Anatoli Brouchkov | Moscow State University (original) (raw)

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Papers by Anatoli Brouchkov

Electron microscopic investigation of four samples of ancient ice wedge from the Pleistocene gla... more Electron microscopic investigation of four samples of ancient ice wedge from the Pleistocene gla
cial complex of Mamontova Gora (Yakutiya, Russia) revealed high diversity of bacteriomorphic particles.
Their structural features included the presence of electrontransparent zones, presumably inclusions con
taining storage compounds, and microenvironments (capsules or external sheaths). These features may be a
result of adaptive strategies providing for microbial survival under permafrost conditions. Predominance of
rodshaped forms morphologically resembling coryneform actinobacteria was found. Xray microanalysis
revealed organic origin of bacteriomorphic particles. Some particles were characterized by incomplete spec
tra of the major biogenic elements, resulting probably from lowtemperature damage to the cellular struc
tures. Total numbers of aerobic heterotrophic bacteria determined by plating on nutrient media were compa
rable to the values obtained for permafrost soils and Arctic ice. Predominance of coryneform actinobacteria
was observed. Abundance of these evolutionarily early groups of actinobacteria may indicate the ancient ori
gin of the microflora of the relic frozen soils.

Comparative analysis of the presence of bacteriophages was carried out for the water column of a ... more Comparative analysis of the presence of bacteriophages was carried out for the water column of a permanently ice-covered, extremely oligotrophic Lake Untersee (East Antarctica) and the ancient ice wedge of the Mamontova Gora outcrop (Aldan River, Central Yakutia). Microscopy revealed bacteriophages in the Mamontova Gora ice samples and in the lysates of the pure cultures of phage-sensitive bacteria isolated from the same samples. Bacteriophages isolated from these cultures were filamentous and interacted with bacteria as moderate (lysogenic) phages. A similar filamentous bacteriophage was isolated from the Lake Untersee water column. The highest morphological diversity of bacteriophages was revealed by microscopy in the oxic Lake Untersee water column in the chemocline zone (70–76 m) and in the sulfide layer (85 m). Detection of similar filamentous bacteriophages in a relic ice sample and in the samples from Antarctic Lake Untersee indicate wide occurrence of bacteriophages and lysogeny in microbial communities of low-temperature ecosystems .

The study of the viral component of ancient microbial communities from permafrost is important fo... more The study of the viral component of ancient microbial communities from permafrost is important for the understanding evolution of microbial communities, possibility of their variations due to climate change, changes in the physical-chemical state of permafrost and practical questions of biosafety. For the first time the virus particles in native samples of ancient ice wedges of the Mammoth Mountain in Siberia have been discovered. Defined morphological diversity of viruses that can be attributed to five main types: miovirus, sifovirus, podovirus, spherical and filamentous. Specific characteristic of these viruses are small size and fever genome. RÉSUMÉ L'étude des virus qui sont présents dans des communautés microbiennes anciennes du pergélisol est cruciale pour la compréhension des questions fondamentales telles que l'évolution des communautés microbiennes, la possibilité de leur changement suite aux changements du climat, de l'état physico-chimique du pergélisol aussi bien que les questions pratiques concernant la sécurité biologique. Les virus ont été découverts pour la première fois dans des glaces éternelles de la montagne Mammouth. La définition de leur diversité morphologique faite, les virus peuvent être classés en cinq types principaux : miovirus, sifovirus, podovirus, virus sphériques et virus filamenteux. Leur spécificité consiste en une petite taille du génome.

The question of the origin of methane and activity of methanogenesis at low temperatures remains ... more The question of the origin of methane and activity of methanogenesis at low temperatures remains unclear. Methane production was observed at low temperatures in the laboratory during a long-term experiment. Samples of frozen soils were taken from Yakutsk (Russia), Fairbanks (USA) and Tomakomai (Japan) and incubated at -5 °C in order to study methane production. The soil was incubated in glass flasks for 4.5 years under anaerobic conditions. The measurement of methane content in the air of the flasks was conducted at various intervals, from one week to a month. During the experiment some samples were thawed and frozen again. There was little observed methane emission from the Yakutsk samples. The emission from the Alaskan and Tomakomai samples was slow. However, methane concentration in the air of flasks increased significantly at thawing. RÉSUMÉ L'origine du méthane et de l'activité des micro-organismes méthanogènes à basses températures demeure incertaine. La production de méthane a été observée à basses températures lors d'une expérience à long terme en laboratoire. Des échantillons de sols gelés ont été récupérés à Yakutsk (Russie), à Fairbanks (USA) et à Tomakomai (Japon). Ils ont été incubés dans des flacons en verre pendant une période de 4 ans et demi dans des conditions anaérobiques et à une température de -5 °C afin d'observer une possible production de méthane. La mesure du contenu en méthane dans l'air des flacons a été effectuée à différents intervalles allant d'une semaine à un mois. Au cours de l'expérience, quelques échantillons ont été dégelés et gelés. À partir des échantillons de Yakutsk, peu d'émissions de méthane ont été observées. Les émissions produites à partir des échantillons d'Alaska et de Tomakomai ont été lentes. Cependant, la concentration de méthane dans l'air des flacons a augmenté de façon significative lors du dégel.

