Keith Hollingsworth | Morehouse College (original) (raw)
Papers by Keith Hollingsworth
Journal of Management History, Apr 6, 2020
Purpose-In "Reinventing Entrepreneurial History," Wadhwani and Lubinski (2017) encourage the stud... more Purpose-In "Reinventing Entrepreneurial History," Wadhwani and Lubinski (2017) encourage the study of legitimacy, the sense that a new organization or venture "belongs" to, or fits within, the social construct of its time. Design/methodology/approach-To this end, this query will consider methods used in the period between the Civil War and the Civil Rights Movement to show legitimacy in black economic endeavors. Three Atlanta entrepreneurs' efforts will be used as demonstrative examples. Findings-The overarching aim of this investigation of economic legitimization is to give practical examples of three distinct strategies in play: endorsement, authorization and storytelling. In addition, a fourth external actor, social organizations, that exists outside of the realms of media, government and law as noted by Bitektine and Haack (2015) is illustrated to grant validity within the black community. Also, the storytelling strategy is used to illustrate promoters, actors pushing legitimacy to benefit the community at large. Originality/value-Arguably the search for economic and collective legitimacy within black businesses is not confined to the past. Stated in another way, black businesses still fight for legitimacy, and future research should be undertaken to show the similarities and differences in the two aforementioned periods.
Productivity is a major source of competitive advantage but improving productivity requires analy... more Productivity is a major source of competitive advantage but improving productivity requires analysis and productivity is getting more difficult to measure as economies become more knowledge, service, and innovation intensive. In this paper, we will provide an introduction to a powerful productivity analysis tool, Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA). DEA is a flexible tool originally created in the 1970s for examining the relative efficiency of non-profit institutions. Researchers have found many more applications and created numerous extensions to DEA. This paper provides an introduction to DEA, a summary of some of the most important modeling variations, and examples of applications relevant to technology management.
Cross-evaluation has been touted as a powerful extension of Data Envelopment Analysis that provid... more Cross-evaluation has been touted as a powerful extension of Data Envelopment Analysis that provides, not only a unique ordering among the Decision Making Units (DMUs), but also eliminates unrealistic weighting schemes without requiring the elicitation of weight restrictions from application area experts. The goal of this paper is to prove, in the single-input, multiple-output case, cross-evaluation implicitly uses a single fixed set of weights. We demonstrate how this unseen fixed set of weights may still be unrealistic.
Enterprise and Society, Jan 4, 2023
After the murder of George Floyd, businesses across the United States stepped up with pledges and... more After the murder of George Floyd, businesses across the United States stepped up with pledges and commitments to lessen systematic racism, reflecting a commitment to corporate social responsibility (CSR). But are these actions really concerned with social uplift? Or a form of wokewashing? This was not the first time corporate America reacted to racial upheaval and violence. In this paper, the author examines the reaction of the Atlanta business community to the 1906 Atlanta Race Riot. At that time, Atlanta's business elite effectively usurped municipal and state authority to manage the aftermath of the horrific events. They were determined to protect the reputation of Atlanta as progressive and a place of relative racial harmony. How do we consider their actions in the context of CSR and woke-washing? The businesses sought mainly to protect their economic future rather than truly uplifting society or improving racial relations. Still, their actions impacted Atlanta positively for many decades to come, leading to better outcomes during the Civil Rights era and beyond.
Academy of Management Proceedings
Enterprise & Society
After the murder of George Floyd, businesses across the United States stepped up with pledges and... more After the murder of George Floyd, businesses across the United States stepped up with pledges and commitments to lessen systematic racism, reflecting a commitment to corporate social responsibility (CSR). But are these actions really concerned with social uplift? Or a form of woke-washing? This was not the first time corporate America reacted to racial upheaval and violence. In this paper, the author examines the reaction of the Atlanta business community to the 1906 Atlanta Race Riot. At that time, Atlanta’s business elite effectively usurped municipal and state authority to manage the aftermath of the horrific events. They were determined to protect the reputation of Atlanta as progressive and a place of relative racial harmony. How do we consider their actions in the context of CSR and woke-washing? The businesses sought mainly to protect their economic future rather than truly uplifting society or improving racial relations. Still, their actions impacted Atlanta positively for m...
