Julia Jeyacheya | Manchester Metropolitan University (original) (raw)

Papers by Julia Jeyacheya

Tourism Geographies, 2017

The version in the Kent Academic Repository may differ from the final published version. Users ar... more The version in the Kent Academic Repository may differ from the final published version. Users are advised to check http://kar.kent.ac.uk for the status of the paper. Users should always cite the published version of record.

The Journal of Development Studies, 2017

Inclusive growth is contested yet adopted by the World Bank to reduce poverty and inequality thro... more Inclusive growth is contested yet adopted by the World Bank to reduce poverty and inequality through rapid economic growth. Research has tested inclusive growth in sectors including agriculture, but few studies apply it to tourism which is significant for many developing countries. The paper interrogates tourism-led inclusive growth: supply chain, economic linkages/leakage, ownership, employment and expenditure. It draws from fieldwork in Vietnam where tourism has rapidly developed with partial economic benefits for local communities, but does not appear to fall within the inclusive growth paradigm. It is unclear if tourism-led growth will become any more inclusive in the short-to-medium term.

Sustainable island tourism: competitiveness and quality of life

This chapter explores the question of how the dive tourism entrepreneurial process in the Perhent... more This chapter explores the question of how the dive tourism entrepreneurial process in the Perhentian islands transforms (or not) as the destination moves to a strategically competitive one. It takes a holistic approach by considering the personal (characteristics, traits and socio-economic factors), environmental (business opportunities, resources and threats) and sociological factors (cultural norms, social networks, family) to understand how they interact with each other, with each stage of the process, and what the practical implications are.

Tourism in Gili Trawangan, located off Lombok, Indonesia, appears to be moving upmarket, progress... more Tourism in Gili Trawangan, located off Lombok, Indonesia, appears to be moving upmarket, progressing up the resort life cycle (Butler, 1980). The destination has changed from being a backpackers’ ‘party island’ (Hampton and Hampton, 2009) to increasingly hosting dive tourism and more upmarket tourists. This paper reports part of a longitudinal study that began with fieldwork in the 1990s (Hampton, 1998) and was updated with more recent fieldwork in late 2011. Direct fast boat access from Bali has facilitated rapidly growing tourist arrivals and the number of dive operators has increased significantly, as has the supply of accommodation, restaurants and other facilities. The island’s coral reefs and marine resources have been under pressure from rapid tourism growth, and local responses have included forming an NGO - Gili Eco Trust – to better manage the resource (Graci, 2013). However, Indonesia’s changing political economy demonstrates a complex mix of actors and influences, with divergence between adat (traditional law) and commercial pressures, and this acts in combination with layers of governance under decentralisation. The result is that island tourism, and dive tourism in particular, is operating within a challenging and fast-changing political economy which has serious implications for future sustainability of this island destination.

International tourism is booming across South-East Asia with rapid growth rates and more than 93 ... more International tourism is booming across South-East Asia with rapid growth rates and more than 93 million international arrivals in 2013 (UN WTO, 2014). Long-established destinations such as Thailand and Indonesia face growing competition from new destinations such as Vietnam, Cambodia and, most recently, Myanmar. As a region, South-East Asia hosts a great variety of tourism forms, from luxury, high-end resorts to backpackers and independent travellers and specialist eco-tourism and homestays. This paper explores the rise of international tourism from its earliest days in the colonial period through the overland 'hippy trail' to the emergence of modern mass tourism and integrated resorts. The paper then discusses the main socio-economic impacts of the rapid growth of tourism in the region and highlights key sectors such as ecotourism, conventional mass tourism and the growth of regional and domestic tourism. The paper ends by considering the future of tourism in South-East Asia.

The version in the Kent Academic Repository may differ from the final published version. Users ar... more The version in the Kent Academic Repository may differ from the final published version. Users are advised to check http://kar.kent.ac.uk for the status of the paper. Users should always cite the published version of record.

