Shivam Sharma | Meerut Institute of Technology, Meerut (original) (raw)

Papers by Shivam Sharma

Materials Today: Proceedings

International Journal of Computer Aided Engineering and Technology

2022 6th International Conference on Devices, Circuits and Systems (ICDCS)

Medical Journal of Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, 2021

Intestinal diaphragm disease is a very rare entity and is generally recurrent subacute intestinal... more Intestinal diaphragm disease is a very rare entity and is generally recurrent subacute intestinal obstruction. A 38-year-old male admitted to hospital with subacute intestinal obstruction. The patient had a history of long-term nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) intake. On computed tomography scan, no pathology found except for dilated bowel loops. He underwent diagnostic laparoscopy which showed stricture along distal jejunum with proximal dilated gut loops with collapsed distal gut loops, found unusual thin intraluminal diaphragm with pinpoint 3 mm opening along with it there was one more diaphragm 2 cm distal to it with 2 mm pinpoint opening, resection of both the stricturous part was done, and end-to-end jejunojejunostomy was done. Here on, histopath grossly received a segment of the intestine in two pieces along with fibrofatty tissue. Cut-open specimen showed narrowing of the lumen and at one place is marked band-like constriction. Microscopic appearance shows ulcerations of lining epithelium. The submucosa shows fibrosis along with the proliferation of the muscle fiber, neural, and vascular elements giving impression consistent with the jejunal diaphragm. Here, we report an unusual case of intestinal diaphragm disease in relation to the use of NSAIDs. The aim is to sensitize the medical officers regarding the rational use of NSAIDs.

2017 Seventh International Conference on Affective Computing and Intelligent Interaction Workshops and Demos (ACIIW), 2017

Infant cry signal carries enough clues about the cry cause. Using these clues, a mother or a paed... more Infant cry signal carries enough clues about the cry cause. Using these clues, a mother or a paediatrician can easily identify the probable cry-cause, and emotional or physiological state of the baby. In our earlier studies, differences between infant cries due to pain and discomfort were examined using features derived from the cry signal. In this paper, acoustic analysis of the infant cry signal is carried out for 4 cry-causes: discomfort, environmental factors, pain and strangers anxiety. Acoustic features are derived from the infant cry signal as expressive media. Features F0, signal energy and 5 formants are derived using autocorrelation, short-term Fourier transform and linear prediction analysis, respectively. An infant cry signal database (ICSD 2), having total 1531 cries, is analyzed. Analysis results show notable differences in their features and definite trends in their contours. Study lays groundwork for automatic detection of the cry-cause, towards assistive healthcare.

The dataset has been created by performing TCP-SYN Flood attack. The Dataset contains 28 columns ... more The dataset has been created by performing TCP-SYN Flood attack. The Dataset contains 28 columns and 10,47,500 rows.

Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: ACL-IJCNLP 2021, 2021

Among the various modes of communication in social media, the use of Internet memes has emerged a... more Among the various modes of communication in social media, the use of Internet memes has emerged as a powerful means to convey political, psychological, and socio-cultural opinions. Although memes are typically humorous in nature, recent days have witnessed a proliferation of harmful memes targeted to abuse various social entities. As most harmful memes are highly satirical and abstruse without appropriate contexts, off-the-shelf multimodal models may not be adequate to understand their underlying semantics. In this work, we propose two novel problem formulations: detecting harmful memes and the social entities that these harmful memes target. To this end, we present HarMeme, the first benchmark dataset, containing 3, 544 memes related to COVID-19. Each meme went through a rigorous two-stage annotation process. In the first stage, we labeled a meme as very harmful, partially harmful, or harmless; in the second stage, we further annotated the type of target(s) that each harmful meme points to: individual, organization, community, or society/general public/other. The evaluation results using ten unimodal and multimodal models highlight the importance of using multimodal signals for both tasks. We further discuss the limitations of these models and we argue that more research is needed to address these problems.

Roll cage is specially engineered structure developed by joining the individual roll bars by weld... more Roll cage is specially engineered structure developed by joining the individual roll bars by welding or bolting them together in the passenger compartment of a vehicle to protect occupants in it from being injured in an accident conditions, particularly in the event of roll-over cases of the vehicle. They are also known as Exo-cages when built around the vehicle. The objective of the study is to select material, frame design, determination of cross section of frame, finite element analysis to test the strengths of frame. Three different models of roll cages are designed, which can be fixed in lorry cabin. Using 3d modeling software CATIA V5 R20 these models are easily designed. The chassis of the vehicle is already built strong, so the design selected is fixed to the chassis of the vehicle. Later, using ANSYS 14.5 finite element analysis software structural static analysis and dynamic modal analysis are applied on these models. In static analysis a pressure of 40kpa and 60kpa are ap...

