has severely damaged the world's most developed countries and has turned into a major threat for low-and middle-income countries. Since its emergence in late 2019, medical interventions have been substantial, and most countries relied on public health measures collectively known as nonpharmaceutical interventions (NPIs). We aimed to centralize the accumulative knowledge of NPIs against COVID-19 for each country under one worldwide consortium. International COVID-19 Research Network collaborators developed a cross-sectional online survey to assess the implications of NPIs and sanitary supply on the incidence and mortality of COVID-19. The survey was conducted between January 1 and February 1, 2021, and participants from 92 countries/territories completed it. The association between NPIs, sanitation supplies, and incidence and mortality were examined by multivariate regression, with the log-transformed value of population as an o set value. The majority of countries/territories applied several preventive strategies, including social distancing (100.0%), quarantine (100.0%), isolation (98.9%), and school closure (97.8%).

Research paper thumbnail of Progress of island health in the Maldives

Wiley's Public Health Challenges, 2023

The provision of equitable healthcare on remote islands is critical in the fight to attain the su... more The provision of equitable healthcare on remote islands is critical in the fight to attain the sustainable development goals (SDGs). Many island countries, particularly the Small Island Developing States (SIDS), are confronted with numerous obstacles to accessing quality healthcare. Many SIDS are located in the Asia-Pacific region, and they suffer shared challenges such as a lack of infrastructure, logistical concerns, and a shortage of health staff. As a SIDS, the Maldives has made significant progress in the health sector, when compared to its neighbours. Part of this is due to spending a large portion of the national budget on the social sector, and a well-structured health system. Despite these accomplishments, it continues to struggle to provide equitable health care across the whole nation, especially to the small and underpopulated islands. One contributing factor is the dispersed geography. The pandemic highlighted the importance of telemedicine and its capacity to bridge the barriers to healthcare delivery, and its potential in the Maldives is huge. There is also a need to strengthen integrated health services through primary healthcare, train a larger workforce, and upgrade hospitals to be able to provide comprehensive medical services. This will limit the frequency of travel to the capital and abroad in search of better healthcare. K E Y W O R D S asia-pacific, global health, health equity, island health, the Maldives, telemedicine This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Research paper thumbnail of Journal Pre-proof Addressing the resurgence of global monkeypox (Mpox) through advanced drug delivery platforms

Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease, 2023

This is a PDF file of an article that has undergone enhancements after acceptance, such as the ad... more This is a PDF file of an article that has undergone enhancements after acceptance, such as the addition of a cover page and metadata, and formatting for readability, but it is not yet the definitive version of record. This version will undergo additional copyediting, typesetting and review before it is published in its final form, but we are providing this version to give early visibility of the article. Please note that, during the production process, errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain.

Research paper thumbnail of Emerging Developments on Pathogenicity, Molecular Virulence, Epidemiology and Clinical Symptoms of Current Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV

Kannan Subbaram, 2017

Elsevier has created a COVID-19 resource centre with free information in English and Mandarin on ... more Elsevier has created a COVID-19 resource centre with free information in English and Mandarin on the novel coronavirus COVID-19. The COVID-19 resource centre is hosted on Elsevier Connect, the company's public news and information website. Elsevier hereby grants permission to make all its COVID-19-related research that is available on the COVID-19 resource centre-including this research content-immediately available in PubMed Central and other publicly funded repositories, such as the WHO COVID database with rights for unrestricted research re-use and analyses in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for free by Elsevier for as long as the COVID-19 resource centre remains active.

Research paper thumbnail of Generation of Oxygen Free Radicals by Proflavine: Implication in Protein Degradation

Kannan Subbaram, 2017

Proflavine, an acridine dye, is a known DNA intercalating agent. In the present study, we show th... more Proflavine, an acridine dye, is a known DNA intercalating agent. In the present study, we show that
proflavine alone on photoillumination can generate reactive oxygen species (ROS). These proflavine-
derived ROS cause damage to proteins, and this effect is enhanced when the divalent metal ion Cu (II) is
included in the reaction. Bathocuproine, a specific Cu (I) sequestering agent, when present in the reaction
mixture containing Cu (II), was found to inhibit the protein degradation, showing that Cu (I) is an
essential intermediate in the reaction. The effect of several scavengers of ROS such as superoxide dis-
mutase, sodium azide, potassium iodide, and thiourea were examined on the protein damaging reaction.
Potassium iodide was found to be the most effective in inhibiting protein damage followed by sodium
azide and thiourea. Our results indicate the involvement of superoxide, singlet oxygen, triplet oxygen,
and hydroxyl radicals in proflavine-induced damage to proteins.

Research paper thumbnail of Molecular identification of diarrheal Aeromonas using immuno magnetic polymerase chain reaction (IM-PCR) technique: a comparative study with conventional culture method

Kannan Subbaram

Background: Aeromonas are ubiquitous bacteria causing many clinical conditions including acute di... more Background: Aeromonas are ubiquitous bacteria causing many clinical conditions including acute diarrhea. Diarrheagenic Aeromonas harbors aerolysin gene secreting virulent enterotoxin, aerolysin. Objectives: To develop a molecular and immunological based method for detection of Aeromonas. Methods: Diarrheal Aeromonas strains were identified from stool samples using culture, enterotoxicity testing using mice model. During immune magnetic polymerase chain reaction IM-PCR protocol, aerolysin specific antibodies were bound with immuno magnetic binding. Sensitivity and specificity tests for IM-PCR were conducted. Results: There was high detection of Aeromonas using IM-PCR (12.4 %) technique when compared to low isolation with culture (5.1%). Our study confirmed that some strains of enterotoxic Aeromonas strains were uncultivable. Enterotoxicity tests on culture isolates revealed many strains were negative. IM-PCR detected high, (62/500) rate of identification of Aeromonas with aerolysin toxin gene. Aeromonas species identified after IM-PCR were A. hydrophila (40.3%), A. veronii (17.7 %), A. caviae (14.5 %), A. trota (11.2 %), A. jandei (9.6 %) and A. schuberti (6.4%). All A. trota strains were undetected by cultivation. Conclusion: High sensitivity and specificity of IM-PCR are due to preparation of aerolysin antibodies and immuno magnetic binding, prior to PCR. Since diseases due to Aeromonas are increasingly reported, IM-PCR is recommended for detection from clinical specimens.

