Lowell Barrington | Marquette University (original) (raw)

Papers by Lowell Barrington

Brookings Institution Press eBooks, Jan 25, 2013

Harvard International Journal of Press-politics, Oct 1, 2005

Recent evidence indicates that political coverage in newspapers varies from outlet to outlet in c... more Recent evidence indicates that political coverage in newspapers varies from outlet to outlet in correlation with the political atmosphere of those papers.Visual images from photographs of political candidates published in these newspapers are no exception. Although previous works have examined the importance of visual images on observer evaluations, little work has been done to assess whether differing newspaper photographs of a political candidate can actually shape how potential voters view that candidate. We address this gap in the extant literature through an experiment designed to assess the potential influence of candidate photographs on voter perceptions when partisanship is not available as a heuristic device.The results of our study indicate that newspaper photographs can shape how voters evaluate a candidate's personal traits, their general impression of that candidate,and their decision whether to vote for that candidate.We also found thatwomen and men are affected differently by photographs, with the former influenced more by a positive picture and the latter triggered by a negative one.

ICPSR Data Holdings, Aug 27, 2003

Europe-Asia Studies, Mar 1, 2022

Abstract Analysing a unique set of survey data, this study re-examines the impact of regional div... more Abstract Analysing a unique set of survey data, this study re-examines the impact of regional divides, language, ethnicity and other demographic factors on important political attitudes in Ukraine. It also looks deeper into the issue of language, including an examination of both closed-ended and open-ended responses addressing how and why some residents of Ukraine see the language they speak as part of their identity. Finally, it provides evidence of Ukrainians’ attachment to a citizenship-based civic national identity and examines the connection between this civic identity and both language and ethnic identity in Ukraine. The results carry important implications for Ukraine’s ongoing civic nation-building efforts.

Nationalism and Ethnic Politics, Jun 1, 2002

ABSTRACT

Wadsworth Cengage Learning eBooks, 2013

Europe-Asia Studies, Jun 1, 2001

ABSTRACT

Post-Soviet geography and economics, Dec 1, 1997

An American political scientist analyzes the results of a recent survey of the population in Ukra... more An American political scientist analyzes the results of a recent survey of the population in Ukraine to explore whether social cleavages (based on ethnicity, language, religion, and region of residence) translate into basic divisions with respect to support for an independent Ukrainian state. Data are examined at both the aggregate (group) and individual levels, in an effort both to identify components of a unified set of attitudes toward independence among population groups and to provide an explanation for individual differences in loyalty to the concept of an independent Ukraine. Journal of Economic Literature, Classification Numbers: H10, J10, 05. 2 tables, 33 references.

Post-soviet Affairs, Apr 1, 2001

1 appreciate David Laitin's kind words in response to my article, an article that selectively... more 1 appreciate David Laitin's kind words in response to my article, an article that selectively criticized elements of the "Russian-speaking population" concept presented in Identity in Formation. My criticisms do not represent a lack of respect for the undertaking that led to Identity in Formation} It is only because the book does so much that I could find things to question. My main concern was less with Laitin's findings per se than with the "Russian-speaking population" concept taking on a life of its own. Because of the strengths of the project that produced the concept, the scholarly and policymaking communities risked failing to consider how contextuallydependent—and, as a result, how fragile—the label was at the mass level. As Laitin points out, my own data indicate a fairly significant degree of attachment to the term lasting into the late 1990s. But more importantly, to me at least, the data also show that the "Russian-speaking population" label did not hold up as well at the end of the decade as one might have expected when respondents were asked to choose among a set of rival identity options. In response to Laitin's main criticism of my findings, I believe that it is indeed relevant that there is not a strong relationship between attachment to the "Russian-speaking population" label and support for independence from Russia. After all, if attachment to this label is neither a cause of nor a reflection of the degree of loyalty to one's state of residence, its political consequences are significantly diminished. And I question Laitin's claim that one would not expect such a relationship. If attachment to the label was in part a response to the "double cataclysm," one would expect

Comparative Political Studies, Mar 1, 2012

One of the long-standing criticisms of cross-sectional survey data is that they provide only a co... more One of the long-standing criticisms of cross-sectional survey data is that they provide only a contextually driven “snapshot” of attitudes. These attitudes are, the “snapshot critique” contends, highly fragile—subject to significant fluctuation based on events that arise domestically and globally. Although it makes sense that a major event can alter the percentage of people who respond to a given survey question in a particular way, it is less obvious that such an event jeopardizes the validity of multivariate analyses of survey data collected prior to the event. Given the prevalent use of cross-sectional survey data in quantitative political research, this question has significant implications for comparative politics. This study employs survey data from Ukraine before and after the “Orange Revolution” and from Georgia before and after the “Rose Revolution.” Its findings challenge the snapshot critique and support the idea that, even in the wake of a dramatic political event, the underlying relationships among variables measured by survey data can remain quite stable.

