Carlisle George | Middlesex University (original) (raw)

Papers by Carlisle George

Research paper thumbnail of Online Medical Consultations

IGI Global eBooks, May 24, 2011

The growth of the Internet over the last 10 years as a medium of information and as a communicati... more The growth of the Internet over the last 10 years as a medium of information and as a communication technology has provided the opportunity for selling medical products and services online directly to the public. This chapter investigates online medical consultations used for the purpose of prescribing and hence selling prescription drugs via the Internet. With consumers in mind, this chapter takes a critical look at this growing phenomenon from three perspectives—legal, ethical, and social—as a basis for discussion and to illustrate the problems raised by using the Internet in this way. The chapter concludes that online medical consultations pose greater dangers to patients compared to traditional off-line consultations. The chapter also concludes that while new technologies may aid doctors in making better diagnoses at a distance, they often bring new concerns. Finally, the chapter gives suggestions on safeguarding online consumers.

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Research paper thumbnail of Procedural aspects of the new regime for the admissibility of expert evidence: what the digital forensic expert needs to know

International Journal of Electronic Security and Digital Forensics, 2013

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Research paper thumbnail of Experiences with Novices: The Importance of Graphical Representations in Supporting Mental Models

PPIG, 2000

Recursion is an important problem solving technique used in programming. It is also a highly unfa... more Recursion is an important problem solving technique used in programming. It is also a highly unfamiliar mental activity and many computing novices have difficult understanding recursion and applying recursive techniques in problem solving. Research studies have concluded that novices and experts differ in their mental models of recursion. Novices seem to possess various inadequate models of recursion especially the iterative

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Research paper thumbnail of The Internet and Pharmaceutical Drugs in the Era of Interoperable eHealth Systems Across the European Union

Springer eBooks, Apr 16, 2012

The European Commission (EC) continues to move towards transforming healthcare in Europe by makin... more The European Commission (EC) continues to move towards transforming healthcare in Europe by making use of information and communication technologies (ICT) to improve the quality and access to healthcare for all European Union (EU) citizens. ICT is seen as the enabler of growth and development in the EU, by facilitating the interoperability of healthcare systems (to enable patient mobility and provide medical services at any place and time) and cross-border commerce. This chapter focuses on the phenomenon of Internet pharmacies and the increasing use of the Internet by EU citizens to obtain pharmaceutical drugs either in their own Member State, in other Member States, or further afield. It discusses the legislative framework regulating the cross-border sale of pharmaceutical drugs within the EU. It argues that as a result of recent EU regulatory reforms, technological developments, the increasing interoperability of EU healthcare systems, and the increase in use of cross-border medical services and electronic commerce, there may be very little justification for restricting cross-border online prescription drugs sales within the EU. Furthermore, that EU citizens who are at risk from prescription drugs purchased from online sellers located outside the EU, may be best protected by the provision of a safe and open EU online market for all pharmaceutical drugs. The chapter discusses possible measures and legislative reform that could provide a safe and open EU market for online prescription drugs. It ends by advocating for all EU citizens to be allowed the freedom to purchase cross-border online prescription drugs within the EU.

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Research paper thumbnail of Internet pharmacies: global threat requires a global approach to regulation

Social Science Research Network, Jun 1, 2006

This paper investigates the growing phenomenon of selling drugs and medical services over the Int... more This paper investigates the growing phenomenon of selling drugs and medical services over the Internet via Internet Pharmacies. It discusses some of the benefits of Internet Pharmacies and some serious concerns that they bring for regulators, governments and global consumers. In addition, the paper compares regulatory frameworks governing the operation of Internet Pharmacies in the United Kingdom (UK) and the United States (US), to illustrate some of the challenges related to differences. Some of these comparisons relate to regulatory structure, advertising of prescription drugs, online prescribing, data protection, policy on importing drugs for personal use and self-regulation/certification of websites. In assessing reasons for differences in the two jurisdictions, the paper concludes that these are due to various historic, economic, geographic and political factors. The paper argues that continuing regulatory challenges arise due to the nature of the Internet, jurisdiction issues, economic realities, and a lack of harmonisation of regulatory policy at an international/global level. The paper further argues that a global approach is needed to regulate online medical services, because of the potential threat to the health and well-being of the global community.