Research paper thumbnail of A narrative review comparing SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV-1 and MERS-CoV highlighting their characteristic features, evolution and clinical outcomes

Kannan Subbaram, 2020

COVID-19 pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 created a bio threat situation throughout the world. This ... more COVID-19 pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 created a bio threat situation throughout the world. This article features evolution and clinical outcomes of SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV-1 and MERS-CoV. COVID-19 originated in Wuhan, China and resulted in severe morbidity and mortality. Features of SARS are similar to COVID-19. MERS exhibited a relatively milder disease, mainly in Middle East countries. Coronaviruses are large (100 nm) viruses exhibiting a spherical shape with a lipoprotein envelope and can cause diseases in animals and humans. All coronaviruses are sensitive to physicochemical agents. They attach to angiotensin Converting Enzyme-2 (ACE-2) and serine protease receptors of lungs. Literature review and genetic homology were conducted using data sources and bioinformatics tools for the comparison of SARS-CoV-2 with SARS-CoV-1 and MERS-CoV. Genome analysis between SARS-CoV-2 with SARS-CoV-1 and MERS-CoV revealed that SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV-1 are 95% related with each other whereas SARS-CoV-2 and MERS-CoV are 65% related. SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV-1 are genetically more related than MERS-CoV. Animal reservoirs for SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV-1 may be bats, pangolins, etc. MERS can be transmitted from infected camels. SARS-CoV-2 might have evolved from SARS-CoV-1 or from another animal reservoir coronavirus. It can be transmitted from infected animals and humans through respiratory route. Strict public health measures such as physical distancing and maintaining good hygiene should be taken to contain their community spread. SARS-CoV-2 can undergo antigenic variation resulting in difficulty to develop drugs and vaccines. COVID-19 has caused a severe blow to the economy of both developed and developing nations.

Research paper thumbnail of The Role of Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning Techniques: Race for COVID-19 Vaccine

Kannan Subbaram, 2020

Context: In the healthcare system, Artificial Intelligence (AI) is emerging as a productive tool.... more Context: In the healthcare system, Artificial Intelligence (AI) is emerging as a productive tool. There are instances where AI has done marvels in the diagnosis of various health conditions and the interpretation of complex medical disorders. Although AI is far from human intelligence, it can be used as an effective tool to study the SARS-CoV-2 and its capabilities, virulence, and genome. The progress of the pandemic can be tracked, and the patients can be monitored, thereby speeding up the research for the treatment of COVID-19. In this review article, we highlighted the importance of AI and Machine learning (ML) techniques that can speed up the path to the discovery of a possible cure for COVID-19. We also deal with the interactions between viromics and AI, which can hopefully find a solution to this pandemic. Evidence Acquisition: A review of different articles was conducted using the following databases: MEDLINE/PubMed, SCOPUS, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar for recent studies regarding the use of AI, seeking the spread of different infectious diseases using relevant MeSH subheadings. Results: After a thorough screening of different articles, 30 articles were considered, and key information was obtained from them. Finally, the scope was broadened to obtain more information. Our findings indicated that AI/ML is a promising approach to drug development. Conclusions: The field of AI has enormous potential to predict the changes that may take place in the environment. If this technology is applied to situations of a pandemic such as COVID-19, breakthroughs could potentially pave the way for new vaccines and antiviral drugs.

Research paper thumbnail of SYSTEMATIC REVIEW IN MEDICAL ENGINEERING AND INFECTIOUS DISEASES A systematic review with narrative synthesis on medical robotics and laboratory automation in the control of SARS-CoV-2, Ebola and H1N1 (Swine Flu) viruses

Kannan Subbaram, 2020

Introduction: Medical robotics is a rapidly growing aspect of the modern health care landscape. T... more Introduction: Medical robotics is a rapidly growing aspect of the modern health care landscape. The aim of this paper was to review the availability of robotic technology and laboratory automation in the control of SARS-CoV-2, Ebola and H1N1 (Swine Flu) viruses. Methods: A systematic review with narrative synthesis was conducted using the following databases: MEDLINE / PubMed, SCOPUS, Web of Science, Science Direct and Google Scholar to retrieve studies regarding the use of robots and automated lab technologies, with appropriate MeSH terms and in accordance with the "Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses" (PRISMA) guidelines. A narrative synthesis was performed to synthesize the findings of the different studies. Results: A total of 250 articles were selected and 30 articles were included in this systematic review. Our findings indicate that robotic technology and automated laboratories have a

Research paper thumbnail of Molecular Characterization and Amino Acid Homology of Nucleocapsid (N) Protein in SARS-CoV-1, SARS-CoV-2, MERS-CoV, and Bat Coronavirus