Political Science Quarterly, 1996

Introduction - identity crisis short-cut to democracy? the Soviet syndrome the need for comparati... more Introduction - identity crisis short-cut to democracy? the Soviet syndrome the need for comparative perspective. Part 1 Towards democracy: aspects of transition - waves of democratization the study of transitions the confines and stages of transitions if Spain, why not Russia - political democracy, preconditions or criteria? citizenship civil society and the capital market leadership and pacts institutional choices cleavages and party systems governability. Part 2 The Soviet bequest to Russia: the Russian condition Russian history social change, generation change political culture the new middle class and civil society. Part 3 Between sovereignty and independence: frustrated Russia the first four stages of transition Russia sovereign - constitutional and economic reform, a Russian union?, the dark winter of 1990-1991, the final showdown, towards the August coup falling apart. Part 4 The unremitting crisis: foreign policy shock therapy disintegration the consitutional-guerrilla a new constitution a new parliament. Part 5 Transition a la Russe - an interpretation: transition - to democracy? legitimation and citizenship political democracy civil society and the capitalist market leadership and pacts international choices cleavages and party systems governability.

Post-soviet Affairs, Mar 13, 2018

Within Eurasian studies, survey responses have served as the main type of data for many scholarly... more Within Eurasian studies, survey responses have served as the main type of data for many scholarly works.

Review of Central and East European Law, 1995

Post-soviet Affairs, Apr 1, 2001

Because an independent state is often thought to be the ultimate goal of nationalists, much of th... more Because an independent state is often thought to be the ultimate goal of nationalists, much of the existing work on nationalism has centered on its role in the creation of new states. "After Independence" breaks new ground by examining the changes to nationalism after independence in seven new states. This innovative volume challenges scholars and specialists to rethink conventional views of ethnic and civic nationalism, and the division between primordial and constructivist understandings of national identity. "After Independence" will be of interest to social science scholars, as well as policy-makers and journalists working in newly independent nations.

This study attempts to examine and explain the citizenship choices made by the governments of Est... more This study attempts to examine and explain the citizenship choices made by the governments of Estonia and Lithuania. The report explains the factors driving the inclusiveness of the policies. The project attempts to discover those factors that lead the government of a newly independent state to develop a more inclusive or more exclusive citizenship policy. Factors that likely affact the development of citizenship policies include: (1) an ethnically defined nation or political-territorially defined nation; (2) whether or not the newly independent state is seen as a nation-state or as a multinational state; (3) a perceived threat to survival of the nation; (4) strength of minority groups in size, concentration, and economic power; and (5) powerful neighbors interested in inclusive policies due to a large ethnic minority in their own country or human rights organizations monitoring citizenship policies. These factors and questions, although applied to Lithuania and Estonia, also address the civic issues of democracy. Extensive notes accompany the text. Contains approximately 100 references. (EH)

Post-soviet Affairs, Dec 22, 2020

ABSTRACT Nation-building has been an important and often complicated process in countries like Uk... more ABSTRACT Nation-building has been an important and often complicated process in countries like Ukraine, which emerged from ethno-federal communist systems. In Ukraine, a civic approach to national identity has gained support since 2013, but it exists alongside a more ethnic Ukrainian–focused view of national identity. This article focuses on a central element of civic national identity in Ukraine: citizenship. Survey data from both closed-ended and open-ended questions are used to gauge the appeal of a citizenship-based identity and the reasons that respondents view citizenship as an important part of who they are. The results point to a strong connection to citizenship as an identity, and to patterns about which groups of people claim citizenship as an important part of their identity and why. The findings indicate that, if and when a more civic-oriented identity becomes the predominant approach to nation-building in Ukraine, citizenship will be a central part of the process.

Post-soviet Affairs, Jul 1, 2009

... Previous research on religion in Ukraine has shown that the Uniate/ Orthodox divide follows t... more ... Previous research on religion in Ukraine has shown that the Uniate/ Orthodox divide follows the traditional east/west boundaries, but intrigu-ing cross-cutting differences appear as one begins to break down the data into more detail, such as by region, ethnicity, or percentage of ...