Business History Review, 2020
Challenge, 2006
Microenterprises are invaluable at stabilizing family incomes. These microenterprises rely heavil... more Microenterprises are invaluable at stabilizing family incomes. These microenterprises rely heavily on microfinances and microcredit. However, there is little evidence that these microenterprises grow into small and medium enterprises (SMEs) that lead to Wealth creation and truly move families out of poverty. The same restrictions that are often the cause of poverty still work to inhibit the growth of microenterprises into SMEs. The primary inhibitors to this growth are the lack of education, specifically business education, and capital. The authors discovered that these factors are also true for the Afro-Mexican population in the Costa Chica (long coast, in Spanish). A concerted effort is needed to provide greater access to business education and capital so that the region might be able to catch up with the rest of Mexico in terms of economic growth.
Journal of Management History, 2020
Purpose In “Reinventing Entrepreneurial History,” Wadhwani and Lubinski (2017) encourage the stud... more Purpose In “Reinventing Entrepreneurial History,” Wadhwani and Lubinski (2017) encourage the study of legitimacy, the sense that a new organization or venture “belongs” to, or fits within, the social construct of its time. Design/methodology/approach To this end, this query will consider methods used in the period between the Civil War and the Civil Rights Movement to show legitimacy in black economic endeavors. Three Atlanta entrepreneurs’ efforts will be used as demonstrative examples. Findings The overarching aim of this investigation of economic legitimization is to give practical examples of three distinct strategies in play: endorsement, authorization and storytelling. In addition, a fourth external actor, social organizations, that exists outside of the realms of media, government and law as noted by Bitektine and Haack (2015) is illustrated to grant validity within the black community. Also, the storytelling strategy is used to illustrate promoters, actors pushing legitimacy...
Accounting Historians Journal, 2012
In 1932, Frank Adair Jr. achieved his Certified Public Accountant (CPA) status as the sixth Afric... more In 1932, Frank Adair Jr. achieved his Certified Public Accountant (CPA) status as the sixth African American CPA in the US and only the second in the Deep South. Although his active professional career was brief (5 years), it typifies not only the difficulty experienced by an African American achieving this designation in the Jim Crow South, but also the factors that were necessary for such an achievement to occur in that time period. First, Adair Jr. practiced in a dynamic and vibrant segregated business community. Second, he was educated at a black college. An African American who wanted to stay in the Deep South would have had no other option. Third, he benefitted from a strong professional mentoring relationship that enabled him to forge his career path. Inadvertently, Adair Jr. was omitted from the 1990 NABA report of the first one hundred African American CPAs. This historical note seeks to correct that omission.
Journal of Management History, 2020
Purpose-In "Reinventing Entrepreneurial History," Wadhwani and Lubinski (2017) encourage the stud... more Purpose-In "Reinventing Entrepreneurial History," Wadhwani and Lubinski (2017) encourage the study of legitimacy, the sense that a new organization or venture "belongs" to, or fits within, the social construct of its time. Design/methodology/approach-To this end, this query will consider methods used in the period between the Civil War and the Civil Rights Movement to show legitimacy in black economic endeavors. Three Atlanta entrepreneurs' efforts will be used as demonstrative examples. Findings-The overarching aim of this investigation of economic legitimization is to give practical examples of three distinct strategies in play: endorsement, authorization and storytelling. In addition, a fourth external actor, social organizations, that exists outside of the realms of media, government and law as noted by Bitektine and Haack (2015) is illustrated to grant validity within the black community. Also, the storytelling strategy is used to illustrate promoters, actors pushing legitimacy to benefit the community at large. Originality/value-Arguably the search for economic and collective legitimacy within black businesses is not confined to the past. Stated in another way, black businesses still fight for legitimacy, and future research should be undertaken to show the similarities and differences in the two aforementioned periods.
Journal of Leadership Education, 2005
This article demonstrates how the Leadership and Professional Development course at Morehouse Col... more This article demonstrates how the Leadership and Professional Development course at Morehouse College, an all-male historically Black college in Atlanta, Georgia, goes beyond teaching traditional leadership and professional development skills and exposes students to the impact of being a "professional of color" in corporate America. This paper will explore the need for African Americans to have skills related to corporate success that go beyond those needed by Whites and the pedagogical techniques used to develop the additional skill sets in undergraduate students of color. Anecdotal and empirical evidence regarding the effectiveness of the course is provided.