World Development Sustainability

The article presents information on the 2012 Cultural Olympiad of Paralympic and Olympic Games wi... more The article presents information on the 2012 Cultural Olympiad of Paralympic and Olympic Games with reference to equality among them. As proposed by the International Olympic Committee (IOC) 2000 Commission, the ties between the IOC and the International Paralympic Committee (IPC) have been formalised due to which athletes of both games are hosted in the same Olympic Village, perform in the same stadiums and organised by the same committee.

Foreword Acknowledgements Abbreviations and acronyms Summary 1. Challenges and Contributions: Tou... more Foreword Acknowledgements Abbreviations and acronyms Summary 1. Challenges and Contributions: Tourism Development in SIDS 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Tourism challenges 1.3 Direct tourism contributions 1.3.1 Tourist spend and contribution to GDP 1.3.2 Tourism contributions to government revenue 1.3.3 Direct contribution to employment 2. Local Tourism Supply Chains in Small States: Sharing Best Practice 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Understanding the tourism supply chain 2.2.1 Defining supply chain management 2.2.2 Tourism supply chain 2.2.3 Value chains 2.3 Economic linkages 2.3.1 Economic linkages in small state tourism 2.4 Small state case studies of tourism supply chains 2.4.1 Comparing tourism in Malta, Seychelles and Jamaica 2.4.2 Product diversification 2.4.3 Accommodation 2.4.4 Food supply 2.4.5 Souvenirs and handicrafts 2.5 Niche tourism products and services 2.5.1 Reef recreation including diving and snorkelling 3. Cruise Ship Tourism in Small States 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Background to the ...

This short report summarises the initial findings of the scoping study carried out in Ngapali Bea... more This short report summarises the initial findings of the scoping study carried out in Ngapali Beach, Rakhine State, Myanmar, during November 2014. From this scoping study, a few initial recommendations can be offered. Ngapali beach has – at present – a Unique Selling Point of its unspoilt beautiful beaches and low rise, unobtrusive hotel development with relatively small numbers of hotels and associated tourism infrastructure. At present it seems that the relatively low numbers of higher spending tourist in the area are having minimal negative social impacts, and significant positive impacts on the local host community. Instead of permitting unrestricted mass tourism at Ngapali, our initial findings suggest that lessons can be learnt from the case of the Seychelles and adapted for the context of coastal Myanmar. We suggest a model we call ‘Seychelles Plus’ be explored, that is, an emphasis on an upmarket resort offer of four/five star hotels plus boutique hotels combined with strong...

Asia Pacific Viewpoint, Dec 2018

Myanmar (formerly Burma) is emerging from almost six decades of international isolation into a pe... more Myanmar (formerly Burma) is emerging from almost six decades of international isolation into a period of rapid economic growth. Following moves towards increasing democratisation since 2011, Myanmar’s tourism industry has been propelled from “tourism pariah” to rising “tourism star” and is experiencing an extraordinary growth in tourism arrivals with associated revenues and investment. The unique rapidity of Myanmar’s recent transition enables an examination of how contemporary forces of globalisation and neoliberalism determine the direction and mode of tourism development from its beginnings. We show how tourism is perceived by the national government as an engine for rural development, conservation and livelihood creation for poor and rural communities. We then demonstrate how this is re-shaped by a globalised tourism industry into a socially and economically exclusive model which capitalises upon weak governance and disempowered local stakeholders. We conclude with observations which may point towards a more sustainable and responsible tourism industry.

Tourism Geographies

Using a critical political economy approach and the concept of labour precarity, the internationa... more Using a critical political economy approach and the concept of labour precarity, the international dive tourism industry in Sabah, Malaysia and its workers’ vulnerabilities are interrogated. Fieldwork data highlights dive tourism’s socio-economic impacts and the precarity of labour within the international tourism sector and also critiques it as a development strategy for a peripheral region. The paper challenges the optimistic views of labour precarity found in the existing political economy literature. Rather than identifying labour empowerment, evidence demonstrates significant worker vulnerability, uncertainty, and contingency - especially among ethnic minorities - resulting from Malaysia’s state-led rentier economy.