Artificial Intelligence-Based Brain-Computer Interface, 2022

2021 International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Smart Systems (ICAIS), 2021

In the present world, people are shifting towards renewable sources of energy and solar energy is... more In the present world, people are shifting towards renewable sources of energy and solar energy is a widely explored area. Due to the less efficiency and small duration of peak power, it cannot be a reliable source. Here, the power output can be maximized from a solar power system. A solar tracking technique is used based on GPS to achieve maximum power output. This system is especially proposed for the moving platforms that keep on changing their location with time. In this article, various subsystems and the maximum power output in an effective way and its advantages over the existing techniques were discussed.

Acta Geophysica, 2021

Indian regional navigation satellite system (IRNSS) or Navigation with Indian Constellation (NaVI... more Indian regional navigation satellite system (IRNSS) or Navigation with Indian Constellation (NaVIC) is the satellite-based navigation system, established and controlled by the Indian Space Research Organization. It provides services of positioning, velocity, and timing for civilian and military applications. Ionospheric irregularities cause the fluctuations in the amplitude and phase of the received navigation signals; this phenomenon is known as scintillation. Scintillation can create the error in precise positioning and degrades the position accuracy of the navigation system. It varies with solar activity, geographical location, seasonal variation, day–night time, and elevation angle of satellites. The S 4 index is one of the key parameters to estimate the amplitude scintillation to recognize the quality of the navigation signal. In this paper, amplitude scintillation characteristics are studied with IRNSS/GPS/SBAS in the Ahmedabad region which is at the average altitude of 53 m. S 4 index is calculated and analyzed using the real-time navigation data of one week. Here, IRNSS/GPS/SBAS receiver with L 1, L 5, and S -band, is used to collect the data at low altitude station (IITRAM, Ahmedabad). The position error of normal sunny days is calculated using IRNSS/GPS/SBAS receiver. The probability of position error is also derived and found that it follows the gamma distribution function and validate it statistically using a chi-square test. This study also focuses on the effect of elevation of the satellite on the value of carrier to noise ratio at the location of IITRAM.

We all know, silicon wafers are available in various sizes and specifications. Not only this, Sil... more We all know, silicon wafers are available in various sizes and specifications. Not only this, Silicon wafers are also available in different grades which decides the quality of the wafer, which is an important parameter to be considered in semiconductor device fabrication and research & development. In this article, we want to give brief insight into different grades of Silicon wafer available in market and their applications.

Streptomyces canus are Gram-positive bacteria belonging to family Streptomycetaceae. It has major... more Streptomyces canus are Gram-positive bacteria belonging to family Streptomycetaceae. It has major medicinal utilities and can be used for producing anti-bacterial, anti-parasitic, anti-fungal drugs and immunosuppressants. In recent years, Streptomyces has come up as a use for retrieval of heterogeneous expression of protein, in biotechnology. This study involved computational approach for the determination of structural properties of the protease. The physcio-chemical properties prediction was done by using Protparam. The secondary structure prediction has been carried with GOR4 prediction tool, predicting the alpha-beta helices of the protease sequences. 3-D structure of the protease has been predicted using homology modeling methods. The structural studies will provide a better insight to the functional analysis.

Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: EMNLP 2021, 2021

Internet memes have become powerful means to transmit political, psychological, and sociocultural... more Internet memes have become powerful means to transmit political, psychological, and sociocultural ideas. Although memes are typically humorous, recent days have witnessed an escalation of harmful memes used for trolling, cyberbullying, and abuse. Detecting such memes is challenging as they can be highly satirical and cryptic. Moreover, while previous work has focused on specific aspects of memes such as hate speech and propaganda, there has been little work on harm in general. Here, we aim to bridge this gap. We focus on two tasks: (i) detecting harmful memes, and (ii) identifying the social entities they target. We further extend a recently released HarMeme dataset, which covered COVID-19, with additional memes and a new topic: US politics. To solve these tasks, we propose MOMENTA (MultimOdal framework for detecting harmful MemEs aNd Their tArgets), a novel multimodal deep neural network that uses global and local perspectives to detect harmful memes. MOMENTA systematically analyzes the local and the global perspective of the input meme (in both modalities) and relates it to the background context. MOMENTA is interpretable and generalizable, and our experiments show that it outperforms several strong rivaling approaches. * denotes equal contribution (a) Partially harmful meme. (b) Very harmful meme.