Challenge, 2006
Microenterprises are invaluable at stabilizing family incomes. These microenterprises rely heavil... more Microenterprises are invaluable at stabilizing family incomes. These microenterprises rely heavily on microfinances and microcredit. However, there is little evidence that these microenterprises grow into small and medium enterprises (SMEs) that lead to Wealth creation and truly move families out of poverty. The same restrictions that are often the cause of poverty still work to inhibit the growth of microenterprises into SMEs. The primary inhibitors to this growth are the lack of education, specifically business education, and capital. The authors discovered that these factors are also true for the Afro-Mexican population in the Costa Chica (long coast, in Spanish). A concerted effort is needed to provide greater access to business education and capital so that the region might be able to catch up with the rest of Mexico in terms of economic growth.
Journal of International Business Education, 2011
Internationalization of undergraduate curricula has become a popular initiative throughout higher... more Internationalization of undergraduate curricula has become a popular initiative throughout higher education. However, despite the focus and enthusiasm, too few college students elect to participate in study abroad programs, especially African-American males. Anecdotal evidence suggests they are more likely to participate in international programs with durations shorter than the traditional full year, summer, or semester. This study describes a short-term international experience involving a group of African-American male undergraduate students who recently traveled on a Tour to Africa and Europe. The Tour's educational value is interpreted in the context of experiential learning. Survey data of students' perceptions of the Tour and its effect on their development as potential global leaders is reported. Results suggest the Tour is well-suited as an effective approach for global leadership development of African-American males. To our knowledge this study provides the first empirical evidence on the impact of an international experience on African-American male undergraduates.
Accounting Historians Journal, 2012
In 1932, Frank Adair Jr. achieved his Certified Public Accountant (CPA) status as the sixth Afric... more In 1932, Frank Adair Jr. achieved his Certified Public Accountant (CPA) status as the sixth African American CPA in the US
and only the second in the Deep South. Although his active professional career was brief (5 years), it typifies not only the difficulty
experienced by an African American achieving this designation in the
Jim Crow South, but also the factors that were necessary for such an
achievement to occur in that time period. First, Adair Jr. practiced
in a dynamic and vibrant segregated business community. Second,
he was educated at a black college. An African American who wanted
to stay in the Deep South would have had no other option. Third,
he benefitted from a strong professional m entoring relationship that
enabled him to forge his career path. Inadvertently, Adair Jr. was
om itted from the 1990 NABA report of the first one hundred African
American CPAs. This historical note seeks to correct that omission.
Challenge a Journal of Research on African American Men, 1997
EJ560333 - Using DEA in the Examination of the Retention of African American Males.
Journal of International Business Education, 2011
Journal of Management History, Apr 6, 2020
Purpose-In "Reinventing Entrepreneurial History," Wadhwani and Lubinski (2017) encourage the stud... more Purpose-In "Reinventing Entrepreneurial History," Wadhwani and Lubinski (2017) encourage the study of legitimacy, the sense that a new organization or venture "belongs" to, or fits within, the social construct of its time. Design/methodology/approach-To this end, this query will consider methods used in the period between the Civil War and the Civil Rights Movement to show legitimacy in black economic endeavors. Three Atlanta entrepreneurs' efforts will be used as demonstrative examples. Findings-The overarching aim of this investigation of economic legitimization is to give practical examples of three distinct strategies in play: endorsement, authorization and storytelling. In addition, a fourth external actor, social organizations, that exists outside of the realms of media, government and law as noted by Bitektine and Haack (2015) is illustrated to grant validity within the black community. Also, the storytelling strategy is used to illustrate promoters, actors pushing legitimacy to benefit the community at large. Originality/value-Arguably the search for economic and collective legitimacy within black businesses is not confined to the past. Stated in another way, black businesses still fight for legitimacy, and future research should be undertaken to show the similarities and differences in the two aforementioned periods.
Productivity is a major source of competitive advantage but improving productivity requires analy... more Productivity is a major source of competitive advantage but improving productivity requires analysis and productivity is getting more difficult to measure as economies become more knowledge, service, and innovation intensive. In this paper, we will provide an introduction to a powerful productivity analysis tool, Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA). DEA is a flexible tool originally created in the 1970s for examining the relative efficiency of non-profit institutions. Researchers have found many more applications and created numerous extensions to DEA. This paper provides an introduction to DEA, a summary of some of the most important modeling variations, and examples of applications relevant to technology management.
Cross-evaluation has been touted as a powerful extension of Data Envelopment Analysis that provid... more Cross-evaluation has been touted as a powerful extension of Data Envelopment Analysis that provides, not only a unique ordering among the Decision Making Units (DMUs), but also eliminates unrealistic weighting schemes without requiring the elicitation of weight restrictions from application area experts. The goal of this paper is to prove, in the single-input, multiple-output case, cross-evaluation implicitly uses a single fixed set of weights. We demonstrate how this unseen fixed set of weights may still be unrealistic.