Рассматривается вопрос использования подземных хранилищ в вечной мерзлоте для хранения биологичес... more Рассматривается вопрос использования подземных хранилищ в вечной мерзлоте для хранения биологических материалов. Приводится краткое описание наиболее известных подземелий. Описаны результаты микробиологических исследований вечной мерзлоты применительно к проблеме длительного хранения. Естественный температурный режим, особенно в сочетании с дополнительным охлаждением, и исключительная экономичность, по-видимому, позволяют устраивать эффективные хранилища биологических материалов в толще вечной мерзлоты, а также проводить в них биологические эксперименты в течение длительного времени.

Многолетнемерзлые породы широко распространены в Северном полушарии, их возраст достигает сотен т... more Многолетнемерзлые породы широко распространены в Северном полушарии, их возраст достигает сотен тысяч и миллионов лет. Они содержат живые микроорганизмы, которые из-за сравнительно высокой температуры среды (-2…-8 °С) не содержат льда, но находятся в иммобилизованном состоянии и, по-видимому, имеют возраст, близкий к возрасту мерзлоты. Из мерзлых неогеновых отложений Мамон-

Relict microorganisms preserved in the permafrost of geological periods possess a unique resistan... more Relict microorganisms preserved in the permafrost of geological periods possess a unique resistance to unfavorable factors of the internal and external environment. Their metabolic, DNA repair, and growth capacities are still under discussion, but the very fact of their existence in permafrost during many thousands of years is evidence of their phenomenal viability. One of these bacteria (B. sp.) that was found in Yakutia and that proved to be capable of enhancing longevity and immunity in drosophila and mice (A.V. Brushkov et al., 2009) was tested in developing drosophila fruit flies as follows: a culture of B. sp. (1 to 500 million/ml) was added to the nutrient medium of Drosophila melanogaster and a set of indices characterizing growth rate and mortality at the larval and pupal stages was investigated. The level of gas exchange (\(V_{O_2 }\) and \(V_{CO_2 }\)), body weight, and stress resistance were investigated in imagoes hatched under these conditions. B. sp. induces dose-dependent growth acceleration and decrease in larval mortality. The increase in spontaneous motor activity, \(V_{O_2 }\) and \(V_{CO_2 }\), and body weight, as well as resistance to heat shock and UV irradiation, were demonstrated for imagoes.

Методами световой и электронной микроскопии в ледяных прослойках льда мерзлых суглинков обнаружен... more Методами световой и электронной микроскопии в ледяных прослойках льда мерзлых суглинков обнаружены in situ различные формы микроорганизмов. Рассматриваются условия сохранения их жизнеспособного состояния и связь с процессами образования сегрегационного льда. Проведен эксперимент по миграции микроорганизмов при промерзании дисперсных грунтов. Показано, что ледяные включения в мерзлых грунтах являются наиболее комфортной средой для сохранения и существования различных форм микроорганизмов.