Kannan Subbaram, 2020

Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, due to severe acute respiratory syndromecoronavirus... more Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, due to severe acute respiratory syndromecoronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), is posing a severe bio threat to the entire world. Nucleocapsids of SARS-CoV-2 and the related viruses were studied for gene and amino acid sequence homologies. In this study, we established similarities and differences in nucleocapsids in SARS-CoV-2, severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-1 (SARS-CoV-1), bat coronavirus (bat-CoV) and Middle East respiratory syndrome-coronavirus (MERS-CoV). We conducted a detailed analysis of the nucleocapsid protein amino acid and gene sequence encoding it, found in various coronavirus strains. After thoroughly screening the different nucleocapsids, we observed a close molecular homology between SARS-CoV-1 and SARS-CoV-2. More than 95% sequence similarity was observed between the two SARS-CoV strains. Bat-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 showed 92% sequence similarity. MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid analysis indicated only 65% identity. Molecular characterization of nucleocapsids from various coronaviruses revealed that SARS-CoV 2 is more related to SARS-CoV 1 and bat-CoV. SARS-CoV 2 exhibited less resemblance with MERS-CoV. SARS-CoV 2 showed less similarity to MERS-CoV. Thus, either SARS-CoV-1 or bat-CoV may be the source of SARS-CoV-2 evolution. Moreover, the existing differences in nucleocapsid molecular structures in SARS-CoV-2 make this virus more virulent and highly infectious, which means that the non-identical SARS-CoV-2 genes (which are absent in SARS-CoV-1 and bat-CoV) are responsible for COVID-19 severity. We observed that SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid from different locations varied in amino acid sequences. This revealed that there are many SARS-CoV-2 subtypes/subsets currently circulating globally. This study will help to develop antiviral vaccine and drugs, study viral replication and immunopathogenesis, and synthesize monoclonal antibodies that can be used for precise COVID-19 diagnosis, without false-positive/false-negative results.

Research paper thumbnail of Molecular Characterization and Amino Acid Homology of Nucleocapsid (N) Protein in SARS-CoV-1, SARS-CoV-2, MERS-CoV, and Bat Coronavirus

Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, due to severe acute respiratory syndromecoronavirus... more Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, due to severe acute respiratory syndromecoronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), is posing a severe bio threat to the entire world. Nucleocapsids of SARS-CoV-2 and the related viruses were studied for gene and amino acid sequence homologies. In this study, we established similarities and differences in nucleocapsids in SARS-CoV-2, severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-1 (SARS-CoV-1), bat coronavirus (bat-CoV) and Middle East respiratory syndrome-coronavirus (MERS-CoV). We conducted a detailed analysis of the nucleocapsid protein amino acid and gene sequence encoding it, found in various coronavirus strains. After thoroughly screening the different nucleocapsids, we observed a close molecular homology between SARS-CoV-1 and SARS-CoV-2. More than 95% sequence similarity was observed between the two SARS-CoV strains. Bat-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 showed 92% sequence similarity. MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid analysis indicated only 65% identity. Molecular characterization of nucleocapsids from various coronaviruses revealed that SARS-CoV 2 is more related to SARS-CoV 1 and bat-CoV. SARS-CoV 2 exhibited less resemblance with MERS-CoV. SARS-CoV 2 showed less similarity to MERS-CoV. Thus, either SARS-CoV-1 or bat-CoV may be the source of SARS-CoV-2 evolution. Moreover, the existing differences in nucleocapsid molecular structures in SARS-CoV-2 make this virus more virulent and highly infectious, which means that the non-identical SARS-CoV-2 genes (which are absent in SARS-CoV-1 and bat-CoV) are responsible for COVID-19 severity. We observed that SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid from different locations varied in amino acid sequences. This revealed that there are many SARS-CoV-2 subtypes/subsets currently circulating globally. This study will help to develop antiviral vaccine and drugs, study viral replication and immunopathogenesis, and synthesize monoclonal antibodies that can be used for precise COVID-19 diagnosis, without false-positive/false-negative results.

Research paper thumbnail of Emergence of Infectious Diseases -SARS, MERS, COVID-19: What is next

Kannan Subbaram, 2020

Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) and coronavirus... more Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) and coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) are caused by closely related coronaviruses. SARS is due to the infection of SARS-CoV-1 and MERS is caused by MERS-CoV whereas COVID-19 is due to SARS-CoV-2. Coronaviruses are enveloped, spherical viruses with single stranded positive (ss+) RNA as genome. SARS, MERS and COVID-19 can lead to severe respiratory diseases leading to pneumonia. Human infections due to SARS-CoV-1, MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 viral agents might have occurred after contact with reservoir animals. Reservoir animals for SARS and COVID-19 are bats, pangolins, snakes and other animals whereas for MERS the reservoir animal is camel. The genetic nature of coronaviruses is highly attributed to their drastic antigenic recombination. This antigenic change may result in the change of antigenic property of coronavirus ending in emergence of new type of coronavirus. Our phylogenetic analysis showed that SARS-CoV-1 and SARS-CoV-2 viruses are genetically related than MERS-CoV. This suggests that SARS-CoV-1 might be the genetic source for the evolution of SARS-CoV-2. There is no evidence that SARS-CoV-2 is manmade as an agent of bioweapon. Emergence of new coronaviruses can be contained by avoiding contact with wild animals. This can also be controlled by averting slaughter and eating of wild animals. There may be several undiscovered coronaviruses already existing in many animal reservoirs. These animal coronaviruses may have the capacity to cause human infection in the future. Due to the virion properties, genetic makeup and reservoir hosts, coronaviruses are continuously evolving over a period of time. We speculate that there may be another new human coronavirus that is entirely / partially different from the existing coronaviruses, may evolve in the future.

