William Sandel | Missouri State University (original) (raw)
Papers by William Sandel
Police Quarterly
The current study was conducted to test how the presence of profane officer language during a use... more The current study was conducted to test how the presence of profane officer language during a use of force incident impacts how civilians perceive the reasonableness of the applied force. The study followed a 1 × 4 independent groups design with random assignment to one of four test conditions. Two dashcam use of force videos were stripped of audio and subsequently transcribed with a clean and profane-laden depiction of the officer’s language. Participants ( n = 234) answered a short questionnaire after watching their randomly assigned video. Measures include a 5-item reasonableness index, demographics, and test conditions. Two-way ANOVA and OLS regression were performed. Overall, participants considered videos with profane language to be less reasonable than the same video with clean language. While significant, most differences also correspond with medium and large effect sizes. This research found that profane officer language impacts how civilians perceive force reasonableness. ...
SAGE Open, 2019
Prior to the modern era of active shooter events, the standard training for patrol officers respo... more Prior to the modern era of active shooter events, the standard training for patrol officers responding to an ongoing shooting event required the responding patrol officer(s) to contain the shooter in the building where the attack was occurring, control access to the location, attempt to communicate with the shooter, and call the Special Weapons and Tactics (SWAT) team. Recently, research has been undertaken to empirically examine different law enforcement response options. This article details one such experiment. The article details a tactic known as the peek. Utilizing an experimental design, we present findings regarding the peek room entry technique.
I would like to acknowledge my thesis committee, Dr. Supancic, Dr. Withrow, and the person who in... more I would like to acknowledge my thesis committee, Dr. Supancic, Dr. Withrow, and the person who introduced me to green criminology, Dr. Jarrell, for their faith and support throughout my Master's degree. I would like to thank you all for working with me to further my education. Dr. Supancic, I would like to thank you for always making time to meet with me to discuss my thesis as well as the amount of time you spent editing. Dr. Withrow, I would like to thank you for helping me to understand the correct methods needed to analyze the data. I would also like to thank you for all your help in the beginning of my Master's program when you served as the Master's Coordinator. Dr. Jarrell, I would like to thank you for introducing me to the academic field of criminal justice and, more specifically, green criminology. I would also like to thank you and Dr. Ozymy for your support both academically and personally throughout my education. Additionally, I would like to acknowledge the other Graduate Assistants I worked with at Texas State for their support, encouragement, and friendship. Finally, I would like to acknowledge Dr. Sanders, the new Master's Coordinator, and Dr. Mullins, my supervisor, for their aid throughout my graduate degree. Thank you all very much. vi
I would like to acknowledge my thesis committee, Dr. Supancic, Dr. Withrow, and the person who in... more I would like to acknowledge my thesis committee, Dr. Supancic, Dr. Withrow, and the person who introduced me to green criminology, Dr. Jarrell, for their faith and support throughout my Master's degree. I would like to thank you all for working with me to further my education. Dr. Supancic, I would like to thank you for always making time to meet with me to discuss my thesis as well as the amount of time you spent editing. Dr. Withrow, I would like to thank you for helping me to understand the correct methods needed to analyze the data. I would also like to thank you for all your help in the beginning of my Master's program when you served as the Master's Coordinator. Dr. Jarrell, I would like to thank you for introducing me to the academic field of criminal justice and, more specifically, green criminology. I would also like to thank you and Dr. Ozymy for your support both academically and personally throughout my education. Additionally, I would like to acknowledge the other Graduate Assistants I worked with at Texas State for their support, encouragement, and friendship. Finally, I would like to acknowledge Dr. Sanders, the new Master's Coordinator, and Dr. Mullins, my supervisor, for their aid throughout my graduate degree. Thank you all very much. vi
Journal of business continuity & emergency planning, 2017
Employees and citizens generally view places of business as inherently safe. Business leaders som... more Employees and citizens generally view places of business as inherently safe. Business leaders sometimes make hasty security decisions in hopes of protecting their employees and customers. Leadership should have empirical data to aid in the decision-making process. This paper provides an exhaustive breakdown of active-shooter events in the workplace. The data are disaggregated by business function (eg retail, factory/warehouse, and office space) and include information on the shooter, the event itself, and how the event was resolved. The analyses are followed up by an in-depth discussion of potential policy changes supported by the data.
Homicide Studies
Active shooter events have captured the public’s attention since the Columbine High School shooti... more Active shooter events have captured the public’s attention since the Columbine High School shooting in 1999. Although there has been research on various aspects of these events, only a single study has attempted to identify factors that are related to the number of people injured or killed in these events. This study was limited in that it only considered the presence or absence of a semi-automatic rifle. This paper expands on the existing research by examining several other factors that may impact the total number of people shot or killed during active shooter events.
Homicide Studies
Active shooter events have captured the public’s attention since the Columbine High School shooti... more Active shooter events have captured the public’s attention since the Columbine High School shooting in 1999. Although there has been research on various aspects of these events, only a single study has attempted to identify factors that are related to the number of people injured or killed in these events. This study was limited in that it only considered the presence or absence of a semi-automatic rifle. This paper expands on the existing research by examining several other factors that may impact the total number of people shot or killed during active shooter events.
