Michelle A Munroe | The University of the West Indies, Mona, Jamaica (original) (raw)

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Papers by Michelle A Munroe

Research paper thumbnail of The expanding role of the city and the changing nature of violence in Jamaica

Routledge eBooks, Jun 24, 2024

Research paper thumbnail of Governance and disorder: neoliberalism and violent change in Jamaica

Third World Quarterly, 2016

Abstract Structural adjustment policies (SAPs) facilitate the hollowing out of the traditional ro... more Abstract Structural adjustment policies (SAPs) facilitate the hollowing out of the traditional roles performed by states. As a consequence, private entities (some perverse) offer services the state is incapable of or unwilling to provide. Beginning in the 1980s, SAPs plunged neighbourhoods in Latin America and the Caribbean into socioeconomic, and political disorder. This paper assesses the relationship between neoliberal reforms to the Jamaican state and the metamorphosis of violence since the mid-1980s. Neoliberalism transformed violence in Jamaica by increasing inter-gang conflicts, shootings and gang-related murders in Kingston’s garrisons. It also transformed political enforcers into community dons who use violence as a tool for business transactions in the international drug trade, and as a method of gaining local respect and authority.

Research paper thumbnail of Electronic Theses and Dissertations. Paper 996

Research paper thumbnail of “Transitions less than Democratic” The case of Haiti”

Research paper thumbnail of The Dark Side of Globalization: The Transnationalization of Garrisons in the Case of Jamaica

The current study is concerned with the role that transnational criminal organizations play in th... more The current study is concerned with the role that transnational criminal organizations play in the ability of a small country, such as Jamaica, to govern itself effectively. Jamaica is identified as a major producer and distributor of cannabis, since the 1970s, and today plays an active role in other established illicit markets for cocaine and illegal weapons. Despite a long-term and continued involvement in U.S. funded drug trafficking and counterdrug programs, and the establishment of several anti-crime organizations within the country, Jamaica's successes have been marginal. The current study attempts to examine first, how criminal groups located within the garrisons of Kingston have managed to strengthen their involvement in illegal activities and to evade the state. Second, it explores how these criminal groups have successfully offset the Jamaican state's monopoly on power within garrison communities. Through a qualitative research design, I utilized a wide range of research methods-observation, open-ended interviews, focus groups, document data, audiovisual data, and text and image analysis-in order to identify the mechanisms by which non-state actors have been able to alter their power relation with the state. The study explores the vi relationship between the Jamaican state and criminal groups residing within garrisons specifically located in the Kingston Metropolitan Area. The study concludes that the interactions between garrisons and the Jamaican state have become increasingly more transnational over time. Using Nye and Keohane's (1971) understanding of transnational relations in an analysis of the garrison, the dissertation asserts that network based criminal groupings residing within garrisons are directly shaping the behavior and policy goals of the Jamaican state by forming coalitions and interactions across state boundaries. These coalitions and interactions involve a wide cross section of non-state actors both criminal and legal, as well as corruptible elements of government. Network based criminal groupings located with Jamaica's garrisons are increasingly competent in evading the law and in carrying out criminal activity. They do so by employing more fluid organizational and power structures, assuming a more influential role in the distribution and use of violence, and by taking advantage of the liberalization and privatization of the Jamaican economy. vii

Research paper thumbnail of Transitions less than Democratic” The case of Haiti

lanic.utexas.edu

Depending upon which lenses one is viewing Haiti through, it can be described using multiple adje... more Depending upon which lenses one is viewing Haiti through, it can be described using multiple adjectives; however, the two that are most appropriate in this analysis are struggle and hardship. These struggles and hardships are what personify the country of Haiti as a ...

Research paper thumbnail of Governance and disorder: neoliberalism and violent change in Jamaica

Third World Quarterly, 2016

Structural adjustment policies (SAPs) facilitate the hollowing out of the traditional roles perfo... more Structural adjustment policies (SAPs) facilitate the hollowing out of the traditional roles performed by states. As a consequence, private entities (some perverse) offer services the state is incapable of or unwilling to provide. Beginning in the 1980s, SAPs plunged neighbourhoods in Latin America and the Caribbean into socioeconomic, and political disorder. This paper assesses the relationship between neoliberal reforms to the Jamaican state and the metamorphosis of violence since the mid-1980s. Neoliberalism transformed violence in Jamaica by increasing inter-gang conflicts, shootings and gang-related murders in Kingston’s garrisons. It also transformed political enforcers into community dons who use violence as a tool for business transactions in the international drug trade, and as a method of gaining local respect and authority.

