Ann Wakefield | The University of Manchester (original) (raw)

Papers by Ann Wakefield

Nurse Education in Practice, 2008

This study explored patient safety in an English pre-registration nursing curriculum. The need to... more This study explored patient safety in an English pre-registration nursing curriculum. The need to improve patient safety has been recognised as a key priority, both nationally and internationally. Education has a crucial role in developing the knowledge, skills and ...

Journal of Nursing Management, 2009

Health Policy, 2009

Objectives: To understand the extent to which the assistant practitioner role is described as 'as... more Objectives: To understand the extent to which the assistant practitioner role is described as 'assistive' in formal job descriptions and analyse whether the term 'assistive' has been stretched to encompass more 'substitutive' or 'autonomous' characteristics. Methods: Sixteen AP job descriptions representing all clinical divisions across one UK acute NHS Hospital Trust were both macro-and micro-analysed for broad similarities and differences in line with Hammersley and Atkinson's analytical framework. The analysis specifically focused on how clinical tasks were related to clinical responsibility, from this the job descriptors were then indexed as belonging to one of five discrete categories. Results: Our analysis revealed the following categories: fully assistive (n = 1), supportive/assistive (n = 7), supportive/substitutive (n = 4), substitutive/autonomous (n = 3) and fully autonomous (n = 1). From this, a number of anomalies manifest in the form of divergent organisational expectations regarding the AP role. Conclusions: This study highlights a series of tensions extant between policy vision and implementation of the AP role in practice. Introduction of new healthcare roles requires compromise and negotiation, to shape and define what social space incumbents of these and existing roles will occupy. However the way in which new roles are defined will determine how they become embraced and embedded within future healthcare services.

Nurse Education in Practice, 2008

This study explored patient safety in an English pre-registration nursing curriculum. The need to... more This study explored patient safety in an English pre-registration nursing curriculum. The need to improve patient safety has been recognised as a key priority, both nationally and internationally. Education has a crucial role in developing the knowledge, skills and attitudes that promote patient safety. However, evidence about how patient safety is addressed in healthcare professional curricula and how organisations develop safe practitioners is limited.

Nurse Education Today, 2005

In this literature review, we examine to what extent patient safety is addressed within medical a... more In this literature review, we examine to what extent patient safety is addressed within medical and nursing curricula. Patient safety is the foundation of healthcare practice and education both in the UK and internationally. Recent research and policy initiatives have highlighted this issue. The paper highlights the significance of this topic as an aspect of study in its own right by examining not only the fiscal but also the human costs such events invite.

International Journal of Palliative Nursing, Sep 28, 2013

This article examines the lived experiences of nurses responsible for administering care to dying... more This article examines the lived experiences of nurses responsible for administering care to dying patients. To achieve this, the article explores the notion of 'relentless self-care' and why this is an important feature of palliative nursing practice (Renzenbrink, 1998), even though for many nurses, their feelings of loss must remain hidden (Doka, 1989). Because of this, nurses try to protect themselves from distressing symptoms by distancing themselves from death. Consequently, nurses may locate dying patients in side-rooms and hand over part of their caring role to relatives (Sudnow, 1967; Wakefield, 1996, 1999). In view of these responses, the final part of the article will attempt to offer a way forward for the nursing profession, by examining why nurses should treat their own feelings of loss as being analogous to those of a bereaved relative.

Medical Teacher, Oct 1, 2006

International journal of palliative nursing, 2000

This article examines the lived experiences of nurses responsible for administering care to dying... more This article examines the lived experiences of nurses responsible for administering care to dying patients. To achieve this, the article explores the notion of 'relentless self-care' and why this is an important feature of palliative nursing practice (Renzenbrink, 1998), even though for many nurses, their feelings of loss must remain hidden (Doka, 1989). Because of this, nurses try to protect themselves from distressing symptoms by distancing themselves from death. Consequently, nurses may locate dying patients in side-rooms and hand over part of their caring role to relatives (Sudnow, 1967; Wakefield, 1996, 1999). In view of these responses, the final part of the article will attempt to offer a way forward for the nursing profession, by examining why nurses should treat their own feelings of loss as being analogous to those of a bereaved relative.