Research paper thumbnail of Transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) to animals: an updated review

COVID-19 caused by a novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) originate... more COVID-19 caused by a novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) originated in Wuhan (Hubei province, China) during late 2019. It has spread across the globe affecting nearly 21 million people with a toll of 0.75 million deaths and restricting the movement of most of the world population during the past 6 months. COVID-19 became the leading health, economic, and humanitarian challenge of the twenty-first century. In addition to the considerable COVID-19 cases, hospitalizations, and deaths in humans, several cases of SARS-CoV-2 infections in animal hosts (dog, cat, tiger, lion, and mink) have been reported. Thus, the concern of pet owners is increasing. Moreover, the dynamics of the disease requires further explanation, mainly concerning the transmission of the virus from humans to animals and vice versa. Therefore, this study aimed to gather information about the reported cases of COVID-19 transmission in animals through a literary review of works published in scientific journals and perform genomic and phylogenetic analyses of SARS-CoV-2 isolated from animal hosts. Although many instances of transmission of the SARS-CoV-2 have been reported, caution and further studies are necessary to avoid the occurrence of maltreatment in animals, and to achieve a better understanding of the dynamics of the disease in the environment, humans, and animals. Future research in the animal-human interface can help formulate and implement preventive measures to combat the further transmission of COVID-19.

Research paper thumbnail of Trends in publication and collaboration of health-themed systematic reviews before and during the COVID-19 pandemic: A bibliometric study

Narra X, May 21, 2024

The presence of global threats such as coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic could potenti... more The presence of global threats such as coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic could potentially affect the research landscape, particularly that of systematic reviews. The aim of this study was to examine disparities between countries and the role of funding availability in the publication of health-themed systematic reviews. Metadata of published literature was collected from the Scopus database as of June 30, 2023. The dataset was divided into 'pre-COVID-19 (2017-2019)' and 'during COVID-19 (2020-2022)' by utilizing filter feature of the Scopus search engine. Network visualization of co-authorship was carried out on VoSviewer to identify collaborative patterns between countries. Our results suggest that most of the systematic reviews were published by authors from the United States of America (USA), both in pre-COVID-19 (n=29,463; Total link strength, TLS=32,832) and during COVID-19 (n=35,520; TLS=45,616). During COVID-19, the trend was not much different with the USA (14.6%), the UK (8.8%), and Australia (5%) in the top position among high-income countries. China (12.3%) and Iran (2.4%) topped the upper-middle-income and low-income countries groups. Publications by those who were from low-income countries were in a concerning low number; Ethiopia ranked first in this group only occupied 0.4% of the total publications (n=1,047). Furthermore, the number of publications was proportional to the number of funded studies (as observed in the top countries). However, during COVID-19 pandemic, the proportionality between funded publications and total publications was observed less. Taken altogether, our findings stress the importance of capacity building and providing more funds for on-desk research to close the disparity among countries.

Research paper thumbnail of Essential oils for COVID-19 management: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials

Narra X

Essential oils can be a beneficial adjuvant therapy in managing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-1... more Essential oils can be a beneficial adjuvant therapy in managing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). This systematic review aims to evaluate the efficacy of essential oils in ameliorative COVID-19-related symptoms. Published studies reporting the efficacy of essential oils as adjuvant therapy for COVID-19 were screened on Scillit, Scopus, SciFinder, and PubMed (December 7th, 2022). Inclusion criteria include the randomized controlled trials (RCTs) participated by those diagnosed with COVID-19 and treated with essential oils as adjuvant therapy. Quality assessment was carried out using Cochrane ‘risk-of-bias’ 2.0 tool. A total of 2112 records were retrieved from the initial screening, which was reduced to four publications (n=344 individuals). The foregoing studies reported that essential oils could improve the recovery rate, alleviate post-COVID-19 fatigue, and prevent disease progression. Regarding their potential antiviral activity, better designed studies are needed. In conclusio...

Research paper thumbnail of Monkeypox: Immune response, vaccination and preventive efforts

Narra J

Infectious threats to humans are continuously emerging. The 2022 worldwide monkeypox outbreak is ... more Infectious threats to humans are continuously emerging. The 2022 worldwide monkeypox outbreak is the latest of these threats with the virus rapidly spreading to 106 countries by the end of September 2022. The burden of the ongoing monkeypox outbreak is manifested by 68,000 cumulative confirmed cases and 26 deaths. Although monkeypox is usually a self-limited disease, patients can suffer from extremely painful skin lesions and complications can occur with reported mortalities. The antigenic similarity between the smallpox virus (variola virus) and monkeypox virus can be utilized to prevent monkeypox using smallpox vaccines; treatment is also based on antivirals initially designed to treat smallpox. However, further studies are needed to fully decipher the immune response to monkeypox virus and the immune evasion mechanisms. In this review we provide an up-to-date discussion of the current state of knowledge regarding monkeypox virus with a special focus on innate immune response, imm...

Research paper thumbnail of Emerging Infertility Biothreat and Gynecological Pandemic Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS): Molecular Biogenesis with Emphasis on Treatment

Pharmacophore, 2024

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a heterogeneous endocrinopathy characterized by oligo or anov... more Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a heterogeneous endocrinopathy characterized by oligo or anovulation, hyperandrogenism, and/or polycystic ovarian morphology. While women in both developed and developing nations are affected, it is also the leading cause of ovulatory infertility among women of reproductive age. This article discusses the epidemiology, risk factors, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and particular emphasis to its treatment. Global prevalence of PCOS ranges from 4 to 21% whereas it is between 9.1 and 36% among adolescents. Clinical presentation of PCOS can be mainly attributed to hyperandrogenism and chronic anovulation. Symptoms of hyperandrogenism include hirsutism, acne, and/or male pattern alopecia. Chronic anovulation proceeds with features such as oligomenorrhea, amenorrhea, and/or infertility. Even though a specific gene responsible is not found yet, it's clear that women with PCOS have two major genetic alterations involving androgen synthesis, insulin action, and also an increased incidence of other genetic alterations. Family history, obesity, and an unhealthy diet are found to be significant risk factors for the development of PCOS. The fundamental pathological changes in PCOS include hyperandrogenism, abnormality of gonadotropin secretion, and insulin resistance. It has been noted that genes, HAS2 & CBLN1 that are associated with ovulation are expressed less in granulosa cells of PCOS patients. These cells also show significantly differentially expressed genes for transcription factors and secretory proteins in addition to having increased Toll- & NOD-like receptors. Presently, there is no universal treatment for PCOS.