Enterprise and Society, Jan 4, 2023
After the murder of George Floyd, businesses across the United States stepped up with pledges and... more After the murder of George Floyd, businesses across the United States stepped up with pledges and commitments to lessen systematic racism, reflecting a commitment to corporate social responsibility (CSR). But are these actions really concerned with social uplift? Or a form of wokewashing? This was not the first time corporate America reacted to racial upheaval and violence. In this paper, the author examines the reaction of the Atlanta business community to the 1906 Atlanta Race Riot. At that time, Atlanta's business elite effectively usurped municipal and state authority to manage the aftermath of the horrific events. They were determined to protect the reputation of Atlanta as progressive and a place of relative racial harmony. How do we consider their actions in the context of CSR and woke-washing? The businesses sought mainly to protect their economic future rather than truly uplifting society or improving racial relations. Still, their actions impacted Atlanta positively for many decades to come, leading to better outcomes during the Civil Rights era and beyond.
Academy of Management Proceedings
Enterprise & Society
After the murder of George Floyd, businesses across the United States stepped up with pledges and... more After the murder of George Floyd, businesses across the United States stepped up with pledges and commitments to lessen systematic racism, reflecting a commitment to corporate social responsibility (CSR). But are these actions really concerned with social uplift? Or a form of woke-washing? This was not the first time corporate America reacted to racial upheaval and violence. In this paper, the author examines the reaction of the Atlanta business community to the 1906 Atlanta Race Riot. At that time, Atlanta’s business elite effectively usurped municipal and state authority to manage the aftermath of the horrific events. They were determined to protect the reputation of Atlanta as progressive and a place of relative racial harmony. How do we consider their actions in the context of CSR and woke-washing? The businesses sought mainly to protect their economic future rather than truly uplifting society or improving racial relations. Still, their actions impacted Atlanta positively for m...
Business History Review, 2020
Challenge, 2006
Microenterprises are invaluable at stabilizing family incomes. These microenterprises rely heavil... more Microenterprises are invaluable at stabilizing family incomes. These microenterprises rely heavily on microfinances and microcredit. However, there is little evidence that these microenterprises grow into small and medium enterprises (SMEs) that lead to Wealth creation and truly move families out of poverty. The same restrictions that are often the cause of poverty still work to inhibit the growth of microenterprises into SMEs. The primary inhibitors to this growth are the lack of education, specifically business education, and capital. The authors discovered that these factors are also true for the Afro-Mexican population in the Costa Chica (long coast, in Spanish). A concerted effort is needed to provide greater access to business education and capital so that the region might be able to catch up with the rest of Mexico in terms of economic growth.
Journal of Management History, 2020
Purpose In “Reinventing Entrepreneurial History,” Wadhwani and Lubinski (2017) encourage the stud... more Purpose In “Reinventing Entrepreneurial History,” Wadhwani and Lubinski (2017) encourage the study of legitimacy, the sense that a new organization or venture “belongs” to, or fits within, the social construct of its time. Design/methodology/approach To this end, this query will consider methods used in the period between the Civil War and the Civil Rights Movement to show legitimacy in black economic endeavors. Three Atlanta entrepreneurs’ efforts will be used as demonstrative examples. Findings The overarching aim of this investigation of economic legitimization is to give practical examples of three distinct strategies in play: endorsement, authorization and storytelling. In addition, a fourth external actor, social organizations, that exists outside of the realms of media, government and law as noted by Bitektine and Haack (2015) is illustrated to grant validity within the black community. Also, the storytelling strategy is used to illustrate promoters, actors pushing legitimacy...
Accounting Historians Journal, 2012
In 1932, Frank Adair Jr. achieved his Certified Public Accountant (CPA) status as the sixth Afric... more In 1932, Frank Adair Jr. achieved his Certified Public Accountant (CPA) status as the sixth African American CPA in the US and only the second in the Deep South. Although his active professional career was brief (5 years), it typifies not only the difficulty experienced by an African American achieving this designation in the Jim Crow South, but also the factors that were necessary for such an achievement to occur in that time period. First, Adair Jr. practiced in a dynamic and vibrant segregated business community. Second, he was educated at a black college. An African American who wanted to stay in the Deep South would have had no other option. Third, he benefitted from a strong professional mentoring relationship that enabled him to forge his career path. Inadvertently, Adair Jr. was omitted from the 1990 NABA report of the first one hundred African American CPAs. This historical note seeks to correct that omission.