Nurse Education Today, 2014

A thematic literature review was undertaken to identify methodological aspects in the assessment ... more A thematic literature review was undertaken to identify methodological aspects in the assessment of safety culture and critically examine how these have been addressed in hospital-based studies of safety culture, for the period 1999-2012. The literature search included an electronic database search (BNI, CINAHL, EMBASE, MEDLINE and PsycINFO), access to websites of organizations dedicated to the enhancement of patient safety, and a manual search of reference lists of the papers included. The analysis of the 43 records included in the review revealed that discussion regarding the measurement of safety culture in the hospital setting revolves around three methodological areas, namely: research approaches; survey tools for data collection; and levels of data aggregation. To advance these discussions, robust research is needed to clarify what dimensions belong to the core of safety culture and what the main sources of safety culture variability are. Studies using a mixed methods approach to assess safety culture would be useful, since they permit the in-depth research necessary to depict the multiple components of this construct.

Learning in Health and Social Care, 2008

Selected findings from the qualitative aspect of an impact evaluation examining the effectiveness... more Selected findings from the qualitative aspect of an impact evaluation examining the effectiveness of a Root Cause Analysis 3-day Training Programme relating to interprofessional learning and work are reported in this paper. The study sample comprised managers, clinicians, administrators and human resource personnel ( n = 38) employed at Band 6 or above, and 18 key organizational stakeholders from three National Health Service case study sites who seconded staff to the Root Cause Analysis programme. Although the study was primarily designed to assess the impact of using a blended e-learning approach to educate staff about Root Cause Analysis, participants revealed that working in interprofessional teams was a vital element of any patient-safety investigation. Interprofessional learning and inter-disciplinary collaboration was a particularly valued element of the training programme. One of the main benefits of interprofessional learning identified by participants was that it improved networking and promoted more open communication. Moreover, participants felt interprofessional learning allowed them to increase their understanding of each other's roles, leading to greater cooperation, collaboration and increased confidence. For this reason, the paper examines the extent to which the management of patient-safety-related incidents and patient-safety investigations can be improved by using an interprofessional learning format. Finally, the study will suggest that interprofessional approaches to patient-safety education should be adopted by course designers so as to encourage participants to think beyond their respective occupational silos.

Description/Abstract The nursing profession has been influenced by its historical context and, th... more Description/Abstract The nursing profession has been influenced by its historical context and, therefore, has evolved accordingly. This paper describes the evolution of nursing in Spain from the mid nineteenth century up to the early 1950s, emphasising the historical ...

Description/Abstract Introduction: The use of letters, diaries and other sort of personal documen... more Description/Abstract Introduction: The use of letters, diaries and other sort of personal documents in historical research is a common andsolidly accepted practice among historians. Objective: To study the development of nursing in Spain during the Civil War, ...

Journal of Clinical Nursing, 1998

· When entering a ward the environment observed can be perceived in one of two ways: either from ... more · When entering a ward the environment observed can be perceived in one of two ways: either from the perspective of`background', this being the backdrop against which events take place, or as the main focus of attention, thereby alerting the observer to what is going on in the setting.

Nursing times

To understand where assistant practitioners fit in the workforce and examine the roles they are a... more To understand where assistant practitioners fit in the workforce and examine the roles they are asked to undertake, by comparing their job descriptions with the policy vision. A total of 27 job descriptions from three acute trusts were analysed to highlight similarities and differences between the documents. The analysis focused on how clinical tasks related to the level of responsibility APs were expected to assume as part of their role. The analysis revealed the following categories for APs' job descriptions: fully assistive (one description); supportive/assistive (nine); supportive/substitutive (nine); substitutive/autonomous (seven); and fully autonomous (one). This revealed a number of inconsistencies in the form of different organisational expectations about the AP role. This study highlights that it is still not clear what managers and workforce planners want from the AP role as it does not have a clearly defined position in the clinical hierarchy, despite being located a...