Research paper thumbnail of A systematic review with narrative synthesis on medical robotics and laboratory automation in the control of SARS-CoV-2, Ebola and H1N1 (Swine Flu) viruses

Journal of Health and Social Sciences, 2020

Introduction: Medical robotics is a rapidly growing aspect of the modern health care landscape. T... more Introduction: Medical robotics is a rapidly growing aspect of the modern health care landscape. The aim of this paper was to review the availability of robotic technology and laboratory automation in the control of SARS-CoV-2, Ebola and H1N1 (Swine Flu) viruses. Methods: A systematic review with narrative synthesis was conducted using the following databases: ME-DLINE / PubMed, SCOPUS, Web of Science, Science Direct and Google Scholar to retrieve studies regarding the use of robots and automated lab technologies, with appropriate MeSH terms and in accordance with the "Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses" (PRISMA) guidelines. A narrative synthesis was performed to synthesize the findings of the different studies. Results: A total of 250 articles were selected and 30 articles were included in this systematic review. Our findings indicate that robotic technology and automated laboratories have a promising approach, while handling biosafety level-3 & 4 (BSL-3 & 4) biological agents. In case of epidemics with high case fatality ratio (Ebola virus) or high human-to-human transmission (SARS-CoV-2), healthcare workforce are at high risk. Thus, if robots are employed in such settings, it is possible to minimize intra-hospital transmission of these infections to the highest degree. Discussion and Conclusion: Medical robotics and lab automation may be utilized as a strategic approach in containing the spread of infectious diseases like SARS-CoV-2, Ebola and Swine Flu Pandemic (H1N1). However, in the next future, many clinical trials and further tests are needed to determine the effectiveness of this technology, in order to balance advantages and risk factors involved.

Research paper thumbnail of Generation of Oxygen Free Radicals by Proflavine: Implication in Protein Degradation

HAYATI Journal of Biosciences, 2017

Proflavine, an acridine dye, is a known DNA intercalating agent. In the present study, we show th... more Proflavine, an acridine dye, is a known DNA intercalating agent. In the present study, we show that proflavine alone on photoillumination can generate reactive oxygen species (ROS). These proflavinederived ROS cause damage to proteins, and this effect is enhanced when the divalent metal ion Cu (II) is included in the reaction. Bathocuproine, a specific Cu (I) sequestering agent, when present in the reaction mixture containing Cu (II), was found to inhibit the protein degradation, showing that Cu (I) is an essential intermediate in the reaction. The effect of several scavengers of ROS such as superoxide dismutase, sodium azide, potassium iodide, and thiourea were examined on the protein damaging reaction. Potassium iodide was found to be the most effective in inhibiting protein damage followed by sodium azide and thiourea. Our results indicate the involvement of superoxide, singlet oxygen, triplet oxygen, and hydroxyl radicals in proflavine-induced damage to proteins.

Research paper thumbnail of Essential oils for COVID-19 management: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials

Narra X, 2023

Essential oils can be a beneficial adjuvant therapy in managing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-1... more Essential oils can be a beneficial adjuvant therapy in managing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). This systematic review aims to evaluate the efficacy of essential oils in ameliorative COVID-19-related symptoms. Published studies reporting the efficacy of essential oils as adjuvant therapy for COVID-19 were screened on Scillit, Scopus, SciFinder, and PubMed (December 7 th , 2022). Inclusion criteria include the randomized controlled trials (RCTs) participated by those diagnosed with COVID-19 and treated with essential oils as adjuvant therapy. Quality assessment was carried out using Cochrane 'risk-of-bias' 2.0 tool. A total of 2112 records were retrieved from the initial screening, which was reduced to four publications (n=344 individuals). The foregoing studies reported that essential oils could improve the recovery rate, alleviate post-COVID-19 fatigue, and prevent disease progression. Regarding their potential antiviral activity, better designed studies are needed. In conclusion, essential oils as adjuvant therapy are beneficial in ameliorating mild COVID-19 symptoms.

Research paper thumbnail of Non pharmaceutical interventions reduce the incidence and mortality of COVID 19 A study

Journal of Medical Virology, 2023

The recently emerged novel coronavirus, "severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-Co... more The recently emerged novel coronavirus, "severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2)," caused a highly contagious disease called coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). It has severely damaged the world's most developed countries and has turned into a major threat for low-and middle-income countries. Since its emergence in late 2019, medical interventions have been substantial, and most countries relied on public health measures collectively known as nonpharmaceutical interventions (NPIs). We aimed to centralize the accumulative knowledge of NPIs against COVID-19 for each country under one worldwide consortium. International COVID-19 Research Network collaborators developed a cross-sectional online survey to assess the implications of NPIs and sanitary supply on the incidence and mortality of COVID-19. The survey was conducted between January 1 and February 1, 2021, and participants from 92 countries/territories completed it. The association between NPIs, sanitation supplies, and incidence and mortality were examined by multivariate regression, with the log-transformed value of population as an o set value. The majority of countries/territories applied several preventive strategies, including social distancing (100.0%), quarantine (100.0%), isolation (98.9%), and school closure (97.8%).