2020 International Conference on Computational Performance Evaluation (ComPE), 2020

As the change in technology with regular updation and upgradation deals in making system more com... more As the change in technology with regular updation and upgradation deals in making system more compact and highly sensitive in terms of MEMS based pressure sensor which leads to build a highly optimize, sustainable and high response system. In this paper, the main objective is to get higher sensitivity with the given range of pressure. The range of the pressure will be in range 0 to 1.1 bar. Main focus on the structure which will be compared and piezoresistive shapes. Here, shapes of piezoresistors are rectangle, pentagon and hexagon from which one will be selected according to highest sensitivity. The placement of piezoresistors also been considered as an important factor.

Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, 2017

Regular pitch detection algorithms are known to be immensely useful for speech source analysis. T... more Regular pitch detection algorithms are known to be immensely useful for speech source analysis. Their utility is not as reliable when processing polyphonic acoustic mixtures like Music. This is an investigative study of music components like rhythm, accompaniment and Lyrical-voicing, that is seen as a critical task towards targeted music component identification and processing. Popular music forms like Western and Hindustani Classical are considered for our study dataset. For Western cases, comparative preliminary analysis of the spectral characteristics like Harmonics and Energy is done towards characterization of Music region against that of Lyrics-music mixture. F0 contour analysis for these regions, using Autocorrelation and Zero frequency filtering indicates the utility of the latter in Lyrical-voicing onset identification. Short-time spectral analysis leads to the distinctive understanding about the Harmonic structure according to the music polyphony. Strength of Excitation is found to be insightful towards characterizing sounds like base sounds, prominent in percussion instruments. For study on Classical music, F0 contour analysis using raw signal and LP Residual elucidate the characteristic average pitch effect, which comes out to be higher for the Alaap region in case of Female artists and Lyrics composition regions for the Male artists, giving cues towards the applications like Raaga identification and summarization. The analysis of the excitation source features for various music components done in this work present some insightful observations and clues towards effective Music component processing.

Proceedings of the 2020 Latin America Unconventional Resources Technology Conference, 2020

2018 Fifth International Conference on Parallel, Distributed and Grid Computing (PDGC), 2018

This paper represents the stage-wise development of trainable remotely controlled robotic arm bas... more This paper represents the stage-wise development of trainable remotely controlled robotic arm based on servo motors. The robot is expected to perform primary pick and place operations and repeat the recorded actions with error corrections. The arm has four degrees of freedom. The robotic arm is mounted on a base that allows it to traverse between different coordinates. Arduino Mega 2560 is used for controlling functionalities of the robot. The robot was developed in four stages. In the first stage, the robot was controlled with the help of potentiometer. In the second stage of development, remote functionality was added. This functionality was achieved using Bluetooth module. The third stage of development included usage of the real-time remote control over the internet. The robot was controlled using an android application for the stages mentioned above. In the fourth stage, a Unity-3D model was integrated to realize the real-time visual simulation of the robot.

The paper deals with the quantitative determination of swertiamarin, mangiferin and amarogentin c... more The paper deals with the quantitative determination of swertiamarin, mangiferin and amarogentin contents in Swertia chirata by HPLC analysis. The extracted plant material (20mg) was transferred in to 15ml borosil test tubes. 20ml of methanol was added and the tubes were capped securely. The content was heated in a water bath at 80°c in order to extract metabolites of interest. The extract was filtered and the residue was re-extracted twice in 20ml of methanol. The final volume was made up to 10ml by evaporation. The methanol extracts were combined and filtered through 0.22μ filter membrane. The solvents, namely water and acetonitrile used in the study were filtered and degassed. This was essential since storage of the solvent cause gas bubbles to accumulate. The results showed that the callus culture contained 0.67% swertiamarin, 0.09% mangiferin and 0.05% amarogentin and in contrast, tissue cultured plants contained 0.71% swertiamarin, 1.04% mangiferin and 0.08% amarogentin. On the...