International journal of palliative nursing, 2003

This article reports a small research study on the use of simulated patients for teaching medical... more This article reports a small research study on the use of simulated patients for teaching medical and nursing students how to break bad news. A total of 34 nursing and medical students undertook the activity in mixed groups. Data obtained from free response questionnaires and a focus group were analysed and independently coded to identify recurrent themes across the data and the two student groups. Students reported that simulated patients gave instant feedback about their performance which they found useful. Students felt that working in doctor-nurse pairs helped them formulate strategies for imparting the bad news and that this made them feel better prepared and less isolated. The article outlines why the use of simulated patients may be valuable and suggests that this form of teaching could be used in other types of communications training. The use of simulated patients appears to have the potential to enhance patient-practitioner and practitioner-practitioner interactions.

Nurse Education Today, 2008

M.J. Pumar Méndez), ncanga@unav.es (N.C. Armayor), tdiaz@unav.es (M.T. Díaz Navarlaz), ann.b.wake... more M.J. Pumar Méndez), ncanga@unav.es (N.C. Armayor), tdiaz@unav.es (M.T. Díaz Navarlaz), ann.b.wakefield@manchester.ac.uk (A. Wakefield). 1 Tel.: +34 948 425 600x6446; fax: +34 948 425 740. 2 Tel.: +34 948 255 400x2435; fax: +34 948 425 740. 3 Tel.: +44 0161 275 7007; fax: +44 0161 275 7566. Nurse Education Today (2008) 28, 327-336 intl.elsevierhealth.com/journals/nedt Nurse Education Today this way lessons learned from a thorough review of the relevant literature might help to inform such educational reforms across mainland Europe and beyond.

Midwifery, 2004

This paper describes a multi-professional teaching innovation that took place at The University o... more This paper describes a multi-professional teaching innovation that took place at The University of Manchester during October 2001. Ideas for the project were first established in December 2000 when a multi-professional team of educationalists began exploring ways in which three disparate student groups could be brought together as part of an integrated learning activity . For this reason, a problem-based learning scenario was developed to encourage nursing, midwifery, and medical students to share their previous knowledge and principles of care. In addition, the students were also asked to identify the type(s) of information they felt should be included in a user guide for new parents regarding the uncomplicated labour and puerperium.

Nurse Education in Practice, 2008

This study explored patient safety in an English pre-registration nursing curriculum. The need to... more This study explored patient safety in an English pre-registration nursing curriculum. The need to improve patient safety has been recognised as a key priority, both nationally and internationally. Education has a crucial role in developing the knowledge, skills and ...

Journal of Nursing Management, 2009

Health Policy, 2009

Objectives: To understand the extent to which the assistant practitioner role is described as 'as... more Objectives: To understand the extent to which the assistant practitioner role is described as 'assistive' in formal job descriptions and analyse whether the term 'assistive' has been stretched to encompass more 'substitutive' or 'autonomous' characteristics. Methods: Sixteen AP job descriptions representing all clinical divisions across one UK acute NHS Hospital Trust were both macro-and micro-analysed for broad similarities and differences in line with Hammersley and Atkinson's analytical framework. The analysis specifically focused on how clinical tasks were related to clinical responsibility, from this the job descriptors were then indexed as belonging to one of five discrete categories. Results: Our analysis revealed the following categories: fully assistive (n = 1), supportive/assistive (n = 7), supportive/substitutive (n = 4), substitutive/autonomous (n = 3) and fully autonomous (n = 1). From this, a number of anomalies manifest in the form of divergent organisational expectations regarding the AP role. Conclusions: This study highlights a series of tensions extant between policy vision and implementation of the AP role in practice. Introduction of new healthcare roles requires compromise and negotiation, to shape and define what social space incumbents of these and existing roles will occupy. However the way in which new roles are defined will determine how they become embraced and embedded within future healthcare services.

Nurse Education in Practice, 2008

This study explored patient safety in an English pre-registration nursing curriculum. The need to... more This study explored patient safety in an English pre-registration nursing curriculum. The need to improve patient safety has been recognised as a key priority, both nationally and internationally. Education has a crucial role in developing the knowledge, skills and attitudes that promote patient safety. However, evidence about how patient safety is addressed in healthcare professional curricula and how organisations develop safe practitioners is limited.