Research paper thumbnail of Progress of island health in the Maldives

Wiley's Public Health Challenges, 2023

The provision of equitable healthcare on remote islands is critical in the fight to attain the su... more The provision of equitable healthcare on remote islands is critical in the fight to attain the sustainable development goals (SDGs). Many island countries, particularly the Small Island Developing States (SIDS), are confronted with numerous obstacles to accessing quality healthcare. Many SIDS are located in the Asia-Pacific region, and they suffer shared challenges such as a lack of infrastructure, logistical concerns, and a shortage of health staff. As a SIDS, the Maldives has made significant progress in the health sector, when compared to its neighbours. Part of this is due to spending a large portion of the national budget on the social sector, and a well-structured health system. Despite these accomplishments, it continues to struggle to provide equitable health care across the whole nation, especially to the small and underpopulated islands. One contributing factor is the dispersed geography. The pandemic highlighted the importance of telemedicine and its capacity to bridge the barriers to healthcare delivery, and its potential in the Maldives is huge. There is also a need to strengthen integrated health services through primary healthcare, train a larger workforce, and upgrade hospitals to be able to provide comprehensive medical services. This will limit the frequency of travel to the capital and abroad in search of better healthcare. K E Y W O R D S asia-pacific, global health, health equity, island health, the Maldives, telemedicine This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Research paper thumbnail of Journal Pre-proof Addressing the resurgence of global monkeypox (Mpox) through advanced drug delivery platforms

Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease, 2023

This is a PDF file of an article that has undergone enhancements after acceptance, such as the ad... more This is a PDF file of an article that has undergone enhancements after acceptance, such as the addition of a cover page and metadata, and formatting for readability, but it is not yet the definitive version of record. This version will undergo additional copyediting, typesetting and review before it is published in its final form, but we are providing this version to give early visibility of the article. Please note that, during the production process, errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain.

Research paper thumbnail of Emerging Developments on Pathogenicity, Molecular Virulence, Epidemiology and Clinical Symptoms of Current Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV

Kannan Subbaram, 2017

Elsevier has created a COVID-19 resource centre with free information in English and Mandarin on ... more Elsevier has created a COVID-19 resource centre with free information in English and Mandarin on the novel coronavirus COVID-19. The COVID-19 resource centre is hosted on Elsevier Connect, the company's public news and information website. Elsevier hereby grants permission to make all its COVID-19-related research that is available on the COVID-19 resource centre-including this research content-immediately available in PubMed Central and other publicly funded repositories, such as the WHO COVID database with rights for unrestricted research re-use and analyses in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for free by Elsevier for as long as the COVID-19 resource centre remains active.

Research paper thumbnail of Generation of Oxygen Free Radicals by Proflavine: Implication in Protein Degradation

Kannan Subbaram, 2017

Proflavine, an acridine dye, is a known DNA intercalating agent. In the present study, we show th... more Proflavine, an acridine dye, is a known DNA intercalating agent. In the present study, we show that
proflavine alone on photoillumination can generate reactive oxygen species (ROS). These proflavine-
derived ROS cause damage to proteins, and this effect is enhanced when the divalent metal ion Cu (II) is
included in the reaction. Bathocuproine, a specific Cu (I) sequestering agent, when present in the reaction
mixture containing Cu (II), was found to inhibit the protein degradation, showing that Cu (I) is an
essential intermediate in the reaction. The effect of several scavengers of ROS such as superoxide dis-
mutase, sodium azide, potassium iodide, and thiourea were examined on the protein damaging reaction.
Potassium iodide was found to be the most effective in inhibiting protein damage followed by sodium
azide and thiourea. Our results indicate the involvement of superoxide, singlet oxygen, triplet oxygen,
and hydroxyl radicals in proflavine-induced damage to proteins.

Research paper thumbnail of Molecular identification of diarrheal Aeromonas using immuno magnetic polymerase chain reaction (IM-PCR) technique: a comparative study with conventional culture method

Kannan Subbaram

Background: Aeromonas are ubiquitous bacteria causing many clinical conditions including acute di... more Background: Aeromonas are ubiquitous bacteria causing many clinical conditions including acute diarrhea. Diarrheagenic Aeromonas harbors aerolysin gene secreting virulent enterotoxin, aerolysin. Objectives: To develop a molecular and immunological based method for detection of Aeromonas. Methods: Diarrheal Aeromonas strains were identified from stool samples using culture, enterotoxicity testing using mice model. During immune magnetic polymerase chain reaction IM-PCR protocol, aerolysin specific antibodies were bound with immuno magnetic binding. Sensitivity and specificity tests for IM-PCR were conducted. Results: There was high detection of Aeromonas using IM-PCR (12.4 %) technique when compared to low isolation with culture (5.1%). Our study confirmed that some strains of enterotoxic Aeromonas strains were uncultivable. Enterotoxicity tests on culture isolates revealed many strains were negative. IM-PCR detected high, (62/500) rate of identification of Aeromonas with aerolysin toxin gene. Aeromonas species identified after IM-PCR were A. hydrophila (40.3%), A. veronii (17.7 %), A. caviae (14.5 %), A. trota (11.2 %), A. jandei (9.6 %) and A. schuberti (6.4%). All A. trota strains were undetected by cultivation. Conclusion: High sensitivity and specificity of IM-PCR are due to preparation of aerolysin antibodies and immuno magnetic binding, prior to PCR. Since diseases due to Aeromonas are increasingly reported, IM-PCR is recommended for detection from clinical specimens.