Materials Today: Proceedings

International Journal of Computer Aided Engineering and Technology

2022 6th International Conference on Devices, Circuits and Systems (ICDCS)

Medical Journal of Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, 2021

Intestinal diaphragm disease is a very rare entity and is generally recurrent subacute intestinal... more Intestinal diaphragm disease is a very rare entity and is generally recurrent subacute intestinal obstruction. A 38-year-old male admitted to hospital with subacute intestinal obstruction. The patient had a history of long-term nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) intake. On computed tomography scan, no pathology found except for dilated bowel loops. He underwent diagnostic laparoscopy which showed stricture along distal jejunum with proximal dilated gut loops with collapsed distal gut loops, found unusual thin intraluminal diaphragm with pinpoint 3 mm opening along with it there was one more diaphragm 2 cm distal to it with 2 mm pinpoint opening, resection of both the stricturous part was done, and end-to-end jejunojejunostomy was done. Here on, histopath grossly received a segment of the intestine in two pieces along with fibrofatty tissue. Cut-open specimen showed narrowing of the lumen and at one place is marked band-like constriction. Microscopic appearance shows ulcerations of lining epithelium. The submucosa shows fibrosis along with the proliferation of the muscle fiber, neural, and vascular elements giving impression consistent with the jejunal diaphragm. Here, we report an unusual case of intestinal diaphragm disease in relation to the use of NSAIDs. The aim is to sensitize the medical officers regarding the rational use of NSAIDs.

2017 Seventh International Conference on Affective Computing and Intelligent Interaction Workshops and Demos (ACIIW), 2017

Infant cry signal carries enough clues about the cry cause. Using these clues, a mother or a paed... more Infant cry signal carries enough clues about the cry cause. Using these clues, a mother or a paediatrician can easily identify the probable cry-cause, and emotional or physiological state of the baby. In our earlier studies, differences between infant cries due to pain and discomfort were examined using features derived from the cry signal. In this paper, acoustic analysis of the infant cry signal is carried out for 4 cry-causes: discomfort, environmental factors, pain and strangers anxiety. Acoustic features are derived from the infant cry signal as expressive media. Features F0, signal energy and 5 formants are derived using autocorrelation, short-term Fourier transform and linear prediction analysis, respectively. An infant cry signal database (ICSD 2), having total 1531 cries, is analyzed. Analysis results show notable differences in their features and definite trends in their contours. Study lays groundwork for automatic detection of the cry-cause, towards assistive healthcare.

The dataset has been created by performing TCP-SYN Flood attack. The Dataset contains 28 columns ... more The dataset has been created by performing TCP-SYN Flood attack. The Dataset contains 28 columns and 10,47,500 rows.

Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: ACL-IJCNLP 2021, 2021

Among the various modes of communication in social media, the use of Internet memes has emerged a... more Among the various modes of communication in social media, the use of Internet memes has emerged as a powerful means to convey political, psychological, and socio-cultural opinions. Although memes are typically humorous in nature, recent days have witnessed a proliferation of harmful memes targeted to abuse various social entities. As most harmful memes are highly satirical and abstruse without appropriate contexts, off-the-shelf multimodal models may not be adequate to understand their underlying semantics. In this work, we propose two novel problem formulations: detecting harmful memes and the social entities that these harmful memes target. To this end, we present HarMeme, the first benchmark dataset, containing 3, 544 memes related to COVID-19. Each meme went through a rigorous two-stage annotation process. In the first stage, we labeled a meme as very harmful, partially harmful, or harmless; in the second stage, we further annotated the type of target(s) that each harmful meme points to: individual, organization, community, or society/general public/other. The evaluation results using ten unimodal and multimodal models highlight the importance of using multimodal signals for both tasks. We further discuss the limitations of these models and we argue that more research is needed to address these problems.

Roll cage is specially engineered structure developed by joining the individual roll bars by weld... more Roll cage is specially engineered structure developed by joining the individual roll bars by welding or bolting them together in the passenger compartment of a vehicle to protect occupants in it from being injured in an accident conditions, particularly in the event of roll-over cases of the vehicle. They are also known as Exo-cages when built around the vehicle. The objective of the study is to select material, frame design, determination of cross section of frame, finite element analysis to test the strengths of frame. Three different models of roll cages are designed, which can be fixed in lorry cabin. Using 3d modeling software CATIA V5 R20 these models are easily designed. The chassis of the vehicle is already built strong, so the design selected is fixed to the chassis of the vehicle. Later, using ANSYS 14.5 finite element analysis software structural static analysis and dynamic modal analysis are applied on these models. In static analysis a pressure of 40kpa and 60kpa are ap...