Nurse Education Today, 2005

In this literature review, we examine to what extent patient safety is addressed within medical a... more In this literature review, we examine to what extent patient safety is addressed within medical and nursing curricula. Patient safety is the foundation of healthcare practice and education both in the UK and internationally. Recent research and policy initiatives have highlighted this issue. The paper highlights the significance of this topic as an aspect of study in its own right by examining not only the fiscal but also the human costs such events invite.

International Journal of Palliative Nursing, Sep 28, 2013

This article examines the lived experiences of nurses responsible for administering care to dying... more This article examines the lived experiences of nurses responsible for administering care to dying patients. To achieve this, the article explores the notion of 'relentless self-care' and why this is an important feature of palliative nursing practice (Renzenbrink, 1998), even though for many nurses, their feelings of loss must remain hidden (Doka, 1989). Because of this, nurses try to protect themselves from distressing symptoms by distancing themselves from death. Consequently, nurses may locate dying patients in side-rooms and hand over part of their caring role to relatives (Sudnow, 1967; Wakefield, 1996, 1999). In view of these responses, the final part of the article will attempt to offer a way forward for the nursing profession, by examining why nurses should treat their own feelings of loss as being analogous to those of a bereaved relative.

Medical Teacher, Oct 1, 2006

International journal of palliative nursing, 2000

This article examines the lived experiences of nurses responsible for administering care to dying... more This article examines the lived experiences of nurses responsible for administering care to dying patients. To achieve this, the article explores the notion of 'relentless self-care' and why this is an important feature of palliative nursing practice (Renzenbrink, 1998), even though for many nurses, their feelings of loss must remain hidden (Doka, 1989). Because of this, nurses try to protect themselves from distressing symptoms by distancing themselves from death. Consequently, nurses may locate dying patients in side-rooms and hand over part of their caring role to relatives (Sudnow, 1967; Wakefield, 1996, 1999). In view of these responses, the final part of the article will attempt to offer a way forward for the nursing profession, by examining why nurses should treat their own feelings of loss as being analogous to those of a bereaved relative.

Nurse Education Today, 2014

A thematic literature review was undertaken to identify methodological aspects in the assessment ... more A thematic literature review was undertaken to identify methodological aspects in the assessment of safety culture and critically examine how these have been addressed in hospital-based studies of safety culture, for the period 1999-2012. The literature search included an electronic database search (BNI, CINAHL, EMBASE, MEDLINE and PsycINFO), access to websites of organizations dedicated to the enhancement of patient safety, and a manual search of reference lists of the papers included. The analysis of the 43 records included in the review revealed that discussion regarding the measurement of safety culture in the hospital setting revolves around three methodological areas, namely: research approaches; survey tools for data collection; and levels of data aggregation. To advance these discussions, robust research is needed to clarify what dimensions belong to the core of safety culture and what the main sources of safety culture variability are. Studies using a mixed methods approach to assess safety culture would be useful, since they permit the in-depth research necessary to depict the multiple components of this construct.

Learning in Health and Social Care, 2008

Selected findings from the qualitative aspect of an impact evaluation examining the effectiveness... more Selected findings from the qualitative aspect of an impact evaluation examining the effectiveness of a Root Cause Analysis 3-day Training Programme relating to interprofessional learning and work are reported in this paper. The study sample comprised managers, clinicians, administrators and human resource personnel ( n = 38) employed at Band 6 or above, and 18 key organizational stakeholders from three National Health Service case study sites who seconded staff to the Root Cause Analysis programme. Although the study was primarily designed to assess the impact of using a blended e-learning approach to educate staff about Root Cause Analysis, participants revealed that working in interprofessional teams was a vital element of any patient-safety investigation. Interprofessional learning and inter-disciplinary collaboration was a particularly valued element of the training programme. One of the main benefits of interprofessional learning identified by participants was that it improved networking and promoted more open communication. Moreover, participants felt interprofessional learning allowed them to increase their understanding of each other's roles, leading to greater cooperation, collaboration and increased confidence. For this reason, the paper examines the extent to which the management of patient-safety-related incidents and patient-safety investigations can be improved by using an interprofessional learning format. Finally, the study will suggest that interprofessional approaches to patient-safety education should be adopted by course designers so as to encourage participants to think beyond their respective occupational silos.