Journal of Management History, 2020
Purpose-In "Reinventing Entrepreneurial History," Wadhwani and Lubinski (2017) encourage the stud... more Purpose-In "Reinventing Entrepreneurial History," Wadhwani and Lubinski (2017) encourage the study of legitimacy, the sense that a new organization or venture "belongs" to, or fits within, the social construct of its time. Design/methodology/approach-To this end, this query will consider methods used in the period between the Civil War and the Civil Rights Movement to show legitimacy in black economic endeavors. Three Atlanta entrepreneurs' efforts will be used as demonstrative examples. Findings-The overarching aim of this investigation of economic legitimization is to give practical examples of three distinct strategies in play: endorsement, authorization and storytelling. In addition, a fourth external actor, social organizations, that exists outside of the realms of media, government and law as noted by Bitektine and Haack (2015) is illustrated to grant validity within the black community. Also, the storytelling strategy is used to illustrate promoters, actors pushing legitimacy to benefit the community at large. Originality/value-Arguably the search for economic and collective legitimacy within black businesses is not confined to the past. Stated in another way, black businesses still fight for legitimacy, and future research should be undertaken to show the similarities and differences in the two aforementioned periods.
Journal of Leadership Education, 2005
This article demonstrates how the Leadership and Professional Development course at Morehouse Col... more This article demonstrates how the Leadership and Professional Development course at Morehouse College, an all-male historically Black college in Atlanta, Georgia, goes beyond teaching traditional leadership and professional development skills and exposes students to the impact of being a "professional of color" in corporate America. This paper will explore the need for African Americans to have skills related to corporate success that go beyond those needed by Whites and the pedagogical techniques used to develop the additional skill sets in undergraduate students of color. Anecdotal and empirical evidence regarding the effectiveness of the course is provided.
Challenge, 2006
Microenterprises are invaluable at stabilizing family incomes. These microenterprises rely heavil... more Microenterprises are invaluable at stabilizing family incomes. These microenterprises rely heavily on microfinances and microcredit. However, there is little evidence that these microenterprises grow into small and medium enterprises (SMEs) that lead to Wealth creation and truly move families out of poverty. The same restrictions that are often the cause of poverty still work to inhibit the growth of microenterprises into SMEs. The primary inhibitors to this growth are the lack of education, specifically business education, and capital. The authors discovered that these factors are also true for the Afro-Mexican population in the Costa Chica (long coast, in Spanish). A concerted effort is needed to provide greater access to business education and capital so that the region might be able to catch up with the rest of Mexico in terms of economic growth.
Journal of International Business Education, 2011
Internationalization of undergraduate curricula has become a popular initiative throughout higher... more Internationalization of undergraduate curricula has become a popular initiative throughout higher education. However, despite the focus and enthusiasm, too few college students elect to participate in study abroad programs, especially African-American males. Anecdotal evidence suggests they are more likely to participate in international programs with durations shorter than the traditional full year, summer, or semester. This study describes a short-term international experience involving a group of African-American male undergraduate students who recently traveled on a Tour to Africa and Europe. The Tour's educational value is interpreted in the context of experiential learning. Survey data of students' perceptions of the Tour and its effect on their development as potential global leaders is reported. Results suggest the Tour is well-suited as an effective approach for global leadership development of African-American males. To our knowledge this study provides the first empirical evidence on the impact of an international experience on African-American male undergraduates.
Accounting Historians Journal, 2012
In 1932, Frank Adair Jr. achieved his Certified Public Accountant (CPA) status as the sixth Afric... more In 1932, Frank Adair Jr. achieved his Certified Public Accountant (CPA) status as the sixth African American CPA in the US
and only the second in the Deep South. Although his active professional career was brief (5 years), it typifies not only the difficulty
experienced by an African American achieving this designation in the
Jim Crow South, but also the factors that were necessary for such an
achievement to occur in that time period. First, Adair Jr. practiced
in a dynamic and vibrant segregated business community. Second,
he was educated at a black college. An African American who wanted
to stay in the Deep South would have had no other option. Third,
he benefitted from a strong professional m entoring relationship that
enabled him to forge his career path. Inadvertently, Adair Jr. was
om itted from the 1990 NABA report of the first one hundred African
American CPAs. This historical note seeks to correct that omission.
Challenge a Journal of Research on African American Men, 1997
EJ560333 - Using DEA in the Examination of the Retention of African American Males.
Journal of International Business Education, 2011