Artificial Intelligence-Based Brain-Computer Interface, 2022

2021 International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Smart Systems (ICAIS), 2021

In the present world, people are shifting towards renewable sources of energy and solar energy is... more In the present world, people are shifting towards renewable sources of energy and solar energy is a widely explored area. Due to the less efficiency and small duration of peak power, it cannot be a reliable source. Here, the power output can be maximized from a solar power system. A solar tracking technique is used based on GPS to achieve maximum power output. This system is especially proposed for the moving platforms that keep on changing their location with time. In this article, various subsystems and the maximum power output in an effective way and its advantages over the existing techniques were discussed.

Acta Geophysica, 2021

Indian regional navigation satellite system (IRNSS) or Navigation with Indian Constellation (NaVI... more Indian regional navigation satellite system (IRNSS) or Navigation with Indian Constellation (NaVIC) is the satellite-based navigation system, established and controlled by the Indian Space Research Organization. It provides services of positioning, velocity, and timing for civilian and military applications. Ionospheric irregularities cause the fluctuations in the amplitude and phase of the received navigation signals; this phenomenon is known as scintillation. Scintillation can create the error in precise positioning and degrades the position accuracy of the navigation system. It varies with solar activity, geographical location, seasonal variation, day–night time, and elevation angle of satellites. The S 4 index is one of the key parameters to estimate the amplitude scintillation to recognize the quality of the navigation signal. In this paper, amplitude scintillation characteristics are studied with IRNSS/GPS/SBAS in the Ahmedabad region which is at the average altitude of 53 m. S 4 index is calculated and analyzed using the real-time navigation data of one week. Here, IRNSS/GPS/SBAS receiver with L 1, L 5, and S -band, is used to collect the data at low altitude station (IITRAM, Ahmedabad). The position error of normal sunny days is calculated using IRNSS/GPS/SBAS receiver. The probability of position error is also derived and found that it follows the gamma distribution function and validate it statistically using a chi-square test. This study also focuses on the effect of elevation of the satellite on the value of carrier to noise ratio at the location of IITRAM.

We all know, silicon wafers are available in various sizes and specifications. Not only this, Sil... more We all know, silicon wafers are available in various sizes and specifications. Not only this, Silicon wafers are also available in different grades which decides the quality of the wafer, which is an important parameter to be considered in semiconductor device fabrication and research & development. In this article, we want to give brief insight into different grades of Silicon wafer available in market and their applications.

Streptomyces canus are Gram-positive bacteria belonging to family Streptomycetaceae. It has major... more Streptomyces canus are Gram-positive bacteria belonging to family Streptomycetaceae. It has major medicinal utilities and can be used for producing anti-bacterial, anti-parasitic, anti-fungal drugs and immunosuppressants. In recent years, Streptomyces has come up as a use for retrieval of heterogeneous expression of protein, in biotechnology. This study involved computational approach for the determination of structural properties of the protease. The physcio-chemical properties prediction was done by using Protparam. The secondary structure prediction has been carried with GOR4 prediction tool, predicting the alpha-beta helices of the protease sequences. 3-D structure of the protease has been predicted using homology modeling methods. The structural studies will provide a better insight to the functional analysis.

Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: EMNLP 2021, 2021

Internet memes have become powerful means to transmit political, psychological, and sociocultural... more Internet memes have become powerful means to transmit political, psychological, and sociocultural ideas. Although memes are typically humorous, recent days have witnessed an escalation of harmful memes used for trolling, cyberbullying, and abuse. Detecting such memes is challenging as they can be highly satirical and cryptic. Moreover, while previous work has focused on specific aspects of memes such as hate speech and propaganda, there has been little work on harm in general. Here, we aim to bridge this gap. We focus on two tasks: (i) detecting harmful memes, and (ii) identifying the social entities they target. We further extend a recently released HarMeme dataset, which covered COVID-19, with additional memes and a new topic: US politics. To solve these tasks, we propose MOMENTA (MultimOdal framework for detecting harmful MemEs aNd Their tArgets), a novel multimodal deep neural network that uses global and local perspectives to detect harmful memes. MOMENTA systematically analyzes the local and the global perspective of the input meme (in both modalities) and relates it to the background context. MOMENTA is interpretable and generalizable, and our experiments show that it outperforms several strong rivaling approaches. * denotes equal contribution (a) Partially harmful meme. (b) Very harmful meme.