Inclusive growth is contested yet adopted by the World Bank to reduce poverty and inequality thro... more Inclusive growth is contested yet adopted by the World Bank to reduce poverty and inequality through rapid economic growth. Research has tested inclusive growth in sectors including agriculture, but few studies apply it to tourism which is significant for many developing countries. The paper interrogates tourism-led inclusive growth: supply chain, economic linkages/leakage, ownership, employment and expenditure. It draws from fieldwork in Vietnam where tourism has rapidly developed with partial economic benefits for local communities, but does not appear to fall within the inclusive growth paradigm. It is unclear if tourism-led growth will become any more inclusive in the short-to-medium term.

Tourism Geographies, 2017

The version in the Kent Academic Repository may differ from the final published version. Users ar... more The version in the Kent Academic Repository may differ from the final published version. Users are advised to check http://kar.kent.ac.uk for the status of the paper. Users should always cite the published version of record.

The Journal of Development Studies, 2017

Inclusive growth is contested yet adopted by the World Bank to reduce poverty and inequality thro... more Inclusive growth is contested yet adopted by the World Bank to reduce poverty and inequality through rapid economic growth. Research has tested inclusive growth in sectors including agriculture, but few studies apply it to tourism which is significant for many developing countries. The paper interrogates tourism-led inclusive growth: supply chain, economic linkages/leakage, ownership, employment and expenditure. It draws from fieldwork in Vietnam where tourism has rapidly developed with partial economic benefits for local communities, but does not appear to fall within the inclusive growth paradigm. It is unclear if tourism-led growth will become any more inclusive in the short-to-medium term.

Sustainable island tourism: competitiveness and quality of life

This chapter explores the question of how the dive tourism entrepreneurial process in the Perhent... more This chapter explores the question of how the dive tourism entrepreneurial process in the Perhentian islands transforms (or not) as the destination moves to a strategically competitive one. It takes a holistic approach by considering the personal (characteristics, traits and socio-economic factors), environmental (business opportunities, resources and threats) and sociological factors (cultural norms, social networks, family) to understand how they interact with each other, with each stage of the process, and what the practical implications are.

Tourism in Gili Trawangan, located off Lombok, Indonesia, appears to be moving upmarket, progress... more Tourism in Gili Trawangan, located off Lombok, Indonesia, appears to be moving upmarket, progressing up the resort life cycle (Butler, 1980). The destination has changed from being a backpackers’ ‘party island’ (Hampton and Hampton, 2009) to increasingly hosting dive tourism and more upmarket tourists. This paper reports part of a longitudinal study that began with fieldwork in the 1990s (Hampton, 1998) and was updated with more recent fieldwork in late 2011. Direct fast boat access from Bali has facilitated rapidly growing tourist arrivals and the number of dive operators has increased significantly, as has the supply of accommodation, restaurants and other facilities. The island’s coral reefs and marine resources have been under pressure from rapid tourism growth, and local responses have included forming an NGO - Gili Eco Trust – to better manage the resource (Graci, 2013). However, Indonesia’s changing political economy demonstrates a complex mix of actors and influences, with divergence between adat (traditional law) and commercial pressures, and this acts in combination with layers of governance under decentralisation. The result is that island tourism, and dive tourism in particular, is operating within a challenging and fast-changing political economy which has serious implications for future sustainability of this island destination.

International tourism is booming across South-East Asia with rapid growth rates and more than 93 ... more International tourism is booming across South-East Asia with rapid growth rates and more than 93 million international arrivals in 2013 (UN WTO, 2014). Long-established destinations such as Thailand and Indonesia face growing competition from new destinations such as Vietnam, Cambodia and, most recently, Myanmar. As a region, South-East Asia hosts a great variety of tourism forms, from luxury, high-end resorts to backpackers and independent travellers and specialist eco-tourism and homestays. This paper explores the rise of international tourism from its earliest days in the colonial period through the overland 'hippy trail' to the emergence of modern mass tourism and integrated resorts. The paper then discusses the main socio-economic impacts of the rapid growth of tourism in the region and highlights key sectors such as ecotourism, conventional mass tourism and the growth of regional and domestic tourism. The paper ends by considering the future of tourism in South-East Asia.