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Research paper thumbnail of Introduction to part I

Springer eBooks, Nov 14, 2007

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Research paper thumbnail of New admissibility regime for expert evidence: the likely impact on digital forensics

International Journal of Electronic Security and Digital Forensics, 2013

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Research paper thumbnail of A Qualitative Assessment of Machine Learning Support for Detecting Data Completeness and Accuracy Issues to Improve Data Analytics in Big Data for the Healthcare Industry

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Research paper thumbnail of Issues and challenges in securing interoperability of DRM systems in the digital music market

International Review of Law, Computers & Technology, Nov 1, 2006

... Section 1201(b)(2)(A). 17 DMCA, Section 1201(a)(2). 18 DMCA, Section 1201(b). 19 DMCA, Sectio... more ... Section 1201(b)(2)(A). 17 DMCA, Section 1201(a)(2). 18 DMCA, Section 1201(b). 19 DMCA, Section 1201 (c). 20 DMCA, Section 1201(d)–(j). These specific exemptions pertain to: allowing non-profit libraries and education institutions to make a ... (2005). Creative Technology Ltd ...

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Research paper thumbnail of Considering something ‘ELSE’: Ethical, legal and socio-economic factors in medical imaging and medical informatics

Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine, Dec 1, 2008

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Research paper thumbnail of Assessing Legal, Ethical and Governance Challenges in eHealth

Springer eBooks, Apr 16, 2012

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Research paper thumbnail of eHealth: legal, ethical and governance challenges: an overview

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Research paper thumbnail of Online Medical Consultations

IGI Global eBooks, Jan 18, 2011

Are agency and responsibility solely ascribable to humans? This chapter explores the question fro... more Are agency and responsibility solely ascribable to humans? This chapter explores the question from legal and ethical perspectives. In addition to presenting important theories, the chapter uses arguments, counterarguments, and scenarios to clarify both the actual and the hypothetical ethical and legal situations governing a very particular type of advanced computer system: medical decision support systems (MDSS) that feature AI in their system design. The author argues that today’s MDSS must be categorized by more than just type and function even to begin ascribing some level of moral or legal responsibility. As the scenarios demonstrate, various U.S. and UK legal doctrines appear to allow for the possibility of assigning specific types of agency—and thus specific types of legal responsibility—to some types of MDSS. The author concludes that strong arguments for assigning moral agency and responsibility are still lacking, however.

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Research paper thumbnail of Introduction to Information Technology Law (6th ed.)20081David I. Bainbridge. Introduction to Information Technology Law (6th ed.). Harlow: Pearson Education and Longman 2007. 720 pp. (soft cover), ISBN: 978‐1‐4058‐4666‐0 £35.99

Journal of Information, Communication and Ethics in Society, Sep 12, 2008

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Research paper thumbnail of Ethical, Legal and Social Issues in Medical Informatics

IGI Global eBooks, 2008

... Acquisition Editor: Development Editor: Senior Managing Editor: Managing Editor: Assistant Ma... more ... Acquisition Editor: Development Editor: Senior Managing Editor: Managing Editor: Assistant Managing Editor: Copy Editor: Typesetter: Cover Design: Printed at: Kristin Klinger Kristin Roth Jennifer Neidig Jamie Snavely Carole Coulson Larissa Vinci Chris Hrobak Lisa Tosheff ...

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Research paper thumbnail of Legal challenges of cybercrime

It is without doubt that cybercrime is on the rise, despite the best efforts of legislators and l... more It is without doubt that cybercrime is on the rise, despite the best efforts of legislators and law enforcement. Cybercrime has become a multibillion dollar business and recent research studies in 2007 show that threats from cybercriminals remain potent. New technologies, and new ways of committing criminal activity continue to pose legal challenges. This presentation discusses some of the legal challenges associated with cybercrime. It also discusses some of the legislative responses to cybercrime and the potential effectiveness of these responses. Finally the presentation discusses recommendations for the way forward.

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Research paper thumbnail of Illegal activities, preventative technologies & ISP immunity: where should the buck stop?