Brookings Institution Press eBooks, Jan 25, 2013

Harvard International Journal of Press-politics, Oct 1, 2005

Recent evidence indicates that political coverage in newspapers varies from outlet to outlet in c... more Recent evidence indicates that political coverage in newspapers varies from outlet to outlet in correlation with the political atmosphere of those papers.Visual images from photographs of political candidates published in these newspapers are no exception. Although previous works have examined the importance of visual images on observer evaluations, little work has been done to assess whether differing newspaper photographs of a political candidate can actually shape how potential voters view that candidate. We address this gap in the extant literature through an experiment designed to assess the potential influence of candidate photographs on voter perceptions when partisanship is not available as a heuristic device.The results of our study indicate that newspaper photographs can shape how voters evaluate a candidate's personal traits, their general impression of that candidate,and their decision whether to vote for that candidate.We also found thatwomen and men are affected differently by photographs, with the former influenced more by a positive picture and the latter triggered by a negative one.

ICPSR Data Holdings, Aug 27, 2003

Europe-Asia Studies, Mar 1, 2022

Abstract Analysing a unique set of survey data, this study re-examines the impact of regional div... more Abstract Analysing a unique set of survey data, this study re-examines the impact of regional divides, language, ethnicity and other demographic factors on important political attitudes in Ukraine. It also looks deeper into the issue of language, including an examination of both closed-ended and open-ended responses addressing how and why some residents of Ukraine see the language they speak as part of their identity. Finally, it provides evidence of Ukrainians’ attachment to a citizenship-based civic national identity and examines the connection between this civic identity and both language and ethnic identity in Ukraine. The results carry important implications for Ukraine’s ongoing civic nation-building efforts.

Nationalism and Ethnic Politics, Jun 1, 2002

ABSTRACT

Wadsworth Cengage Learning eBooks, 2013

Europe-Asia Studies, Jun 1, 2001

ABSTRACT

Post-Soviet geography and economics, Dec 1, 1997

An American political scientist analyzes the results of a recent survey of the population in Ukra... more An American political scientist analyzes the results of a recent survey of the population in Ukraine to explore whether social cleavages (based on ethnicity, language, religion, and region of residence) translate into basic divisions with respect to support for an independent Ukrainian state. Data are examined at both the aggregate (group) and individual levels, in an effort both to identify components of a unified set of attitudes toward independence among population groups and to provide an explanation for individual differences in loyalty to the concept of an independent Ukraine. Journal of Economic Literature, Classification Numbers: H10, J10, 05. 2 tables, 33 references.

Post-soviet Affairs, Apr 1, 2001

1 appreciate David Laitin's kind words in response to my article, an article that selectively... more 1 appreciate David Laitin's kind words in response to my article, an article that selectively criticized elements of the "Russian-speaking population" concept presented in Identity in Formation. My criticisms do not represent a lack of respect for the undertaking that led to Identity in Formation} It is only because the book does so much that I could find things to question. My main concern was less with Laitin's findings per se than with the "Russian-speaking population" concept taking on a life of its own. Because of the strengths of the project that produced the concept, the scholarly and policymaking communities risked failing to consider how contextuallydependent—and, as a result, how fragile—the label was at the mass level. As Laitin points out, my own data indicate a fairly significant degree of attachment to the term lasting into the late 1990s. But more importantly, to me at least, the data also show that the "Russian-speaking population" label did not hold up as well at the end of the decade as one might have expected when respondents were asked to choose among a set of rival identity options. In response to Laitin's main criticism of my findings, I believe that it is indeed relevant that there is not a strong relationship between attachment to the "Russian-speaking population" label and support for independence from Russia. After all, if attachment to this label is neither a cause of nor a reflection of the degree of loyalty to one's state of residence, its political consequences are significantly diminished. And I question Laitin's claim that one would not expect such a relationship. If attachment to the label was in part a response to the "double cataclysm," one would expect

Comparative Political Studies, Mar 1, 2012

One of the long-standing criticisms of cross-sectional survey data is that they provide only a co... more One of the long-standing criticisms of cross-sectional survey data is that they provide only a contextually driven “snapshot” of attitudes. These attitudes are, the “snapshot critique” contends, highly fragile—subject to significant fluctuation based on events that arise domestically and globally. Although it makes sense that a major event can alter the percentage of people who respond to a given survey question in a particular way, it is less obvious that such an event jeopardizes the validity of multivariate analyses of survey data collected prior to the event. Given the prevalent use of cross-sectional survey data in quantitative political research, this question has significant implications for comparative politics. This study employs survey data from Ukraine before and after the “Orange Revolution” and from Georgia before and after the “Rose Revolution.” Its findings challenge the snapshot critique and support the idea that, even in the wake of a dramatic political event, the underlying relationships among variables measured by survey data can remain quite stable.