Contemporary Justice Review
Police Practice and Research
Police Quarterly
The current study was conducted to test how the presence of profane officer language during a use... more The current study was conducted to test how the presence of profane officer language during a use of force incident impacts how civilians perceive the reasonableness of the applied force. The study followed a 1 × 4 independent groups design with random assignment to one of four test conditions. Two dashcam use of force videos were stripped of audio and subsequently transcribed with a clean and profane-laden depiction of the officer’s language. Participants ( n = 234) answered a short questionnaire after watching their randomly assigned video. Measures include a 5-item reasonableness index, demographics, and test conditions. Two-way ANOVA and OLS regression were performed. Overall, participants considered videos with profane language to be less reasonable than the same video with clean language. While significant, most differences also correspond with medium and large effect sizes. This research found that profane officer language impacts how civilians perceive force reasonableness. ...
SAGE Open, 2019
Prior to the modern era of active shooter events, the standard training for patrol officers respo... more Prior to the modern era of active shooter events, the standard training for patrol officers responding to an ongoing shooting event required the responding patrol officer(s) to contain the shooter in the building where the attack was occurring, control access to the location, attempt to communicate with the shooter, and call the Special Weapons and Tactics (SWAT) team. Recently, research has been undertaken to empirically examine different law enforcement response options. This article details one such experiment. The article details a tactic known as the peek. Utilizing an experimental design, we present findings regarding the peek room entry technique.
I would like to acknowledge my thesis committee, Dr. Supancic, Dr. Withrow, and the person who in... more I would like to acknowledge my thesis committee, Dr. Supancic, Dr. Withrow, and the person who introduced me to green criminology, Dr. Jarrell, for their faith and support throughout my Master's degree. I would like to thank you all for working with me to further my education. Dr. Supancic, I would like to thank you for always making time to meet with me to discuss my thesis as well as the amount of time you spent editing. Dr. Withrow, I would like to thank you for helping me to understand the correct methods needed to analyze the data. I would also like to thank you for all your help in the beginning of my Master's program when you served as the Master's Coordinator. Dr. Jarrell, I would like to thank you for introducing me to the academic field of criminal justice and, more specifically, green criminology. I would also like to thank you and Dr. Ozymy for your support both academically and personally throughout my education. Additionally, I would like to acknowledge the other Graduate Assistants I worked with at Texas State for their support, encouragement, and friendship. Finally, I would like to acknowledge Dr. Sanders, the new Master's Coordinator, and Dr. Mullins, my supervisor, for their aid throughout my graduate degree. Thank you all very much. vi
I would like to acknowledge my thesis committee, Dr. Supancic, Dr. Withrow, and the person who in... more I would like to acknowledge my thesis committee, Dr. Supancic, Dr. Withrow, and the person who introduced me to green criminology, Dr. Jarrell, for their faith and support throughout my Master's degree. I would like to thank you all for working with me to further my education. Dr. Supancic, I would like to thank you for always making time to meet with me to discuss my thesis as well as the amount of time you spent editing. Dr. Withrow, I would like to thank you for helping me to understand the correct methods needed to analyze the data. I would also like to thank you for all your help in the beginning of my Master's program when you served as the Master's Coordinator. Dr. Jarrell, I would like to thank you for introducing me to the academic field of criminal justice and, more specifically, green criminology. I would also like to thank you and Dr. Ozymy for your support both academically and personally throughout my education. Additionally, I would like to acknowledge the other Graduate Assistants I worked with at Texas State for their support, encouragement, and friendship. Finally, I would like to acknowledge Dr. Sanders, the new Master's Coordinator, and Dr. Mullins, my supervisor, for their aid throughout my graduate degree. Thank you all very much. vi
Journal of business continuity & emergency planning, 2017
Employees and citizens generally view places of business as inherently safe. Business leaders som... more Employees and citizens generally view places of business as inherently safe. Business leaders sometimes make hasty security decisions in hopes of protecting their employees and customers. Leadership should have empirical data to aid in the decision-making process. This paper provides an exhaustive breakdown of active-shooter events in the workplace. The data are disaggregated by business function (eg retail, factory/warehouse, and office space) and include information on the shooter, the event itself, and how the event was resolved. The analyses are followed up by an in-depth discussion of potential policy changes supported by the data.
Homicide Studies
Active shooter events have captured the public’s attention since the Columbine High School shooti... more Active shooter events have captured the public’s attention since the Columbine High School shooting in 1999. Although there has been research on various aspects of these events, only a single study has attempted to identify factors that are related to the number of people injured or killed in these events. This study was limited in that it only considered the presence or absence of a semi-automatic rifle. This paper expands on the existing research by examining several other factors that may impact the total number of people shot or killed during active shooter events.
Homicide Studies
Active shooter events have captured the public’s attention since the Columbine High School shooti... more Active shooter events have captured the public’s attention since the Columbine High School shooting in 1999. Although there has been research on various aspects of these events, only a single study has attempted to identify factors that are related to the number of people injured or killed in these events. This study was limited in that it only considered the presence or absence of a semi-automatic rifle. This paper expands on the existing research by examining several other factors that may impact the total number of people shot or killed during active shooter events.
Contemporary Justice Review
Police Practice and Research