Description/Abstract The nursing profession has been influenced by its historical context and, th... more Description/Abstract The nursing profession has been influenced by its historical context and, therefore, has evolved accordingly. This paper describes the evolution of nursing in Spain from the mid nineteenth century up to the early 1950s, emphasising the historical ...

Description/Abstract Introduction: The use of letters, diaries and other sort of personal documen... more Description/Abstract Introduction: The use of letters, diaries and other sort of personal documents in historical research is a common andsolidly accepted practice among historians. Objective: To study the development of nursing in Spain during the Civil War, ...

Journal of Clinical Nursing, 1998

· When entering a ward the environment observed can be perceived in one of two ways: either from ... more · When entering a ward the environment observed can be perceived in one of two ways: either from the perspective of`background', this being the backdrop against which events take place, or as the main focus of attention, thereby alerting the observer to what is going on in the setting.

Nursing times

To understand where assistant practitioners fit in the workforce and examine the roles they are a... more To understand where assistant practitioners fit in the workforce and examine the roles they are asked to undertake, by comparing their job descriptions with the policy vision. A total of 27 job descriptions from three acute trusts were analysed to highlight similarities and differences between the documents. The analysis focused on how clinical tasks related to the level of responsibility APs were expected to assume as part of their role. The analysis revealed the following categories for APs' job descriptions: fully assistive (one description); supportive/assistive (nine); supportive/substitutive (nine); substitutive/autonomous (seven); and fully autonomous (one). This revealed a number of inconsistencies in the form of different organisational expectations about the AP role. This study highlights that it is still not clear what managers and workforce planners want from the AP role as it does not have a clearly defined position in the clinical hierarchy, despite being located a...

International journal of palliative nursing, 2003

This article reports a small research study on the use of simulated patients for teaching medical... more This article reports a small research study on the use of simulated patients for teaching medical and nursing students how to break bad news. A total of 34 nursing and medical students undertook the activity in mixed groups. Data obtained from free response questionnaires and a focus group were analysed and independently coded to identify recurrent themes across the data and the two student groups. Students reported that simulated patients gave instant feedback about their performance which they found useful. Students felt that working in doctor-nurse pairs helped them formulate strategies for imparting the bad news and that this made them feel better prepared and less isolated. The article outlines why the use of simulated patients may be valuable and suggests that this form of teaching could be used in other types of communications training. The use of simulated patients appears to have the potential to enhance patient-practitioner and practitioner-practitioner interactions.

Nurse Education Today, 2008

M.J. Pumar Méndez), ncanga@unav.es (N.C. Armayor), tdiaz@unav.es (M.T. Díaz Navarlaz), ann.b.wake... more M.J. Pumar Méndez), ncanga@unav.es (N.C. Armayor), tdiaz@unav.es (M.T. Díaz Navarlaz), ann.b.wakefield@manchester.ac.uk (A. Wakefield). 1 Tel.: +34 948 425 600x6446; fax: +34 948 425 740. 2 Tel.: +34 948 255 400x2435; fax: +34 948 425 740. 3 Tel.: +44 0161 275 7007; fax: +44 0161 275 7566. Nurse Education Today (2008) 28, 327-336 intl.elsevierhealth.com/journals/nedt Nurse Education Today this way lessons learned from a thorough review of the relevant literature might help to inform such educational reforms across mainland Europe and beyond.

Midwifery, 2004

This paper describes a multi-professional teaching innovation that took place at The University o... more This paper describes a multi-professional teaching innovation that took place at The University of Manchester during October 2001. Ideas for the project were first established in December 2000 when a multi-professional team of educationalists began exploring ways in which three disparate student groups could be brought together as part of an integrated learning activity . For this reason, a problem-based learning scenario was developed to encourage nursing, midwifery, and medical students to share their previous knowledge and principles of care. In addition, the students were also asked to identify the type(s) of information they felt should be included in a user guide for new parents regarding the uncomplicated labour and puerperium.