The version in the Kent Academic Repository may differ from the final published version. Users ar... more The version in the Kent Academic Repository may differ from the final published version. Users are advised to check http://kar.kent.ac.uk for the status of the paper. Users should always cite the published version of record.

World Development Sustainability

The article presents information on the 2012 Cultural Olympiad of Paralympic and Olympic Games wi... more The article presents information on the 2012 Cultural Olympiad of Paralympic and Olympic Games with reference to equality among them. As proposed by the International Olympic Committee (IOC) 2000 Commission, the ties between the IOC and the International Paralympic Committee (IPC) have been formalised due to which athletes of both games are hosted in the same Olympic Village, perform in the same stadiums and organised by the same committee.

Foreword Acknowledgements Abbreviations and acronyms Summary 1. Challenges and Contributions: Tou... more Foreword Acknowledgements Abbreviations and acronyms Summary 1. Challenges and Contributions: Tourism Development in SIDS 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Tourism challenges 1.3 Direct tourism contributions 1.3.1 Tourist spend and contribution to GDP 1.3.2 Tourism contributions to government revenue 1.3.3 Direct contribution to employment 2. Local Tourism Supply Chains in Small States: Sharing Best Practice 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Understanding the tourism supply chain 2.2.1 Defining supply chain management 2.2.2 Tourism supply chain 2.2.3 Value chains 2.3 Economic linkages 2.3.1 Economic linkages in small state tourism 2.4 Small state case studies of tourism supply chains 2.4.1 Comparing tourism in Malta, Seychelles and Jamaica 2.4.2 Product diversification 2.4.3 Accommodation 2.4.4 Food supply 2.4.5 Souvenirs and handicrafts 2.5 Niche tourism products and services 2.5.1 Reef recreation including diving and snorkelling 3. Cruise Ship Tourism in Small States 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Background to the ...

This short report summarises the initial findings of the scoping study carried out in Ngapali Bea... more This short report summarises the initial findings of the scoping study carried out in Ngapali Beach, Rakhine State, Myanmar, during November 2014. From this scoping study, a few initial recommendations can be offered. Ngapali beach has – at present – a Unique Selling Point of its unspoilt beautiful beaches and low rise, unobtrusive hotel development with relatively small numbers of hotels and associated tourism infrastructure. At present it seems that the relatively low numbers of higher spending tourist in the area are having minimal negative social impacts, and significant positive impacts on the local host community. Instead of permitting unrestricted mass tourism at Ngapali, our initial findings suggest that lessons can be learnt from the case of the Seychelles and adapted for the context of coastal Myanmar. We suggest a model we call ‘Seychelles Plus’ be explored, that is, an emphasis on an upmarket resort offer of four/five star hotels plus boutique hotels combined with strong...

Asia Pacific Viewpoint, Dec 2018

Myanmar (formerly Burma) is emerging from almost six decades of international isolation into a pe... more Myanmar (formerly Burma) is emerging from almost six decades of international isolation into a period of rapid economic growth. Following moves towards increasing democratisation since 2011, Myanmar’s tourism industry has been propelled from “tourism pariah” to rising “tourism star” and is experiencing an extraordinary growth in tourism arrivals with associated revenues and investment. The unique rapidity of Myanmar’s recent transition enables an examination of how contemporary forces of globalisation and neoliberalism determine the direction and mode of tourism development from its beginnings. We show how tourism is perceived by the national government as an engine for rural development, conservation and livelihood creation for poor and rural communities. We then demonstrate how this is re-shaped by a globalised tourism industry into a socially and economically exclusive model which capitalises upon weak governance and disempowered local stakeholders. We conclude with observations which may point towards a more sustainable and responsible tourism industry.