Research paper thumbnail of A narrative review comparing SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV-1 and MERS-CoV highlighting their characteristic features, evolution and clinical outcomes

Kannan Subbaram, 2020

COVID-19 pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 created a bio threat situation throughout the world. This ... more COVID-19 pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 created a bio threat situation throughout the world. This article features evolution and clinical outcomes of SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV-1 and MERS-CoV. COVID-19 originated in Wuhan, China and resulted in severe morbidity and mortality. Features of SARS are similar to COVID-19. MERS exhibited a relatively milder disease, mainly in Middle East countries. Coronaviruses are large (100 nm) viruses exhibiting a spherical shape with a lipoprotein envelope and can cause diseases in animals and humans. All coronaviruses are sensitive to physicochemical agents. They attach to angiotensin Converting Enzyme-2 (ACE-2) and serine protease receptors of lungs. Literature review and genetic homology were conducted using data sources and bioinformatics tools for the comparison of SARS-CoV-2 with SARS-CoV-1 and MERS-CoV. Genome analysis between SARS-CoV-2 with SARS-CoV-1 and MERS-CoV revealed that SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV-1 are 95% related with each other whereas SARS-CoV-2 and MERS-CoV are 65% related. SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV-1 are genetically more related than MERS-CoV. Animal reservoirs for SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV-1 may be bats, pangolins, etc. MERS can be transmitted from infected camels. SARS-CoV-2 might have evolved from SARS-CoV-1 or from another animal reservoir coronavirus. It can be transmitted from infected animals and humans through respiratory route. Strict public health measures such as physical distancing and maintaining good hygiene should be taken to contain their community spread. SARS-CoV-2 can undergo antigenic variation resulting in difficulty to develop drugs and vaccines. COVID-19 has caused a severe blow to the economy of both developed and developing nations.

Research paper thumbnail of The Role of Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning Techniques: Race for COVID-19 Vaccine

Kannan Subbaram, 2020

Context: In the healthcare system, Artificial Intelligence (AI) is emerging as a productive tool.... more Context: In the healthcare system, Artificial Intelligence (AI) is emerging as a productive tool. There are instances where AI has done marvels in the diagnosis of various health conditions and the interpretation of complex medical disorders. Although AI is far from human intelligence, it can be used as an effective tool to study the SARS-CoV-2 and its capabilities, virulence, and genome. The progress of the pandemic can be tracked, and the patients can be monitored, thereby speeding up the research for the treatment of COVID-19. In this review article, we highlighted the importance of AI and Machine learning (ML) techniques that can speed up the path to the discovery of a possible cure for COVID-19. We also deal with the interactions between viromics and AI, which can hopefully find a solution to this pandemic. Evidence Acquisition: A review of different articles was conducted using the following databases: MEDLINE/PubMed, SCOPUS, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar for recent studies regarding the use of AI, seeking the spread of different infectious diseases using relevant MeSH subheadings. Results: After a thorough screening of different articles, 30 articles were considered, and key information was obtained from them. Finally, the scope was broadened to obtain more information. Our findings indicated that AI/ML is a promising approach to drug development. Conclusions: The field of AI has enormous potential to predict the changes that may take place in the environment. If this technology is applied to situations of a pandemic such as COVID-19, breakthroughs could potentially pave the way for new vaccines and antiviral drugs.

Research paper thumbnail of SYSTEMATIC REVIEW IN MEDICAL ENGINEERING AND INFECTIOUS DISEASES A systematic review with narrative synthesis on medical robotics and laboratory automation in the control of SARS-CoV-2, Ebola and H1N1 (Swine Flu) viruses

Kannan Subbaram, 2020

Introduction: Medical robotics is a rapidly growing aspect of the modern health care landscape. T... more Introduction: Medical robotics is a rapidly growing aspect of the modern health care landscape. The aim of this paper was to review the availability of robotic technology and laboratory automation in the control of SARS-CoV-2, Ebola and H1N1 (Swine Flu) viruses. Methods: A systematic review with narrative synthesis was conducted using the following databases: MEDLINE / PubMed, SCOPUS, Web of Science, Science Direct and Google Scholar to retrieve studies regarding the use of robots and automated lab technologies, with appropriate MeSH terms and in accordance with the "Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses" (PRISMA) guidelines. A narrative synthesis was performed to synthesize the findings of the different studies. Results: A total of 250 articles were selected and 30 articles were included in this systematic review. Our findings indicate that robotic technology and automated laboratories have a

Research paper thumbnail of Molecular Characterization and Amino Acid Homology of Nucleocapsid (N) Protein in SARS-CoV-1, SARS-CoV-2, MERS-CoV, and Bat Coronavirus

Kannan Subbaram, 2020

Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, due to severe acute respiratory syndromecoronavirus... more Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, due to severe acute respiratory syndromecoronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), is posing a severe bio threat to the entire world. Nucleocapsids of SARS-CoV-2 and the related viruses were studied for gene and amino acid sequence homologies. In this study, we established similarities and differences in nucleocapsids in SARS-CoV-2, severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-1 (SARS-CoV-1), bat coronavirus (bat-CoV) and Middle East respiratory syndrome-coronavirus (MERS-CoV). We conducted a detailed analysis of the nucleocapsid protein amino acid and gene sequence encoding it, found in various coronavirus strains. After thoroughly screening the different nucleocapsids, we observed a close molecular homology between SARS-CoV-1 and SARS-CoV-2. More than 95% sequence similarity was observed between the two SARS-CoV strains. Bat-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 showed 92% sequence similarity. MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid analysis indicated only 65% identity. Molecular characterization of nucleocapsids from various coronaviruses revealed that SARS-CoV 2 is more related to SARS-CoV 1 and bat-CoV. SARS-CoV 2 exhibited less resemblance with MERS-CoV. SARS-CoV 2 showed less similarity to MERS-CoV. Thus, either SARS-CoV-1 or bat-CoV may be the source of SARS-CoV-2 evolution. Moreover, the existing differences in nucleocapsid molecular structures in SARS-CoV-2 make this virus more virulent and highly infectious, which means that the non-identical SARS-CoV-2 genes (which are absent in SARS-CoV-1 and bat-CoV) are responsible for COVID-19 severity. We observed that SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid from different locations varied in amino acid sequences. This revealed that there are many SARS-CoV-2 subtypes/subsets currently circulating globally. This study will help to develop antiviral vaccine and drugs, study viral replication and immunopathogenesis, and synthesize monoclonal antibodies that can be used for precise COVID-19 diagnosis, without false-positive/false-negative results.