2020 International Conference on Computational Performance Evaluation (ComPE), 2020

As the change in technology with regular updation and upgradation deals in making system more com... more As the change in technology with regular updation and upgradation deals in making system more compact and highly sensitive in terms of MEMS based pressure sensor which leads to build a highly optimize, sustainable and high response system. In this paper, the main objective is to get higher sensitivity with the given range of pressure. The range of the pressure will be in range 0 to 1.1 bar. Main focus on the structure which will be compared and piezoresistive shapes. Here, shapes of piezoresistors are rectangle, pentagon and hexagon from which one will be selected according to highest sensitivity. The placement of piezoresistors also been considered as an important factor.

Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, 2017

Regular pitch detection algorithms are known to be immensely useful for speech source analysis. T... more Regular pitch detection algorithms are known to be immensely useful for speech source analysis. Their utility is not as reliable when processing polyphonic acoustic mixtures like Music. This is an investigative study of music components like rhythm, accompaniment and Lyrical-voicing, that is seen as a critical task towards targeted music component identification and processing. Popular music forms like Western and Hindustani Classical are considered for our study dataset. For Western cases, comparative preliminary analysis of the spectral characteristics like Harmonics and Energy is done towards characterization of Music region against that of Lyrics-music mixture. F0 contour analysis for these regions, using Autocorrelation and Zero frequency filtering indicates the utility of the latter in Lyrical-voicing onset identification. Short-time spectral analysis leads to the distinctive understanding about the Harmonic structure according to the music polyphony. Strength of Excitation is found to be insightful towards characterizing sounds like base sounds, prominent in percussion instruments. For study on Classical music, F0 contour analysis using raw signal and LP Residual elucidate the characteristic average pitch effect, which comes out to be higher for the Alaap region in case of Female artists and Lyrics composition regions for the Male artists, giving cues towards the applications like Raaga identification and summarization. The analysis of the excitation source features for various music components done in this work present some insightful observations and clues towards effective Music component processing.

Proceedings of the 2020 Latin America Unconventional Resources Technology Conference, 2020

2018 Fifth International Conference on Parallel, Distributed and Grid Computing (PDGC), 2018

This paper represents the stage-wise development of trainable remotely controlled robotic arm bas... more This paper represents the stage-wise development of trainable remotely controlled robotic arm based on servo motors. The robot is expected to perform primary pick and place operations and repeat the recorded actions with error corrections. The arm has four degrees of freedom. The robotic arm is mounted on a base that allows it to traverse between different coordinates. Arduino Mega 2560 is used for controlling functionalities of the robot. The robot was developed in four stages. In the first stage, the robot was controlled with the help of potentiometer. In the second stage of development, remote functionality was added. This functionality was achieved using Bluetooth module. The third stage of development included usage of the real-time remote control over the internet. The robot was controlled using an android application for the stages mentioned above. In the fourth stage, a Unity-3D model was integrated to realize the real-time visual simulation of the robot.

The paper deals with the quantitative determination of swertiamarin, mangiferin and amarogentin c... more The paper deals with the quantitative determination of swertiamarin, mangiferin and amarogentin contents in Swertia chirata by HPLC analysis. The extracted plant material (20mg) was transferred in to 15ml borosil test tubes. 20ml of methanol was added and the tubes were capped securely. The content was heated in a water bath at 80°c in order to extract metabolites of interest. The extract was filtered and the residue was re-extracted twice in 20ml of methanol. The final volume was made up to 10ml by evaporation. The methanol extracts were combined and filtered through 0.22μ filter membrane. The solvents, namely water and acetonitrile used in the study were filtered and degassed. This was essential since storage of the solvent cause gas bubbles to accumulate. The results showed that the callus culture contained 0.67% swertiamarin, 0.09% mangiferin and 0.05% amarogentin and in contrast, tissue cultured plants contained 0.71% swertiamarin, 1.04% mangiferin and 0.08% amarogentin. On the...