Tourism Geographies

Using a critical political economy approach and the concept of labour precarity, the internationa... more Using a critical political economy approach and the concept of labour precarity, the international dive tourism industry in Sabah, Malaysia and its workers’ vulnerabilities are interrogated. Fieldwork data highlights dive tourism’s socio-economic impacts and the precarity of labour within the international tourism sector and also critiques it as a development strategy for a peripheral region. The paper challenges the optimistic views of labour precarity found in the existing political economy literature. Rather than identifying labour empowerment, evidence demonstrates significant worker vulnerability, uncertainty, and contingency - especially among ethnic minorities - resulting from Malaysia’s state-led rentier economy.

Inclusive growth is contested yet adopted by the World Bank to reduce poverty and inequality thro... more Inclusive growth is contested yet adopted by the World Bank to reduce poverty and inequality through rapid economic growth. Research has tested inclusive growth in sectors including agriculture, but few studies apply it to tourism which is significant for many developing countries. The paper interrogates tourism-led inclusive growth: supply chain, economic linkages/leakage, ownership, employment and expenditure. It draws from fieldwork in Vietnam where tourism has rapidly developed with partial economic benefits for local communities, but does not appear to fall within the inclusive growth paradigm. It is unclear if tourism-led growth will become any more inclusive in the short-to-medium term.

Chapter 13 in: Potts, D. (ed) (2019) Tanzanian Development in an African Perspective. Boydell & ... more Chapter 13 in:
Potts, D. (ed) (2019) Tanzanian Development in an African Perspective. Boydell & Brewer.

Chapter 8 in: Sustainable Island Tourism: Seasonality, Competitiveness and Quality of Life. CABI... more Chapter 8 in: Sustainable Island Tourism: Seasonality, Competitiveness and Quality of Life. CABI. (2016)

Tourism is a crucial source of employment, foreign exchange and revenue for most small island dev... more Tourism is a crucial source of employment, foreign exchange and revenue for most small island developing states (SIDS) and many other small states. This report explores the key issues concerning how tourism might facilitate inclusive growth. It provides detailed analysis of both the direct and indirect channels through which the gains from tourism are achieved, and the existing gaps that prevent a fuller capturing of forward and backward linkages.

Using robust statistical data from Jamaica, Maldives, Mauritius and Seychelles and other small states, the study also examines land-based and cruise tourism operations and explores how local supply chains could be enhanced. The two key overarching recommendations - improving data collection and promoting niche markets - serve both as rallying points for policy action and as points of focus for partnerships. The book is valuable reading for policy-makers looking to maximise the contribution of tourism to the economy, as well as international development agencies and students of tourism studies.

Reviewed in Island Studies 9 (2). pp393-394 by Hannam, K.M.

Reviewed by McLeod, M.T. in Tourism Management 42. pp323-333. (2014).

Book review in Tourism Geographies, 16(4). pp704-705 by Karrow, T. (2014).

Sustainability and Development Conference, University of Michigan, USA, 9-11 November, 2018

Our research into inclusive growth and tourism development in coastal destinations began in 2013 ... more Our research into inclusive growth and tourism development in coastal destinations began in 2013 with field work undertaken predominantly in South-East Asia (Myanmar, Vietnam) but also in the Indian Ocean (The Seychelles).Our analysis of data from multiple case study sites shows that inclusive economic growth is a long-term policy consequence that becomes embedded during the early, often unplanned, tourism development process and effectively results in a symbiotic partnership between the local community, their environment and their own development. This then contributes to a sustainable, steady growth in tourism development at the destination level.
We have identified areas of good practice and the mechanisms involved in this process in coastal destinations that are well-established as well as small, emerging destinations. This provides an overview of how inclusive growth can be achieved at world class destinations as well as, niche resorts.
The research has focused on the destination supply chain and employment, and drawn evidence from interviews with key stakeholders, ranging from local tourism entrepreneurs to regional government officials.
Examples of good practice from coastal destination case studies in Myanmar, Vietnam and the Seychelles are generalised here. However, significant caveats exist which implies the process involved in achieving this form of growth is different in every case although we found common features.