Political Science Quarterly, 1996

Introduction - identity crisis short-cut to democracy? the Soviet syndrome the need for comparati... more Introduction - identity crisis short-cut to democracy? the Soviet syndrome the need for comparative perspective. Part 1 Towards democracy: aspects of transition - waves of democratization the study of transitions the confines and stages of transitions if Spain, why not Russia - political democracy, preconditions or criteria? citizenship civil society and the capital market leadership and pacts institutional choices cleavages and party systems governability. Part 2 The Soviet bequest to Russia: the Russian condition Russian history social change, generation change political culture the new middle class and civil society. Part 3 Between sovereignty and independence: frustrated Russia the first four stages of transition Russia sovereign - constitutional and economic reform, a Russian union?, the dark winter of 1990-1991, the final showdown, towards the August coup falling apart. Part 4 The unremitting crisis: foreign policy shock therapy disintegration the consitutional-guerrilla a new constitution a new parliament. Part 5 Transition a la Russe - an interpretation: transition - to democracy? legitimation and citizenship political democracy civil society and the capitalist market leadership and pacts international choices cleavages and party systems governability.

Post-soviet Affairs, Mar 13, 2018

Within Eurasian studies, survey responses have served as the main type of data for many scholarly... more Within Eurasian studies, survey responses have served as the main type of data for many scholarly works.

Review of Central and East European Law, 1995

Post-soviet Affairs, Apr 1, 2001

Because an independent state is often thought to be the ultimate goal of nationalists, much of th... more Because an independent state is often thought to be the ultimate goal of nationalists, much of the existing work on nationalism has centered on its role in the creation of new states. "After Independence" breaks new ground by examining the changes to nationalism after independence in seven new states. This innovative volume challenges scholars and specialists to rethink conventional views of ethnic and civic nationalism, and the division between primordial and constructivist understandings of national identity. "After Independence" will be of interest to social science scholars, as well as policy-makers and journalists working in newly independent nations.

This study attempts to examine and explain the citizenship choices made by the governments of Est... more This study attempts to examine and explain the citizenship choices made by the governments of Estonia and Lithuania. The report explains the factors driving the inclusiveness of the policies. The project attempts to discover those factors that lead the government of a newly independent state to develop a more inclusive or more exclusive citizenship policy. Factors that likely affact the development of citizenship policies include: (1) an ethnically defined nation or political-territorially defined nation; (2) whether or not the newly independent state is seen as a nation-state or as a multinational state; (3) a perceived threat to survival of the nation; (4) strength of minority groups in size, concentration, and economic power; and (5) powerful neighbors interested in inclusive policies due to a large ethnic minority in their own country or human rights organizations monitoring citizenship policies. These factors and questions, although applied to Lithuania and Estonia, also address the civic issues of democracy. Extensive notes accompany the text. Contains approximately 100 references. (EH)

Post-soviet Affairs, Dec 22, 2020

ABSTRACT Nation-building has been an important and often complicated process in countries like Uk... more ABSTRACT Nation-building has been an important and often complicated process in countries like Ukraine, which emerged from ethno-federal communist systems. In Ukraine, a civic approach to national identity has gained support since 2013, but it exists alongside a more ethnic Ukrainian–focused view of national identity. This article focuses on a central element of civic national identity in Ukraine: citizenship. Survey data from both closed-ended and open-ended questions are used to gauge the appeal of a citizenship-based identity and the reasons that respondents view citizenship as an important part of who they are. The results point to a strong connection to citizenship as an identity, and to patterns about which groups of people claim citizenship as an important part of their identity and why. The findings indicate that, if and when a more civic-oriented identity becomes the predominant approach to nation-building in Ukraine, citizenship will be a central part of the process.

Post-soviet Affairs, Jul 1, 2009

... Previous research on religion in Ukraine has shown that the Uniate/ Orthodox divide follows t... more ... Previous research on religion in Ukraine has shown that the Uniate/ Orthodox divide follows the traditional east/west boundaries, but intrigu-ing cross-cutting differences appear as one begins to break down the data into more detail, such as by region, ethnicity, or percentage of ...