The Electronic Commerce Directive sets out rules regarding the liability of Internet Service Prov... more The Electronic Commerce Directive sets out rules regarding the liability of Internet Service Providers (ISPs) in the European Union. Under these rules, three categories of increasing liability exist, namely being a mere conduit, caching and hosting. As a mere conduit an ISP is not liable for damages or any criminal sanction as a result of a transmission (of content) where the ISP does not initiate the transmission, did not select the receiver of the transmission and did not select or modify the information contained in the transmission. Where an ISP is involved in caching, it is also not liable for damages or any criminal sanction resulting from the transmission of content, subject to compliance with certain rules such as not modifying the information (in the transmission), and complying with conditions on access to that information. ISPs that host content are not liable for damages or any criminal sanction as a result of the storage of illegal content unless they are aware of such content and fail to remove it. Finally the law does not impose a general obligation on ISPs to monitor any information transmitted or stored, neither is there a general obligation to actively seek out illegal activity. In the 2007 case of Sabam vs Tiscali (Scarlet) a Belgian court (of first instance) ordered an ISP (Scarlet) to filter traffic (using Audible Magic software to scan peer-2-peer network traffic) to prevent file sharing of unauthorised copyright material. This ruling has sparked an interesting debate regarding the limits of the protection granted to ISPs under the E-Commerce Directive, and the rights of copyright holders under the EU Copyright Directive to take action against intermediaries whose services are used to pirate copyrighted material. The debate raises wider issues related to the extent of ISP liability in general, especially in the face of new technologies that can be used for filtering, identifying and blocking illegal content. Indeed, recently, ISPs have come under increasing pressure from politicians and legislators (in the UK, Australia and Italy among other countries) with regard to blocking illegal and offensive content. In some countries such as China, ISPs are obligated by law to monitor and control transmitted content. This paper examines the current debate and the wider question of whether ISPs can or should be held liable for some kinds of illegal online activities, especially where technically feasible methods can be used to monitor and control these activities. The paper discusses the relevance and adequacy of the present law on ISP immunity, in the present climate of increasing illegal online activities and also discusses technologies that can be use by ISPs to police online activities. The paper further questions whether the present law needs to be amended in the face of new technological capabilities. Finally the paper gives recommendations for possible ways forward for the future.

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Research paper thumbnail of Players’ image management in the UK football industry

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Research paper thumbnail of Online medical consultations: are we heading in the right direction?

The growth of the Internet over the last 10 years as a medium of information and as a communicati... more The growth of the Internet over the last 10 years as a medium of information and as a communication technology has, not unsurprisingly, provided a foundation for the growth of direct-to-the-public online sales. Amongst the many commercial activities that are now flourishing in this environment are Internet Pharmacies, providing a variety of products (e.g. health and beauty products) as well

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Research paper thumbnail of Copyright management systems: assessing the power balance

The Information Society, 2005

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Research paper thumbnail of Online Medical Consultations

IGI Global eBooks, May 24, 2011

The growth of the Internet over the last 10 years as a medium of information and as a communicati... more The growth of the Internet over the last 10 years as a medium of information and as a communication technology has provided the opportunity for selling medical products and services online directly to the public. This chapter investigates online medical consultations used for the purpose of prescribing and hence selling prescription drugs via the Internet. With consumers in mind, this chapter takes a critical look at this growing phenomenon from three perspectives—legal, ethical, and social—as a basis for discussion and to illustrate the problems raised by using the Internet in this way. The chapter concludes that online medical consultations pose greater dangers to patients compared to traditional off-line consultations. The chapter also concludes that while new technologies may aid doctors in making better diagnoses at a distance, they often bring new concerns. Finally, the chapter gives suggestions on safeguarding online consumers.

Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact

Research paper thumbnail of Procedural aspects of the new regime for the admissibility of expert evidence: what the digital forensic expert needs to know

International Journal of Electronic Security and Digital Forensics, 2013

Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact

Research paper thumbnail of Experiences with Novices: The Importance of Graphical Representations in Supporting Mental Models

PPIG, 2000

Recursion is an important problem solving technique used in programming. It is also a highly unfa... more Recursion is an important problem solving technique used in programming. It is also a highly unfamiliar mental activity and many computing novices have difficult understanding recursion and applying recursive techniques in problem solving. Research studies have concluded that novices and experts differ in their mental models of recursion. Novices seem to possess various inadequate models of recursion especially the iterative

Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact

Research paper thumbnail of The Internet and Pharmaceutical Drugs in the Era of Interoperable eHealth Systems Across the European Union