UNWTO, Government of Jamaica and World Bank Conference on Jobs and Inclusive Growth: Partnerships for Sustainable Tourism: 27-29 November, 2017

This paper examines inclusive growth and coastal tourism in Ngapali and Myeik and draws upon rece... more This paper examines inclusive growth and coastal tourism in Ngapali and Myeik and draws upon recent fieldwork involving semi-structured interviews and a range of stakeholders. The focus on coastal tourism was intentional as it represents a growing sector in Myanmar but one lacking formal plans. This is contrary to the heritage sector of temples and cultural attractions (such as Bagan and Inle Lake) that typifies the ‘Myanmar experience’ and underpins the national tourism planning agenda. Our recent research from Ngapali and Myeik shows that the current level of development has emerged unplanned, but following a sustainable and inclusive path. However, the rapid rate of tourism development and increasing visitor numbers forecast over the next few years raises concerns that the current trends towards more inclusive tourism in these coastal destinations will be short-lived.

DSA Conference 6-8 September, 2017

See paper published in Asia Pacific Viewpoint (2019): Clifton, J., Hampton, J. and Jeyacheya, J.... more See paper published in Asia Pacific Viewpoint (2019):
Clifton, J., Hampton, J. and Jeyacheya, J. Opening the box? Tourism planning and development in Myanmar: Capitalism, communities and change

DSA Conference 2016 ‘Politics in Development’, Panel 11: Tourism in Development. Oxford Universit... more DSA Conference 2016 ‘Politics in Development’, Panel 11: Tourism in Development. Oxford University. 12-14 September 2016

ATLAS Annual Conference ‘Tourism, Lifestyles and Locations’. Canterbury Christ Church University.... more ATLAS Annual Conference ‘Tourism, Lifestyles and Locations’. Canterbury Christ Church University. 14-16 September 2016

ASEASUK Conference 2016, SOAS, London. 16 September 2016

The report reveals initial findings from a scoping visit to Ngapali Beach (Nov. 2014) exploring c... more The report reveals initial findings from a scoping visit to Ngapali Beach (Nov. 2014) exploring coastal tourism development and local impact. In-depth interviews were conducted with participants directly and indirectly linked to tourism (hoteliers, restaurant owners, wholesalers and crafts people).
The field work was fully funded by the University of Kent (Faculty of Social Sciences Research Fund).

Deutschen Gesellschaft fur Tropenokologie:102, 2000

Pariwisata Indonesia 2: Menuju Keputusan Yang Lebih Baik., 1999

Guidelines for Interaction between the tourism industry and Northern Thailand's mountain people: 7-9, 1998

Co-organiser and co-speaker at an International Workshop on International Tourism. Nov 24 2015, V... more Co-organiser and co-speaker at an International Workshop on International Tourism. Nov 24 2015, VNU, Hanoi. Funding from British Council, Hanoi.

Invited to present at the first Multi-Stakeholder Workshop on Responsible Tourism in Ngapali, Mya... more Invited to present at the first Multi-Stakeholder Workshop on Responsible Tourism in Ngapali, Myanmar. 11-13 May 2016.
The workshop was co-hosted by the Myanmar Centre for Responsible Business (MCRB) and Hanns Siedel Foundation.
See link to access details of this workshop and presentations.

Inaugural lecture at HCTA (Hotel and Catering Training Academy), Kaw-Hmu (nr Yangon), Myanmar. T... more Inaugural lecture at HCTA (Hotel and Catering Training Academy), Kaw-Hmu (nr Yangon), Myanmar. The academy is non-profit making and a key project for the Daw Khin Kyi Foundation - a charity established by Nobel Laureate Aung San Suu Kyi in 2012.