ƬƪƨƞƮơ ƜƞƩƧƦƫƧƤƧƜơơ • 2011 • ƫ. 24 • ҇ 2 198 ƩƾǄǁǃǋǇƻǔƾ ǅǁǃǉǇǇǉƼƹǆǁ|ǅǔ, ǊǇǎǉƹǆǁƻǑǁƾǊǘ ƻ ƻƾǐǆǇǅƾǉ|... more ƬƪƨƞƮơ ƜƞƩƧƦƫƧƤƧƜơơ • 2011 • ƫ. 24 • ҇ 2 198 ƩƾǄǁǃǋǇƻǔƾ ǅǁǃǉǇǇǉƼƹǆǁ|ǅǔ, ǊǇǎǉƹǆǁƻǑǁƾǊǘ ƻ ƻƾǐǆǇǅƾǉ|Ǆǔǎ ǈǇǉǇƽƹǎ ƼƾǇǄǇƼǁǐƾǊǃǁǎ ǈƾǉǁǇƽǇƻ ƻǉƾǅƾǆǁ, ǇƺǄƹƽƹǗǋ ǌǆǁǃƹǄǕǆǇ ǂ ǌǊǋǇ ǂǐǁƻǇǊǋǕǗ ǃ ǆƾƺǄƹƼǇǈǉǁǘǋǆǔǅ ǍƹǃǋǇǉƹǅ ƻǆǌǋǉƾǆǆƾ ǂ ǁ ƻǆƾǑǆƾ ǂ Ǌǉƾƽǔ. ƦƾǊǅǇǋǉǘ ǆƹ ǋǇ, ǐǋǇ ǁǎ ǊǈǇǊǇƺǆǇǊǋǕ ǃ ǅƾǋƹƺǇǄǁ|ǅǌ, ǉƾǈƹǉƹǏǁǁ ƝƦƣ ǁ ǉǇǊǋǌ ǈǇǃƹ ǇǊǋƹ-ƾǋǊǘ ƽǁǊǃǌǊǊǁǇǆǆǇ ǂ, Ǌƹǅ Ǎƹǃǋ ǁǎ ǊǌǒƾǊǋƻǇƻƹǆǁǘ ƻ ǋƾǐƾǆǁƾ ǅǆǇƼǁǎ ǋǔǊǘǐƾǄƾǋǁ ǂ ƻ ǌǊǄǇƻǁǘǎ ƻƾǐǆǇ ǂ ǅƾǉ|ǄǇǋǔ ǊƻǁƽƾǋƾǄǕǊǋƻǌƾǋ Ǉƺ ǁǎ ǍƾǆǇǅƾǆƹǄǕǆǇ ǂ ƿǁ|ǆƾǊǈǇǊǇƺǆǇǊǋǁ. Ƨƽǆƹ ǁ| ǋƹǃǁǎ ƺƹǃǋƾǉǁ ǂ (B. sp.), Ǉƺǆƹǉǌƿƾǆǆƹǘ ƻ Ƹǃǌǋǁǁ ǁ Ǉǃƹ|ƹƻǑƹǘǊǘ ǊǈǇǊǇƺǆǇ ǂ ǈǇƻǔǑƹǋǕ ǈǉǇƽǇǄƿǁǋƾǄǕǆǇǊǋǕ ƿǁ|ǆǁ ǁ ǁǅǅǌǆǁǋƾǋ ƽǉǇ|ǇǍǁǄ ǁ ǅǔǑƾ ǂ (ƙ. ƛ. ƚǉǌǑǃǇƻ ǁ ƽǉ., 2009), ƺǔǄƹ ǁ|ǌǐƾǆƹ ƻ ǋƾǊǋƹǎ ǆƹ ǉƹ|ƻǁƻƹǗǒǁǎǊǘ ƽǉǇ|ǇǍǁǄƹǎ. ƝǄǘ ǖǋǇƼǇ ǃ ǈǁǋƹǋƾǄǕǆǇ ǂ Ǌǉƾƽƾ Drosophila melanogaster ƽǇƺƹƻǄǘǄǁ ǃǌǄǕǋǌǉǌ B. sp. ƻ ǃǇǆǏƾǆǋǉƹǏǁǁ Ǉǋ 1 ǅǄǆ/ǅǄ ƽǇ 500 ǅǄǆ/ǅǄ. ơ|ǌǐƹǄǁ ǃǇǅǈǄƾǃǊ ǈǇ-ǃƹ|ƹǋƾǄƾ ǂ, ǎƹǉƹǃǋƾǉǁ|ǌǗǒǁǎ ǋƾǅǈǔ ǁ ǊǅƾǉǋǆǇǊǋǕ ǆƹ ǖǋƹǈƹǎ Ǆǁǐǁǆǃǁ ǁ ǃǌǃǇǄǃǁ. Ƭ ƻǔǄǌǈǁƻǑǁǎǊǘ ƻ ǋƹǃǁǎ ǌǊǄǇƻǁǘǎ ǁǅƹƼǇ ǇǈǉƾƽƾǄǘǄǁ ǌǉǇƻƾǆǕ Ƽƹ|Ǉ-Ǉƺǅƾǆƹ (Vo 2 ǁ Vco 2 ), ǅƹǊǊǌ ǋƾǄƹ ǁ ǌǊǋǇ ǂǐǁƻǇǊǋǕ ǃ ǊǋǉƾǊǊƹǅ. ƨǇƽ ƻǄǁǘǆǁƾǅ B. sp. ǈǉǇǁǊǎǇƽǁǋ ƽǇ|Ǉ-|ƹƻǁǊǁǅǇƾ ǌǊǃǇǉƾǆǁƾ ǋƾǅǈǇƻ ǉǇǊǋƹ ǁ Ǌǆǁƿƾǆǁƾ ǊǅƾǉǋǆǇǊǋǁ ǄǁǐǁǆǇǃ. Ƭ ǁǅƹƼǇ ǇƺǆƹǉǌƿƾǆǇ ǌƻƾǄǁ-ǐƾǆǁƾ ǊǈǇǆǋƹǆǆǇ ǂ ƽƻǁƼƹǋƾǄǕǆǇ ǂ ƹǃǋǁƻǆǇǊǋǁ, Vo 2 ǁ Vco 2 , ǅƹǊǊǔ ǋƾǄƹ ǁ ǌǊǋǇ ǂǐǁƻǇǊǋǁ ǃ ǋƾǈǄǇƻǇǅǌ ǑǇǃǌ ǁ Ƭƭ-ǇƺǄǌǐƾǆǁǗ. ƣǄǗǐƾƻǔƾ ǊǄǇƻƹ: ǉƾǄǁǃǋǇƻǔƾ ǅǁǃǉǇǇǉƼƹǆǁ|-ǅǔ, ƽǉǇ|ǇǍǁǄƹ, ǉƹ|ƻǁǋǁƾ, ƻǔƿǁƻƹƾǅǇǊǋǕ, ǌǊǋǇ ǂǐǁ-ƻǇǊǋǕ ǃ ǊǋǉƾǊǊƹǅ