Research paper thumbnail of The expanding role of the city and the changing nature of violence in Jamaica

Routledge eBooks, Jun 24, 2024

Research paper thumbnail of Governance and disorder: neoliberalism and violent change in Jamaica

Third World Quarterly, 2016

Abstract Structural adjustment policies (SAPs) facilitate the hollowing out of the traditional ro... more Abstract Structural adjustment policies (SAPs) facilitate the hollowing out of the traditional roles performed by states. As a consequence, private entities (some perverse) offer services the state is incapable of or unwilling to provide. Beginning in the 1980s, SAPs plunged neighbourhoods in Latin America and the Caribbean into socioeconomic, and political disorder. This paper assesses the relationship between neoliberal reforms to the Jamaican state and the metamorphosis of violence since the mid-1980s. Neoliberalism transformed violence in Jamaica by increasing inter-gang conflicts, shootings and gang-related murders in Kingston’s garrisons. It also transformed political enforcers into community dons who use violence as a tool for business transactions in the international drug trade, and as a method of gaining local respect and authority.

Research paper thumbnail of Electronic Theses and Dissertations. Paper 996

Research paper thumbnail of “Transitions less than Democratic” The case of Haiti”

Research paper thumbnail of The Dark Side of Globalization: The Transnationalization of Garrisons in the Case of Jamaica

The current study is concerned with the role that transnational criminal organizations play in th... more The current study is concerned with the role that transnational criminal organizations play in the ability of a small country, such as Jamaica, to govern itself effectively. Jamaica is identified as a major producer and distributor of cannabis, since the 1970s, and today plays an active role in other established illicit markets for cocaine and illegal weapons. Despite a long-term and continued involvement in U.S. funded drug trafficking and counterdrug programs, and the establishment of several anti-crime organizations within the country, Jamaica's successes have been marginal. The current study attempts to examine first, how criminal groups located within the garrisons of Kingston have managed to strengthen their involvement in illegal activities and to evade the state. Second, it explores how these criminal groups have successfully offset the Jamaican state's monopoly on power within garrison communities. Through a qualitative research design, I utilized a wide range of research methods-observation, open-ended interviews, focus groups, document data, audiovisual data, and text and image analysis-in order to identify the mechanisms by which non-state actors have been able to alter their power relation with the state. The study explores the vi relationship between the Jamaican state and criminal groups residing within garrisons specifically located in the Kingston Metropolitan Area. The study concludes that the interactions between garrisons and the Jamaican state have become increasingly more transnational over time. Using Nye and Keohane's (1971) understanding of transnational relations in an analysis of the garrison, the dissertation asserts that network based criminal groupings residing within garrisons are directly shaping the behavior and policy goals of the Jamaican state by forming coalitions and interactions across state boundaries. These coalitions and interactions involve a wide cross section of non-state actors both criminal and legal, as well as corruptible elements of government. Network based criminal groupings located with Jamaica's garrisons are increasingly competent in evading the law and in carrying out criminal activity. They do so by employing more fluid organizational and power structures, assuming a more influential role in the distribution and use of violence, and by taking advantage of the liberalization and privatization of the Jamaican economy. vii

Research paper thumbnail of Transitions less than Democratic” The case of Haiti

lanic.utexas.edu

Depending upon which lenses one is viewing Haiti through, it can be described using multiple adje... more Depending upon which lenses one is viewing Haiti through, it can be described using multiple adjectives; however, the two that are most appropriate in this analysis are struggle and hardship. These struggles and hardships are what personify the country of Haiti as a ...

Research paper thumbnail of Governance and disorder: neoliberalism and violent change in Jamaica

Third World Quarterly, 2016

Structural adjustment policies (SAPs) facilitate the hollowing out of the traditional roles perfo... more Structural adjustment policies (SAPs) facilitate the hollowing out of the traditional roles performed by states. As a consequence, private entities (some perverse) offer services the state is incapable of or unwilling to provide. Beginning in the 1980s, SAPs plunged neighbourhoods in Latin America and the Caribbean into socioeconomic, and political disorder. This paper assesses the relationship between neoliberal reforms to the Jamaican state and the metamorphosis of violence since the mid-1980s. Neoliberalism transformed violence in Jamaica by increasing inter-gang conflicts, shootings and gang-related murders in Kingston’s garrisons. It also transformed political enforcers into community dons who use violence as a tool for business transactions in the international drug trade, and as a method of gaining local respect and authority.