Coastal tourism is growing rapidly across South-East Asia, especially in small islands. Islands a... more Coastal tourism is growing rapidly across South-East Asia, especially in small islands. Islands and coastal areas face significant issues of how to manage the rapid growth of tourism whilst retaining economic benefits for the local host community. First, the paper sets the context and charts the scale and significance of international dive tourism, especially in less developed countries. The paper draws upon extensive fieldwork in small island destinations in Malaysia and Indonesia and explores how to research this area and the particular practicalities of fieldwork. Next the paper analyses the main socio-economic impacts of dive tourism drawing upon findings published in Haddock-Fraser and Hampton (2012); Daldeniz and Hampton (2013)

DECEN are a local NGO specialising in sustainable development of ethnic minorities in Northern V... more DECEN are a local NGO specialising in sustainable development of ethnic minorities in Northern Vietnam, on community-based tourism development, as part of the project "Improved Livelihoods of Ethnic Minorities in Bao Bang– LIVE'. Funded by HELVETAS Swiss Intercooperation, and implemented by DECEN. The visit included delivering a workshop to DECEN and Helvetas staff on CBT over 1.5 days at DECEN's head office in Cao Bang and meeting with three village communities whose plan is to use CBT for economic development and poverty reduction."

""Tourism in Gili Trawangan, located off Lombok, Indonesia, appears to be moving upmarket, progre... more ""Tourism in Gili Trawangan, located off Lombok, Indonesia, appears to be moving upmarket, progressing up the resort life cycle (Butler, 1980). The destination has changed from being a backpackers’ ‘party island’ (Hampton and Hampton, 2009) to increasingly hosting dive tourism and more upmarket tourists. This paper reports part of a longitudinal study that began with fieldwork in the 1990s (Hampton, 1998) and was updated with more recent fieldwork in late 2011.

Direct fast boat access from Bali has facilitated rapidly growing tourist arrivals and the number of dive operators has increased significantly, as has the supply of accommodation, restaurants and other facilities. The island’s coral reefs and marine resources have been under pressure from rapid tourism growth, and local responses have included forming an NGO - Gili Eco Trust – to better manage the resource (Graci, 2013). However, Indonesia’s changing political economy demonstrates a complex mix of actors and influences, with divergence between adat (traditional law) and commercial pressures, and this acts in combination with layers of governance under decentralisation. The result is that island tourism, and dive tourism in particular, is operating within a challenging and fast-changing political economy which has serious implications for future sustainability of this island destination.
""

"Coastal tourism is growing rapidly across South-East Asia, especially in small islands. Islands ... more "Coastal tourism is growing rapidly across South-East Asia, especially in small islands. Islands and coastal areas face significant issues of how to manage the rapid growth of tourism whilst retaining economic benefits for the local host community. First, the paper sets the context and charts the scale and significance of international dive tourism, especially in less developed countries The paper draws upon extensive fieldwork in small island destinations in Malaysia and Indonesia and explores how to research this area and the particular practicalities of fieldwork. Next the paper analyses the main socio-economic impacts of dive tourism drawing upon findings published in Haddock-Fraser and Hampton (2012); Daldeniz and Hampton (2013) and Hamzah and Hampton (2013) before introducing new analysis that is 'work in progress.' Finally, the paper concludes by considering lessons for other destinations in South-East Asia learning from success, and helping avoid mistakes being repeated."

The 2013 National Tourism Strategy for Myanmar emphasises community-initiated tourism as a key dr... more The 2013 National Tourism Strategy for Myanmar emphasises community-initiated tourism as a key driver for economic growth. This paper explores the economic benefits and costs for local communities but also suggests that an explicitly multi-sectoral approach is necessary to facilitate a managed mass tourism sector operating alongside niche tourism such as eco-tourism or community-based tourism. This should take place within a framework of responsible tourism and will require an integrated approach and regular monitoring.