Research paper thumbnail of Molecular Characterization and Amino Acid Homology of Nucleocapsid (N) Protein in SARS-CoV-1, SARS-CoV-2, MERS-CoV, and Bat Coronavirus

Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, due to severe acute respiratory syndromecoronavirus... more Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, due to severe acute respiratory syndromecoronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), is posing a severe bio threat to the entire world. Nucleocapsids of SARS-CoV-2 and the related viruses were studied for gene and amino acid sequence homologies. In this study, we established similarities and differences in nucleocapsids in SARS-CoV-2, severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-1 (SARS-CoV-1), bat coronavirus (bat-CoV) and Middle East respiratory syndrome-coronavirus (MERS-CoV). We conducted a detailed analysis of the nucleocapsid protein amino acid and gene sequence encoding it, found in various coronavirus strains. After thoroughly screening the different nucleocapsids, we observed a close molecular homology between SARS-CoV-1 and SARS-CoV-2. More than 95% sequence similarity was observed between the two SARS-CoV strains. Bat-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 showed 92% sequence similarity. MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid analysis indicated only 65% identity. Molecular characterization of nucleocapsids from various coronaviruses revealed that SARS-CoV 2 is more related to SARS-CoV 1 and bat-CoV. SARS-CoV 2 exhibited less resemblance with MERS-CoV. SARS-CoV 2 showed less similarity to MERS-CoV. Thus, either SARS-CoV-1 or bat-CoV may be the source of SARS-CoV-2 evolution. Moreover, the existing differences in nucleocapsid molecular structures in SARS-CoV-2 make this virus more virulent and highly infectious, which means that the non-identical SARS-CoV-2 genes (which are absent in SARS-CoV-1 and bat-CoV) are responsible for COVID-19 severity. We observed that SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid from different locations varied in amino acid sequences. This revealed that there are many SARS-CoV-2 subtypes/subsets currently circulating globally. This study will help to develop antiviral vaccine and drugs, study viral replication and immunopathogenesis, and synthesize monoclonal antibodies that can be used for precise COVID-19 diagnosis, without false-positive/false-negative results.

Research paper thumbnail of Emergence of Infectious Diseases -SARS, MERS, COVID-19: What is next

Kannan Subbaram, 2020

Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) and coronavirus... more Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) and coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) are caused by closely related coronaviruses. SARS is due to the infection of SARS-CoV-1 and MERS is caused by MERS-CoV whereas COVID-19 is due to SARS-CoV-2. Coronaviruses are enveloped, spherical viruses with single stranded positive (ss+) RNA as genome. SARS, MERS and COVID-19 can lead to severe respiratory diseases leading to pneumonia. Human infections due to SARS-CoV-1, MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 viral agents might have occurred after contact with reservoir animals. Reservoir animals for SARS and COVID-19 are bats, pangolins, snakes and other animals whereas for MERS the reservoir animal is camel. The genetic nature of coronaviruses is highly attributed to their drastic antigenic recombination. This antigenic change may result in the change of antigenic property of coronavirus ending in emergence of new type of coronavirus. Our phylogenetic analysis showed that SARS-CoV-1 and SARS-CoV-2 viruses are genetically related than MERS-CoV. This suggests that SARS-CoV-1 might be the genetic source for the evolution of SARS-CoV-2. There is no evidence that SARS-CoV-2 is manmade as an agent of bioweapon. Emergence of new coronaviruses can be contained by avoiding contact with wild animals. This can also be controlled by averting slaughter and eating of wild animals. There may be several undiscovered coronaviruses already existing in many animal reservoirs. These animal coronaviruses may have the capacity to cause human infection in the future. Due to the virion properties, genetic makeup and reservoir hosts, coronaviruses are continuously evolving over a period of time. We speculate that there may be another new human coronavirus that is entirely / partially different from the existing coronaviruses, may evolve in the future.

Research paper thumbnail of Transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) to animals: an updated review

COVID-19 caused by a novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) originate... more COVID-19 caused by a novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) originated in Wuhan (Hubei province, China) during late 2019. It has spread across the globe affecting nearly 21 million people with a toll of 0.75 million deaths and restricting the movement of most of the world population during the past 6 months. COVID-19 became the leading health, economic, and humanitarian challenge of the twenty-first century. In addition to the considerable COVID-19 cases, hospitalizations, and deaths in humans, several cases of SARS-CoV-2 infections in animal hosts (dog, cat, tiger, lion, and mink) have been reported. Thus, the concern of pet owners is increasing. Moreover, the dynamics of the disease requires further explanation, mainly concerning the transmission of the virus from humans to animals and vice versa. Therefore, this study aimed to gather information about the reported cases of COVID-19 transmission in animals through a literary review of works published in scientific journals and perform genomic and phylogenetic analyses of SARS-CoV-2 isolated from animal hosts. Although many instances of transmission of the SARS-CoV-2 have been reported, caution and further studies are necessary to avoid the occurrence of maltreatment in animals, and to achieve a better understanding of the dynamics of the disease in the environment, humans, and animals. Future research in the animal-human interface can help formulate and implement preventive measures to combat the further transmission of COVID-19.