Springer eBooks, Apr 16, 2012

The European Commission (EC) continues to move towards transforming healthcare in Europe by makin... more The European Commission (EC) continues to move towards transforming healthcare in Europe by making use of information and communication technologies (ICT) to improve the quality and access to healthcare for all European Union (EU) citizens. ICT is seen as the enabler of growth and development in the EU, by facilitating the interoperability of healthcare systems (to enable patient mobility and provide medical services at any place and time) and cross-border commerce. This chapter focuses on the phenomenon of Internet pharmacies and the increasing use of the Internet by EU citizens to obtain pharmaceutical drugs either in their own Member State, in other Member States, or further afield. It discusses the legislative framework regulating the cross-border sale of pharmaceutical drugs within the EU. It argues that as a result of recent EU regulatory reforms, technological developments, the increasing interoperability of EU healthcare systems, and the increase in use of cross-border medical services and electronic commerce, there may be very little justification for restricting cross-border online prescription drugs sales within the EU. Furthermore, that EU citizens who are at risk from prescription drugs purchased from online sellers located outside the EU, may be best protected by the provision of a safe and open EU online market for all pharmaceutical drugs. The chapter discusses possible measures and legislative reform that could provide a safe and open EU market for online prescription drugs. It ends by advocating for all EU citizens to be allowed the freedom to purchase cross-border online prescription drugs within the EU.

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Research paper thumbnail of Internet pharmacies: global threat requires a global approach to regulation

Social Science Research Network, Jun 1, 2006

This paper investigates the growing phenomenon of selling drugs and medical services over the Int... more This paper investigates the growing phenomenon of selling drugs and medical services over the Internet via Internet Pharmacies. It discusses some of the benefits of Internet Pharmacies and some serious concerns that they bring for regulators, governments and global consumers. In addition, the paper compares regulatory frameworks governing the operation of Internet Pharmacies in the United Kingdom (UK) and the United States (US), to illustrate some of the challenges related to differences. Some of these comparisons relate to regulatory structure, advertising of prescription drugs, online prescribing, data protection, policy on importing drugs for personal use and self-regulation/certification of websites. In assessing reasons for differences in the two jurisdictions, the paper concludes that these are due to various historic, economic, geographic and political factors. The paper argues that continuing regulatory challenges arise due to the nature of the Internet, jurisdiction issues, economic realities, and a lack of harmonisation of regulatory policy at an international/global level. The paper further argues that a global approach is needed to regulate online medical services, because of the potential threat to the health and well-being of the global community.

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Research paper thumbnail of Introduction to part I

Springer eBooks, Nov 14, 2007

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Research paper thumbnail of New admissibility regime for expert evidence: the likely impact on digital forensics

International Journal of Electronic Security and Digital Forensics, 2013

Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact

Research paper thumbnail of A Qualitative Assessment of Machine Learning Support for Detecting Data Completeness and Accuracy Issues to Improve Data Analytics in Big Data for the Healthcare Industry

Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact

Research paper thumbnail of Issues and challenges in securing interoperability of DRM systems in the digital music market

International Review of Law, Computers & Technology, Nov 1, 2006

... Section 1201(b)(2)(A). 17 DMCA, Section 1201(a)(2). 18 DMCA, Section 1201(b). 19 DMCA, Sectio... more ... Section 1201(b)(2)(A). 17 DMCA, Section 1201(a)(2). 18 DMCA, Section 1201(b). 19 DMCA, Section 1201 (c). 20 DMCA, Section 1201(d)–(j). These specific exemptions pertain to: allowing non-profit libraries and education institutions to make a ... (2005). Creative Technology Ltd ...

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Research paper thumbnail of Considering something ‘ELSE’: Ethical, legal and socio-economic factors in medical imaging and medical informatics

Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine, Dec 1, 2008

Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact

Research paper thumbnail of Assessing Legal, Ethical and Governance Challenges in eHealth

Springer eBooks, Apr 16, 2012

Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact

Research paper thumbnail of eHealth: legal, ethical and governance challenges: an overview

Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact

Research paper thumbnail of Online Medical Consultations

IGI Global eBooks, Jan 18, 2011

Are agency and responsibility solely ascribable to humans? This chapter explores the question fro... more Are agency and responsibility solely ascribable to humans? This chapter explores the question from legal and ethical perspectives. In addition to presenting important theories, the chapter uses arguments, counterarguments, and scenarios to clarify both the actual and the hypothetical ethical and legal situations governing a very particular type of advanced computer system: medical decision support systems (MDSS) that feature AI in their system design. The author argues that today’s MDSS must be categorized by more than just type and function even to begin ascribing some level of moral or legal responsibility. As the scenarios demonstrate, various U.S. and UK legal doctrines appear to allow for the possibility of assigning specific types of agency—and thus specific types of legal responsibility—to some types of MDSS. The author concludes that strong arguments for assigning moral agency and responsibility are still lacking, however.

Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact

Research paper thumbnail of Introduction to Information Technology Law (6th ed.)20081David I. Bainbridge. Introduction to Information Technology Law (6th ed.). Harlow: Pearson Education and Longman 2007. 720 pp. (soft cover), ISBN: 978‐1‐4058‐4666‐0 £35.99

Journal of Information, Communication and Ethics in Society, Sep 12, 2008

Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact

Research paper thumbnail of Ethical, Legal and Social Issues in Medical Informatics

IGI Global eBooks, 2008

... Acquisition Editor: Development Editor: Senior Managing Editor: Managing Editor: Assistant Ma... more ... Acquisition Editor: Development Editor: Senior Managing Editor: Managing Editor: Assistant Managing Editor: Copy Editor: Typesetter: Cover Design: Printed at: Kristin Klinger Kristin Roth Jennifer Neidig Jamie Snavely Carole Coulson Larissa Vinci Chris Hrobak Lisa Tosheff ...

Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact

Research paper thumbnail of Legal challenges of cybercrime

It is without doubt that cybercrime is on the rise, despite the best efforts of legislators and l... more It is without doubt that cybercrime is on the rise, despite the best efforts of legislators and law enforcement. Cybercrime has become a multibillion dollar business and recent research studies in 2007 show that threats from cybercriminals remain potent. New technologies, and new ways of committing criminal activity continue to pose legal challenges. This presentation discusses some of the legal challenges associated with cybercrime. It also discusses some of the legislative responses to cybercrime and the potential effectiveness of these responses. Finally the presentation discusses recommendations for the way forward.

Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact

Research paper thumbnail of Illegal activities, preventative technologies & ISP immunity: where should the buck stop?

The Electronic Commerce Directive sets out rules regarding the liability of Internet Service Prov... more The Electronic Commerce Directive sets out rules regarding the liability of Internet Service Providers (ISPs) in the European Union. Under these rules, three categories of increasing liability exist, namely being a mere conduit, caching and hosting. As a mere conduit an ISP is not liable for damages or any criminal sanction as a result of a transmission (of content) where the ISP does not initiate the transmission, did not select the receiver of the transmission and did not select or modify the information contained in the transmission. Where an ISP is involved in caching, it is also not liable for damages or any criminal sanction resulting from the transmission of content, subject to compliance with certain rules such as not modifying the information (in the transmission), and complying with conditions on access to that information. ISPs that host content are not liable for damages or any criminal sanction as a result of the storage of illegal content unless they are aware of such content and fail to remove it. Finally the law does not impose a general obligation on ISPs to monitor any information transmitted or stored, neither is there a general obligation to actively seek out illegal activity. In the 2007 case of Sabam vs Tiscali (Scarlet) a Belgian court (of first instance) ordered an ISP (Scarlet) to filter traffic (using Audible Magic software to scan peer-2-peer network traffic) to prevent file sharing of unauthorised copyright material. This ruling has sparked an interesting debate regarding the limits of the protection granted to ISPs under the E-Commerce Directive, and the rights of copyright holders under the EU Copyright Directive to take action against intermediaries whose services are used to pirate copyrighted material. The debate raises wider issues related to the extent of ISP liability in general, especially in the face of new technologies that can be used for filtering, identifying and blocking illegal content. Indeed, recently, ISPs have come under increasing pressure from politicians and legislators (in the UK, Australia and Italy among other countries) with regard to blocking illegal and offensive content. In some countries such as China, ISPs are obligated by law to monitor and control transmitted content. This paper examines the current debate and the wider question of whether ISPs can or should be held liable for some kinds of illegal online activities, especially where technically feasible methods can be used to monitor and control these activities. The paper discusses the relevance and adequacy of the present law on ISP immunity, in the present climate of increasing illegal online activities and also discusses technologies that can be use by ISPs to police online activities. The paper further questions whether the present law needs to be amended in the face of new technological capabilities. Finally the paper gives recommendations for possible ways forward for the future.

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Research paper thumbnail of Players’ image management in the UK football industry

Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact

Research paper thumbnail of Online medical consultations: are we heading in the right direction?

The growth of the Internet over the last 10 years as a medium of information and as a communicati... more The growth of the Internet over the last 10 years as a medium of information and as a communication technology has, not unsurprisingly, provided a foundation for the growth of direct-to-the-public online sales. Amongst the many commercial activities that are now flourishing in this environment are Internet Pharmacies, providing a variety of products (e.g. health and beauty products) as well

Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact

Research paper thumbnail of Copyright management systems: assessing the power balance

The Information Society, 2005

Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact