TAKUNDA SHABANI | Midlands State University, Zimbabwe (original) (raw)

Papers by TAKUNDA SHABANI

Environmental sciences Europe, Mar 18, 2024

Management of solid waste from rural hospitals is among major problems affecting developing count... more Management of solid waste from rural hospitals is among major problems affecting developing countries. This is mostly attributed to inadequate data related to quantity and quality of hospital solid waste. Similarly, information related to rural hospital solid waste characteristics and management is limited in Zimbabwe. However, SDGs complemented by Zimbabwe Vision 2030, NDS 1 advocates for sustainable solid waste management. Hence, enough data related to characteristics of solid waste from rural hospitals are required to attain sustainability. This research focuses on hospital solid waste characteristics and management strategies at STT and HC rural hospitals. Descriptive cross sectional research design which triangulates qualitative and quantitative paradigms was utilized. Interviews, observations, questionnaires were used to collect data. Quantitative data were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences whereas qualitative data were subjected to content analysis. Solid waste generated at STT encompasses non-hazardous (77.35%), hazardous waste (22.65%). At HC solid waste consists of non-hazardous (79%) and hazardous waste (21%). Respondents at STT (70.4%) and HC (72.7%) noted that solid waste was increasing. Solid waste was increasing due to various factors namely high use of disposable materials at HC (35.1%), STT (42.5%) and increase of patients at HC (30%) and STT (29.7%). Solid waste was indiscriminately stored in various types of containers although pedal operated bins and sharp containers were highly used at STT (72.4%) and HC (69.1%). Waste receptacles were transported to disposal sites using wheelbarrows and manual handling. Open pits and burning were among disposal strategies but incineration was regarded as the golden approach at STT (44.8%) and HC (41.8%). Inappropriate hospital solid waste management was due to shortage of finance at STT (38.1%) and HC (30.9%) and unawareness among health workers. Although it was worsened by lack of all stakeholder participation at STT (79.0%) and HC (76.4%). Consequently, the study recommended application of strategies which support circular economy, integrated approach, raising awareness of health workers and provision of enough resources to rural hospitals.

Food waste is a significant issue worldwide, with developing countries like Zimbabwe facing uniqu... more Food waste is a significant issue worldwide, with developing countries like Zimbabwe facing unique challenges in managing household food waste. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is a tool that can help to understand the environmental impacts of food waste and identify opportunities for reduction. The aim of this review paper is to utilize the LCA approach to examine and analyze the environmental effects of food waste produced at household level in Zimbabwe. The study also attempts to offer insights on feasible methods and interventions that can be used in Zimbabwe to lessen household food waste and the effects it has on the environment. A systematic literature search was conducted using Science Direct, Google Scholar, Springer, African Journal Online, PubMed, Scopus and Sage Publications using key words for example life cycle assessment, food waste, household food waste, sustainability, waste management and environmental impact. The review includes 41 English articles published up to 2024. The references added up to 76 because some of the references were found inside the 41 articles used to compile the review. The review established that household food waste in Zimbabwe is a significant issue. The main causes of food waste include poverty, lack of access to markets and inadequate storage and transportation infrastructure. Life Cycle Assessment has been applied in Zimbabwe to assess the environmental impacts of food waste, with a focus on land, water and greenhouse gas emissions. As a result, relevant stakeholders and the government should give priority to implementing awareness campaigns and education programs to promote food preservation techniques, minimize food loss and encourage the adoption of home composting systems in order to improve Zimbabwe's LCA of household food waste. The review emphasizes the importance of addressing the root causes of household food waste, such as inadequate infrastructure to reduce impacts of household food waste in Zimbabwe.

Improper solid waste management is one of the causes of environmental and health problems in many... more Improper solid waste management is one of the causes of environmental and health problems in many cities worldwide. It is in this context that the study aimed to determine the solid waste management strategies used in Amaveni suburbs in Kwekwe, Zimbabwe and assess the health and environmental problems associated with the solid waste management strategies used in Amaveni. Researchers used a mixed method design in which quantitative and qualitative data was collected at the same time. Semi-structured interviews, field observations and questionnaires were used to collect data. The sample comprised 380 Amaveni residents, 3 Kwekwe City employees and one Environmental Management Agency (EMA) official. Qualitative data was analyzed thematically while quantitative data was analyzed using inferential statistics. Open dumping and open burning were the dominant solid waste management strategies in Amaveni. The main health problems identified were cholera and malaria. Air pollution, water pollution and loss of urban beauty were the main environmental problems identified. From the findings it can be concluded that solid waste management strategies used in Amaveni were associated with many health and environmental problems and as a result sustainable solid waste management was proposed.

Discover environment, May 24, 2024

The management of safety and health hazards associated with construction and demolition waste in ... more The management of safety and health hazards associated with construction and demolition waste in Zimbabwe is a critical issue that requires comprehensive attention. Purpose: This review paper provides an in-depth analysis of the current state of safety and health hazards associated with construction and demolition waste management sector in Zimbabwe. Methods: Literature was searched from various databases for example African Journals Online, PubMed, Science Direct, Springer, Sage Publications, Google Scholar and Scopus. Key words such as construction and demolition waste, waste management, safety hazards, health hazards and risk assessment were used to retrieve data from different databases. Results: The paper finds that construction and demolition waste management is associated with physical, chemical, biological and ergonomic hazards. The review posits that there are existing regulatory frameworks and enforcement mechanisms related to safety and health in construction and demolition waste management in Zimbabwe for example Environmental Management Act [Chapter 20:27] and Urban Councils Act [Chapter 29:15]. Risk assessment and use of personal protective equipment were highlighted as strategies to manage safety and health hazards associated with construction and demolition waste in Zimbabwe. Proper handling, storage, transportation and disposal of construction and demolition waste reduce its impacts to the people and the environment. Challenges affecting Zimbabwe in managing safety and health hazards associated with construction and demolition waste include economic constraints, lack of awareness and education as well as limited recycling and waste treatment facilities. Conclusion: Overall, this paper aims to provide valuable insights for policymakers, industry professionals, researchers and other stakeholders to enhance safety and health standards in construction and demolition waste management practices in Zimbabwe.

Livestock production in Mwenezi District (MD) has become more susceptible to effects of climatic ... more Livestock production in Mwenezi District (MD) has become more susceptible to effects of climatic variability and change which undermines developmental gains from livestock value chain. Climate change impacts are increasing the intensity of livestock poverty and deaths across all forms of livestock. The study examined livestock production interventions implemented to reduce livestock poverty deaths in MD. Descriptive research design which utilizes both qualitative and quantitative paradigms was used to accurately and systematically describe the phenomenon. A household survey questionnaire was administered to sampled households in MD wards 4 and 10 while interviews were conducted with purposively selected key informants from the department Agriculture Technical and Extension Services (AGRITEX), Veterinary Services Department, Rural District Council, CARE and District Development Coordinator's Office. Various interventions including construction of improved livestock structures, availing of safe drinking water for livestock, livestock feed formulation have been initiated to reduce and contain livestock poverty deaths. The study recommends that development actors should initiate more interventions to boost livestock production sector since it is the most suitable intervention in relation to climate and weather conditions experienced in MD. The research offers insights to address the complex interplay between climate change, livestock farming, poverty and resilience building. Results inform future researchers while guiding policy makers working in similar contexts on how best to support vulnerable communities. Findings lessen the burden to achieve Sustainable Development Goals namely no poverty, zero hunger amongst others. The study enlightened farmers on how to implement drought mitigation and adaptation techniques during drought periods.

Mining significantly contributes to the development of local communities across the globe. Howeve... more Mining significantly contributes to the development of local communities across the globe. However, mining activities present various detrimental impacts to the natural environment in developed and developing nations. The scenario is more visible in developing countries particularly in rural areas where most of the mines are located and rural areas in Zimbabwe are not spared. Nevertheless, Sustainable Development Goals complemented by Zimbabwe Vision 2030 advocates for activities which support sustainability and mining is not excluded. Achieving sustainable mining activities require adequate data related to environmental problems associated with mining activities. Therefore, this research focuses on unearthing mining-induced land degradation in rural areas of Zimbabwe using already existing literature. In Zimbabwe legal and illegal mining activities characterised by open pits and vegetation destruction are practised in rural areas. Despite the existence of a legal framework directed to mining activities, mining induced land degradation is common due to numerous socioeconomic and political problems. Dealing with mining induced land degradation in rural areas is currently more difficult due to utilisation of approaches which are almost fragmented. Existing strategies are characterised by lack of coordination among institutions, policy makers and law enforcers translating to duplication of efforts and misunderstandings among accountable stakeholders. To worsen the scenario, there is limited participation of local communities leading to failure of measures implemented to curb mining induced land degradation. After being informed by the existing situation, the review paper develops a framework with potential to address the problem of mining induced land degradation in rural areas of Zimbabwe.

Life Cycle Reliability and Safety Engineering

Work safety analysis is a process which is done to incorporate recognised occupational health and... more Work safety analysis is a process which is done to incorporate recognised occupational health and safety principles in the steps of a particular task operation. In work safety analysis, there is identification of risks in each step of the task being carried and the recommended measures are applied to manage those risks. Through the use of work safety analysis, safety awareness is raised and safety communication and feedback is improved as well as the use of safety equipment when job tasks are performed. This promotes safe work practices within the workplace. Indeed, work safety analysis is important in promoting occupational safety in both private and public sectors and the medical sector is not spared. This is because the medical sector institutions are affected by different work-related risks as a result of poor management, dearth of equipment, poor safety policies and shortage of incentives which demotivate workers hence poor safety behaviour is exacerbated. Therefore, the aim of this review is to examine the role of Behaviour-Based Procedures in work safety analysis using existing literature. To serve the aim of this review, a Behaviour-Based Procedures framework for sustainable and effective work safety analysis was proposed based on Social Exchange Theory (Blau in Exchange and power in social life. Wiley, New York, 1964).

Safety in Extreme Environments

The paper aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the various work-related risks that healthc... more The paper aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the various work-related risks that healthcare workers face in rural hospitals of Chirumanzu District. Descriptive cross sectional design was used for the study to collect data among 109 healthcare workers at Muvonde hospital and 68 healthcare workers at Driefontein Sanatorium hospital. Data was collected using questionnaires, interviews, observations and secondary data sources. Overall, 100% of questionnaire respondents at Muvonde hospital and Driefontein Sanatorium hospital indicated that they are affected with work-related risks such as ergonomic, chemical, physical, psychosocial and biological. Shortage of labour, work-related pressure, shortage of equipment, poor commitment of the management and poor safety training were indicated as the causes of risks within the hospitals. Risks which occur at the hospitals exposes healthcare workers to various injuries and diseases. This causes this paper to discuss measures that are used to manage risks at Driefontein Sanatorium hospital and Muvonde hospital and effectiveness of the measures. Measures raised at the hospitals include safety trainings, recruitment of more healthcare workers and provision of safety equipment are some of the measures raised by healthcare works to manage risks. As a result, interventions must be established in order to alleviate risks. However, established measures should focus mainly on addressing shortage of equipment such as PPE/C, work-related pressure, poor safety trainings and influence the commitment of the management team positively.

Life Cycle Reliability and Safety Engineering

Accident prevention in industries is an important phenomena in Zimbabwe. This review paper looks ... more Accident prevention in industries is an important phenomena in Zimbabwe. This review paper looks at the effectiveness of total loss control approach in accident prevention in industries in Zimbabwe. The review looks at the literature on the total loss control approach and how it has been implemented in Zimbabwean industrial settings. Articles were searched from different databases notably PubMed, African Journals Online, Science Direct, Scopus, Springer, Google Scholar and Sage Publications. The paper reviews the studies conducted in Zimbabwe on the total loss control approach, identifying its strengths and weaknesses. The review indicates features which are applied for total loss control approach such as hazard identification, risk assessment, safety audits and inspections, safety communication, safety education and training, safe design, accident investigation, accidents reports and use of hierarchy of controls. It finds that the total loss control approach is effective in reducing the number of accidents in Zimbabwean, as long as it is implemented properly. The findings suggest that the total loss control approach could be further improved by better enforcement of safety regulations and more stringent safety papers.

Safety in Extreme Environments

programs can be significant. Productivity and organizational performance are challenges faced by ... more programs can be significant. Productivity and organizational performance are challenges faced by construction industries in Zimbabwe (Moyo et al. 2023; Moyo et al. 2019). This implies that employee productivity and organizational performance are prevailing challenges in Zimbabwe as a result OSH programs can have an impact on improving productivity and performance of organizations. Occupational Safety and Health programs are designed to ensure the safety, health and welfare of people at work. These programs aim to prevent workplace injuries, illnesses and deaths through various strategies including policies, programs, environmental supports, benefits and links to the surrounding community (Ngwenya and Pelser 2020; Nyanga 2022a, b). Occupational Safety and Health programs lead to the reduction of fatal accidents from 1, 243 fatal accidents which were recorded in 2005 to 971 fatal accidents which were recorded in 2017 at

Purpose of the Review Wastewater is a term used to describe water that has undergone degradation ... more Purpose of the Review Wastewater is a term used to describe water that has undergone degradation in quality owing to anthropogenic activities or natural processes. Wastewater encompasses liquid waste originating from academic institutions, households, agricultural sector, industries, mines and hospitals. Hospital wastewater contains potentially hazardous substances including residues of pharmaceuticals, radioisotopes, detergents and pathogens, with detrimental impacts to the environment and human health. Nevertheless, studies related to hospital waste management are limited in Africa, particularly in Southern Africa. This research offers an overview of aspects surrounding hospital wastewater in Southern Africa, focusing on Zimbabwe. Already published and grey literature was reviewed to compile the paper. Recent Findings Number of patients, nature of medical services offered and hospital size influences generation of hospital wastewater. Partially and non-treated hospital wastewater is managed together with municipal wastewater. Management of hospital wastewater is impeded by shortage of resources, lack of coordination among responsible authorities and ineffective legal framework enforcement, among other challenges. Inappropriate hospital wastewater management results in environmental contamination, causing human ailments. Summary Attainment of sustainable hospital wastewater management requires clearly defined and enforced legislation, collaboration of accountable stakeholders, sufficient resources and enhanced awareness of involved stakeholders. Application of technologies that uphold recycling and reuse of wastewater is essential to reach Sustainable Development Goals, Zimbabwe Vision 2030 and National Development Strategy 1 targets, particularly those dealing with environmental protection while upholding human health.

Municipal solid waste management (MSWM) is a worldwide problem as most local authorities are unab... more Municipal solid waste management (MSWM) is a worldwide problem as most local authorities are unable to dispose MSW safely. The study sought to evaluate safety and health risks associated with illegal MSW disposal in Masvingo City. Descriptive cross-sectional design was employed in which quantitative and qualitative data were collected concurrently. Questionnaires with both close and open-ended questions, semi-structured interviews, observations and secondary data sources were used during data collection. The study population comprised participants from Masvingo City's residential areas, Masvingo City Council employees and Environmental Management Agency (EMA) officials. A sample of 406 participants, comprising 354 residents from high-density, 16 residents from medium-density, 24 residents from low-density suburbs. Six interviewees were included during the study. Interviewees were selected purposively. Quantitative data was entered into Microsoft Excel Spreadsheet for analysis and content analysis was used to analyse qualitative data. Results showed that Cholera, skin problems, injuries and malaria were the main health problems. Based on the findings of the study, it can be concluded that MSW disposal in Masvingo was a threat to safety and human health. The study recommends that Masvingo City council provide receptacles and collect waste frequently.

The study was carried to give a comprehensive overview of different types of ergonomic risks amon... more The study was carried to give a comprehensive overview of different types of ergonomic risks among refuse collectors at Chitungwiza Municipality of Harare District. Descriptive cross-sectional design was used to collect data during the study because it applies both quantitative and qualitative techniques. During the study data was collected using observations, questionnaires and interviews as well as secondary data sources. Generally, 100% of the refuse collectors who participated as questionnaire respondents indicated that they are exposed to musculoskeletal disorders notably muscular strain, shoulder pain and back injuries. Poor lifting techniques, manual loading of waste, awkward postures and carrying of heavy loads were indicated as factors which expose refuse collectors to ergonomic risks at Chitungwiza Municipality in Harare. Causes of ergonomic risks raised by the respondents of the study causes the paper to put attention on measures used to manage risks at the municipalities. Safety training, medical examination and induction were some of the measures used to manage ergonomic risks raised by the refuse collectors. Based on the findings of this research paper, several recommendations were provided notably, continuous training and education, regular health monitoring, improvement of work organisation and collaboration and stakeholder engagement.

Management of solid waste from rural hospitals is amongst problems affecting Zimbabwe due to dise... more Management of solid waste from rural hospitals is amongst problems affecting Zimbabwe due to diseases, population, and hospital increase. Solid waste from rural hospitals is receiving little attention translating to environmental health problems. Therefore, 101 secondary sources were used to write a paper aiming to proffer a hierarchical model to achieve sustainable solid waste management at rural hospitals. Rural hospitals' solid waste encompasses electronic waste, sharps, pharmaceutical, pathological, radioactive, chemical, infectious, and general waste. General solid waste from rural hospitals is between 77.35 and 79% whilst hazardous waste is between 21 and 22.65%. Solid waste increase add burden to nearly incapacitated rural hospitals. Rural hospital solid waste management processes include storage, transportation, treatment methods like autoclaving and chlorination, waste reduction alternatives, and disposal. Disposal strategies involve open pits, open burning, dumping, and incineration. Rural hospital solid waste management is guided by legislation, policies, guidelines, and conventions. Effectiveness of legal framework is limited by economic and sociopolitical problems. Rural hospital solid waste management remain inappropriate causing environmental health risks. Developed hierarchical model can narrow the route to attain sustainable management of rural hospitals' solid waste. Proposed hierarchical model consists of five-layered strategies and acted as a guide for identifying and ranking approaches to manage rural hospitals' solid waste. Additionally, Zimbabwean government, Environmental Management Agency and Ministry of Health is recommended to collaborate to provide sufficient resources to rural hospitals whilst enforcing legal framework. Integration of all hierarchical model's elements is essential whereas all-stakeholder involvement and solid waste minimisation approaches are significant at rural hospitals.

Management of solid waste from rural hospitals is among major problems affecting developing count... more Management of solid waste from rural hospitals is among major problems affecting developing countries. This is mostly attributed to inadequate data related to quantity and quality of hospital solid waste. Similarly, information related to rural hospital solid waste characteristics and management is limited in Zimbabwe. However, SDGs complemented by Zimbabwe Vision 2030, NDS 1 advocates for sustainable solid waste management. Hence, enough data related to characteristics of solid waste from rural hospitals are required to attain sustainability. This research focuses on hospital solid waste characteristics and management strategies at STT and HC rural hospitals. Descriptive cross sectional research design which triangulates qualitative and quantitative paradigms was utilized. Interviews, observations, questionnaires were used to collect data. Quantitative data were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences whereas qualitative data were subjected to content analysis. Solid waste generated at STT encompasses non-hazardous (77.35%), hazardous waste (22.65%). At HC solid waste consists of non-hazardous (79%) and hazardous waste (21%). Respondents at STT (70.4%) and HC (72.7%) noted that solid waste was increasing. Solid waste was increasing due to various factors namely high use of disposable materials at HC (35.1%), STT (42.5%) and increase of patients at HC (30%) and STT (29.7%). Solid waste was indiscriminately stored in various types of containers although pedal operated bins and sharp containers were highly used at STT (72.4%) and HC (69.1%). Waste receptacles were transported to disposal sites using wheelbarrows and manual handling. Open pits and burning were among disposal strategies but incineration was regarded as the golden approach at STT (44.8%) and HC (41.8%). Inappropriate hospital solid waste management was due to shortage of finance at STT (38.1%) and HC (30.9%) and unawareness among health workers. Although it was worsened by lack of all stakeholder participation at STT (79.0%) and HC (76.4%). Consequently, the study recommended application of strategies which support circular economy, integrated approach, raising awareness of health workers and provision of enough resources to rural hospitals.

Solid waste increase is inevitable globally due to anthropogenic activities. This adds burden to ... more Solid waste increase is inevitable globally due to anthropogenic activities. This adds burden to waste management systems in developing countries including Zimbabwe. Currently, life cycle assessment (LCA) model is used to achieve sustainability and circular economy (CE) in solid waste management. Therefore, the main goal of this paper was to unearth LCA model applicability in solid waste management in Zimbabwe. Data sources were retrieved from databases like Scopus, ScienceDirect and Springer, although government documents were also used. In Zimbabwe, organic and inorganic solid waste is generated from various sources, namely industries, institutions and households. Solid waste management in Zimbabwe is based on traditional linear approach where waste is collected and disposed through landfilling, burning, incineration, burying, open pits or illegally. Most disposal approaches occupy base of waste management pyramid, hence posing detrimental impacts to human health, terrestrial, aquatic and atmospheric ecosystems. Management approaches are far from Agenda 21, Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), Zimbabwe Vision 2030 and National Development Strategy 1 demands. Literature revealed that LCA model can be utilised to achieve sustainable solid waste management in countries like Zimbabwe. LCA model is essential in management of solid waste in Zimbabwe, since it assists decision makers in selecting management approaches with less environmental health impacts. Moreover, LCA enables application of waste material reuse, recycle, repairing and recovery, thus narrowing the gap to achieve CE and economic growth in Zimbabwe. Owing to LCA model implementation of waste management legislation and policies which support energy recovery and circular economy became easier in Zimbabwe.

Environmental Management Systems (EMS) are currently the cornerstone of achieving sustainability ... more Environmental Management Systems (EMS) are currently the cornerstone of achieving sustainability globally. Nevertheless, the question is applicability of EMS in the medical sector. Hence, the review focused on applicability of EMS in medical waste management Zimbabwe. EMS involves overall processes that facilitate reduction of dire impacts of company's activities while increasing performance. EMS framework consists of environmental policy, planning, implementation, checking, review and improvement stages. To examine applicability of EMS in management of medical sector waste, published secondary sources with information related to the topic were utilised. Analysis of strengths and opportunities of EMS was used as a base to examine its applicability in medical waste management. Zimbabwean medical sector consist of hospitals and primary healthcare facilities. Medical waste includes pathological, pharmaceutical, cytotoxic, radioactive, chemical, sharp, infectious and general waste. However, twenty-first century witnessed expansion of medical institutions to accommodate COVID-19 patients, resulting in generation of construction and demotion waste. Medical institutions in Zimbabwe are accountable for solid waste management at generation source although municipalities are responsible for conveying solid waste to landfills. Solid waste from medical sector is disposed through traditional strategies namely landfilling, incineration, open pits and open burning, resulting in water, air, and soil contamination. However, EMS can reduce quantity of solid waste disposed through waste reuse, recycle and recovery. Moreover, achievement of integrated approach, effective legislation, policies and inclusive participation in medical waste management is adopted through use of EMS. Therefore, EMS were utilised to develop an integrated sustainable medical waste management model to achieve sustainability.

In Zimbabwe, management of medical solid waste is emerging as a visible dilemma. This is attribut... more In Zimbabwe, management of medical solid waste is emerging as a visible dilemma. This is attributed to population explosion as well as outbreak of diseases and spread of already existing diseases which accelerate volume of medical solid waste generated by medical facilities. Consequently, the overarching objective of this paper was to review medical solid waste management status in Zimbabwe utilising published documents. The literature demonstrated that medical solid waste generated in Zimbabwe encompasses pathological, pharmaceutical, chemical, infectious, cytotoxic, sharps and general waste. Management approaches used by medical facilities are marred with inappropriateness as shown by storage, collection, conveyance and disposal of non-segregated waste. Verdicts of the study depict that open pit dumping, landfills, incineration, burying, open burning, ottoway pits and open dumpsites are discarding strategies used. However, these strategies pose water, air and soil pollution, therefore, impacting the ecosystem and humanity. Findings indicated that infectious diseases, respiratory diseases, gastro-intestinal problems and injuries emanate due to poor management of medical waste. The roots of unsafe management of medical solid waste include inadequate finance, weak enforcement of legislation, ignorance among health workers and waste workers as well as non-participatory approach in decision making. Zimbabwe is recommended to direct funds to medical solid waste, increase awareness of health workers through trainings and education and reinforcing enforcement of legislation linked to medical solid waste among others.

Electronic equipment and appliances are currently essential for Zimbabweans' daily lives and had ... more Electronic equipment and appliances are currently essential for Zimbabweans' daily lives and had a vast influence on the country's economy. Electronic waste increase is inevitable, hence need attention to understand aspects surrounding management of massive quantities of electronic waste. This review aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of the electronic waste situation in Zimbabwe. In order to present an authoritative and credible overview of the topic, published and grey literature was utilised. Skyrocketing increase of electronic waste in Zimbabwe is attributed to technological advancement, globalisation, increase in consumption of electronic gadgets and appliances and importation of secondhand electronic products and high dependency on electrical gadgets in industries and institutions. Electronic waste is managed together with other types of waste from generation to disposal. Utilised disposal approaches include open pits, burning, incinerators, landfilling; however, electronic waste is discarded on illegal sites like street corners, open spaces and road verges. Recycling activities are carried out, but the sector is dominated by informal recyclers who work without adequate safety gear, hence exposed to occupational risks like injuries. Most of the disposal techniques applied are least prioritised by the waste management hierarchy, therefore causing air, soil, water and atmospheric contamination. Electronic waste disposal sites generate leachates, vectors and furans, dioxins, heavy metals and toxic gases from combustion that pose gastrointestinal and respiratory diseases. Electronic waste mismanagement is attributed to socioeconomic and political challenges. Therefore, to reach sustainability, integrated approach should be supported by stringent legislation, policies, enough resources and programs to raise awareness of Zimbabweans.

Environmental sciences Europe, Mar 18, 2024

Management of solid waste from rural hospitals is among major problems affecting developing count... more Management of solid waste from rural hospitals is among major problems affecting developing countries. This is mostly attributed to inadequate data related to quantity and quality of hospital solid waste. Similarly, information related to rural hospital solid waste characteristics and management is limited in Zimbabwe. However, SDGs complemented by Zimbabwe Vision 2030, NDS 1 advocates for sustainable solid waste management. Hence, enough data related to characteristics of solid waste from rural hospitals are required to attain sustainability. This research focuses on hospital solid waste characteristics and management strategies at STT and HC rural hospitals. Descriptive cross sectional research design which triangulates qualitative and quantitative paradigms was utilized. Interviews, observations, questionnaires were used to collect data. Quantitative data were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences whereas qualitative data were subjected to content analysis. Solid waste generated at STT encompasses non-hazardous (77.35%), hazardous waste (22.65%). At HC solid waste consists of non-hazardous (79%) and hazardous waste (21%). Respondents at STT (70.4%) and HC (72.7%) noted that solid waste was increasing. Solid waste was increasing due to various factors namely high use of disposable materials at HC (35.1%), STT (42.5%) and increase of patients at HC (30%) and STT (29.7%). Solid waste was indiscriminately stored in various types of containers although pedal operated bins and sharp containers were highly used at STT (72.4%) and HC (69.1%). Waste receptacles were transported to disposal sites using wheelbarrows and manual handling. Open pits and burning were among disposal strategies but incineration was regarded as the golden approach at STT (44.8%) and HC (41.8%). Inappropriate hospital solid waste management was due to shortage of finance at STT (38.1%) and HC (30.9%) and unawareness among health workers. Although it was worsened by lack of all stakeholder participation at STT (79.0%) and HC (76.4%). Consequently, the study recommended application of strategies which support circular economy, integrated approach, raising awareness of health workers and provision of enough resources to rural hospitals.

Food waste is a significant issue worldwide, with developing countries like Zimbabwe facing uniqu... more Food waste is a significant issue worldwide, with developing countries like Zimbabwe facing unique challenges in managing household food waste. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is a tool that can help to understand the environmental impacts of food waste and identify opportunities for reduction. The aim of this review paper is to utilize the LCA approach to examine and analyze the environmental effects of food waste produced at household level in Zimbabwe. The study also attempts to offer insights on feasible methods and interventions that can be used in Zimbabwe to lessen household food waste and the effects it has on the environment. A systematic literature search was conducted using Science Direct, Google Scholar, Springer, African Journal Online, PubMed, Scopus and Sage Publications using key words for example life cycle assessment, food waste, household food waste, sustainability, waste management and environmental impact. The review includes 41 English articles published up to 2024. The references added up to 76 because some of the references were found inside the 41 articles used to compile the review. The review established that household food waste in Zimbabwe is a significant issue. The main causes of food waste include poverty, lack of access to markets and inadequate storage and transportation infrastructure. Life Cycle Assessment has been applied in Zimbabwe to assess the environmental impacts of food waste, with a focus on land, water and greenhouse gas emissions. As a result, relevant stakeholders and the government should give priority to implementing awareness campaigns and education programs to promote food preservation techniques, minimize food loss and encourage the adoption of home composting systems in order to improve Zimbabwe's LCA of household food waste. The review emphasizes the importance of addressing the root causes of household food waste, such as inadequate infrastructure to reduce impacts of household food waste in Zimbabwe.

Improper solid waste management is one of the causes of environmental and health problems in many... more Improper solid waste management is one of the causes of environmental and health problems in many cities worldwide. It is in this context that the study aimed to determine the solid waste management strategies used in Amaveni suburbs in Kwekwe, Zimbabwe and assess the health and environmental problems associated with the solid waste management strategies used in Amaveni. Researchers used a mixed method design in which quantitative and qualitative data was collected at the same time. Semi-structured interviews, field observations and questionnaires were used to collect data. The sample comprised 380 Amaveni residents, 3 Kwekwe City employees and one Environmental Management Agency (EMA) official. Qualitative data was analyzed thematically while quantitative data was analyzed using inferential statistics. Open dumping and open burning were the dominant solid waste management strategies in Amaveni. The main health problems identified were cholera and malaria. Air pollution, water pollution and loss of urban beauty were the main environmental problems identified. From the findings it can be concluded that solid waste management strategies used in Amaveni were associated with many health and environmental problems and as a result sustainable solid waste management was proposed.

Discover environment, May 24, 2024

The management of safety and health hazards associated with construction and demolition waste in ... more The management of safety and health hazards associated with construction and demolition waste in Zimbabwe is a critical issue that requires comprehensive attention. Purpose: This review paper provides an in-depth analysis of the current state of safety and health hazards associated with construction and demolition waste management sector in Zimbabwe. Methods: Literature was searched from various databases for example African Journals Online, PubMed, Science Direct, Springer, Sage Publications, Google Scholar and Scopus. Key words such as construction and demolition waste, waste management, safety hazards, health hazards and risk assessment were used to retrieve data from different databases. Results: The paper finds that construction and demolition waste management is associated with physical, chemical, biological and ergonomic hazards. The review posits that there are existing regulatory frameworks and enforcement mechanisms related to safety and health in construction and demolition waste management in Zimbabwe for example Environmental Management Act [Chapter 20:27] and Urban Councils Act [Chapter 29:15]. Risk assessment and use of personal protective equipment were highlighted as strategies to manage safety and health hazards associated with construction and demolition waste in Zimbabwe. Proper handling, storage, transportation and disposal of construction and demolition waste reduce its impacts to the people and the environment. Challenges affecting Zimbabwe in managing safety and health hazards associated with construction and demolition waste include economic constraints, lack of awareness and education as well as limited recycling and waste treatment facilities. Conclusion: Overall, this paper aims to provide valuable insights for policymakers, industry professionals, researchers and other stakeholders to enhance safety and health standards in construction and demolition waste management practices in Zimbabwe.

Livestock production in Mwenezi District (MD) has become more susceptible to effects of climatic ... more Livestock production in Mwenezi District (MD) has become more susceptible to effects of climatic variability and change which undermines developmental gains from livestock value chain. Climate change impacts are increasing the intensity of livestock poverty and deaths across all forms of livestock. The study examined livestock production interventions implemented to reduce livestock poverty deaths in MD. Descriptive research design which utilizes both qualitative and quantitative paradigms was used to accurately and systematically describe the phenomenon. A household survey questionnaire was administered to sampled households in MD wards 4 and 10 while interviews were conducted with purposively selected key informants from the department Agriculture Technical and Extension Services (AGRITEX), Veterinary Services Department, Rural District Council, CARE and District Development Coordinator's Office. Various interventions including construction of improved livestock structures, availing of safe drinking water for livestock, livestock feed formulation have been initiated to reduce and contain livestock poverty deaths. The study recommends that development actors should initiate more interventions to boost livestock production sector since it is the most suitable intervention in relation to climate and weather conditions experienced in MD. The research offers insights to address the complex interplay between climate change, livestock farming, poverty and resilience building. Results inform future researchers while guiding policy makers working in similar contexts on how best to support vulnerable communities. Findings lessen the burden to achieve Sustainable Development Goals namely no poverty, zero hunger amongst others. The study enlightened farmers on how to implement drought mitigation and adaptation techniques during drought periods.

Mining significantly contributes to the development of local communities across the globe. Howeve... more Mining significantly contributes to the development of local communities across the globe. However, mining activities present various detrimental impacts to the natural environment in developed and developing nations. The scenario is more visible in developing countries particularly in rural areas where most of the mines are located and rural areas in Zimbabwe are not spared. Nevertheless, Sustainable Development Goals complemented by Zimbabwe Vision 2030 advocates for activities which support sustainability and mining is not excluded. Achieving sustainable mining activities require adequate data related to environmental problems associated with mining activities. Therefore, this research focuses on unearthing mining-induced land degradation in rural areas of Zimbabwe using already existing literature. In Zimbabwe legal and illegal mining activities characterised by open pits and vegetation destruction are practised in rural areas. Despite the existence of a legal framework directed to mining activities, mining induced land degradation is common due to numerous socioeconomic and political problems. Dealing with mining induced land degradation in rural areas is currently more difficult due to utilisation of approaches which are almost fragmented. Existing strategies are characterised by lack of coordination among institutions, policy makers and law enforcers translating to duplication of efforts and misunderstandings among accountable stakeholders. To worsen the scenario, there is limited participation of local communities leading to failure of measures implemented to curb mining induced land degradation. After being informed by the existing situation, the review paper develops a framework with potential to address the problem of mining induced land degradation in rural areas of Zimbabwe.

Life Cycle Reliability and Safety Engineering

Work safety analysis is a process which is done to incorporate recognised occupational health and... more Work safety analysis is a process which is done to incorporate recognised occupational health and safety principles in the steps of a particular task operation. In work safety analysis, there is identification of risks in each step of the task being carried and the recommended measures are applied to manage those risks. Through the use of work safety analysis, safety awareness is raised and safety communication and feedback is improved as well as the use of safety equipment when job tasks are performed. This promotes safe work practices within the workplace. Indeed, work safety analysis is important in promoting occupational safety in both private and public sectors and the medical sector is not spared. This is because the medical sector institutions are affected by different work-related risks as a result of poor management, dearth of equipment, poor safety policies and shortage of incentives which demotivate workers hence poor safety behaviour is exacerbated. Therefore, the aim of this review is to examine the role of Behaviour-Based Procedures in work safety analysis using existing literature. To serve the aim of this review, a Behaviour-Based Procedures framework for sustainable and effective work safety analysis was proposed based on Social Exchange Theory (Blau in Exchange and power in social life. Wiley, New York, 1964).

Safety in Extreme Environments

The paper aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the various work-related risks that healthc... more The paper aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the various work-related risks that healthcare workers face in rural hospitals of Chirumanzu District. Descriptive cross sectional design was used for the study to collect data among 109 healthcare workers at Muvonde hospital and 68 healthcare workers at Driefontein Sanatorium hospital. Data was collected using questionnaires, interviews, observations and secondary data sources. Overall, 100% of questionnaire respondents at Muvonde hospital and Driefontein Sanatorium hospital indicated that they are affected with work-related risks such as ergonomic, chemical, physical, psychosocial and biological. Shortage of labour, work-related pressure, shortage of equipment, poor commitment of the management and poor safety training were indicated as the causes of risks within the hospitals. Risks which occur at the hospitals exposes healthcare workers to various injuries and diseases. This causes this paper to discuss measures that are used to manage risks at Driefontein Sanatorium hospital and Muvonde hospital and effectiveness of the measures. Measures raised at the hospitals include safety trainings, recruitment of more healthcare workers and provision of safety equipment are some of the measures raised by healthcare works to manage risks. As a result, interventions must be established in order to alleviate risks. However, established measures should focus mainly on addressing shortage of equipment such as PPE/C, work-related pressure, poor safety trainings and influence the commitment of the management team positively.

Life Cycle Reliability and Safety Engineering

Accident prevention in industries is an important phenomena in Zimbabwe. This review paper looks ... more Accident prevention in industries is an important phenomena in Zimbabwe. This review paper looks at the effectiveness of total loss control approach in accident prevention in industries in Zimbabwe. The review looks at the literature on the total loss control approach and how it has been implemented in Zimbabwean industrial settings. Articles were searched from different databases notably PubMed, African Journals Online, Science Direct, Scopus, Springer, Google Scholar and Sage Publications. The paper reviews the studies conducted in Zimbabwe on the total loss control approach, identifying its strengths and weaknesses. The review indicates features which are applied for total loss control approach such as hazard identification, risk assessment, safety audits and inspections, safety communication, safety education and training, safe design, accident investigation, accidents reports and use of hierarchy of controls. It finds that the total loss control approach is effective in reducing the number of accidents in Zimbabwean, as long as it is implemented properly. The findings suggest that the total loss control approach could be further improved by better enforcement of safety regulations and more stringent safety papers.

Safety in Extreme Environments

programs can be significant. Productivity and organizational performance are challenges faced by ... more programs can be significant. Productivity and organizational performance are challenges faced by construction industries in Zimbabwe (Moyo et al. 2023; Moyo et al. 2019). This implies that employee productivity and organizational performance are prevailing challenges in Zimbabwe as a result OSH programs can have an impact on improving productivity and performance of organizations. Occupational Safety and Health programs are designed to ensure the safety, health and welfare of people at work. These programs aim to prevent workplace injuries, illnesses and deaths through various strategies including policies, programs, environmental supports, benefits and links to the surrounding community (Ngwenya and Pelser 2020; Nyanga 2022a, b). Occupational Safety and Health programs lead to the reduction of fatal accidents from 1, 243 fatal accidents which were recorded in 2005 to 971 fatal accidents which were recorded in 2017 at

Purpose of the Review Wastewater is a term used to describe water that has undergone degradation ... more Purpose of the Review Wastewater is a term used to describe water that has undergone degradation in quality owing to anthropogenic activities or natural processes. Wastewater encompasses liquid waste originating from academic institutions, households, agricultural sector, industries, mines and hospitals. Hospital wastewater contains potentially hazardous substances including residues of pharmaceuticals, radioisotopes, detergents and pathogens, with detrimental impacts to the environment and human health. Nevertheless, studies related to hospital waste management are limited in Africa, particularly in Southern Africa. This research offers an overview of aspects surrounding hospital wastewater in Southern Africa, focusing on Zimbabwe. Already published and grey literature was reviewed to compile the paper. Recent Findings Number of patients, nature of medical services offered and hospital size influences generation of hospital wastewater. Partially and non-treated hospital wastewater is managed together with municipal wastewater. Management of hospital wastewater is impeded by shortage of resources, lack of coordination among responsible authorities and ineffective legal framework enforcement, among other challenges. Inappropriate hospital wastewater management results in environmental contamination, causing human ailments. Summary Attainment of sustainable hospital wastewater management requires clearly defined and enforced legislation, collaboration of accountable stakeholders, sufficient resources and enhanced awareness of involved stakeholders. Application of technologies that uphold recycling and reuse of wastewater is essential to reach Sustainable Development Goals, Zimbabwe Vision 2030 and National Development Strategy 1 targets, particularly those dealing with environmental protection while upholding human health.

Municipal solid waste management (MSWM) is a worldwide problem as most local authorities are unab... more Municipal solid waste management (MSWM) is a worldwide problem as most local authorities are unable to dispose MSW safely. The study sought to evaluate safety and health risks associated with illegal MSW disposal in Masvingo City. Descriptive cross-sectional design was employed in which quantitative and qualitative data were collected concurrently. Questionnaires with both close and open-ended questions, semi-structured interviews, observations and secondary data sources were used during data collection. The study population comprised participants from Masvingo City's residential areas, Masvingo City Council employees and Environmental Management Agency (EMA) officials. A sample of 406 participants, comprising 354 residents from high-density, 16 residents from medium-density, 24 residents from low-density suburbs. Six interviewees were included during the study. Interviewees were selected purposively. Quantitative data was entered into Microsoft Excel Spreadsheet for analysis and content analysis was used to analyse qualitative data. Results showed that Cholera, skin problems, injuries and malaria were the main health problems. Based on the findings of the study, it can be concluded that MSW disposal in Masvingo was a threat to safety and human health. The study recommends that Masvingo City council provide receptacles and collect waste frequently.

The study was carried to give a comprehensive overview of different types of ergonomic risks amon... more The study was carried to give a comprehensive overview of different types of ergonomic risks among refuse collectors at Chitungwiza Municipality of Harare District. Descriptive cross-sectional design was used to collect data during the study because it applies both quantitative and qualitative techniques. During the study data was collected using observations, questionnaires and interviews as well as secondary data sources. Generally, 100% of the refuse collectors who participated as questionnaire respondents indicated that they are exposed to musculoskeletal disorders notably muscular strain, shoulder pain and back injuries. Poor lifting techniques, manual loading of waste, awkward postures and carrying of heavy loads were indicated as factors which expose refuse collectors to ergonomic risks at Chitungwiza Municipality in Harare. Causes of ergonomic risks raised by the respondents of the study causes the paper to put attention on measures used to manage risks at the municipalities. Safety training, medical examination and induction were some of the measures used to manage ergonomic risks raised by the refuse collectors. Based on the findings of this research paper, several recommendations were provided notably, continuous training and education, regular health monitoring, improvement of work organisation and collaboration and stakeholder engagement.

Management of solid waste from rural hospitals is amongst problems affecting Zimbabwe due to dise... more Management of solid waste from rural hospitals is amongst problems affecting Zimbabwe due to diseases, population, and hospital increase. Solid waste from rural hospitals is receiving little attention translating to environmental health problems. Therefore, 101 secondary sources were used to write a paper aiming to proffer a hierarchical model to achieve sustainable solid waste management at rural hospitals. Rural hospitals' solid waste encompasses electronic waste, sharps, pharmaceutical, pathological, radioactive, chemical, infectious, and general waste. General solid waste from rural hospitals is between 77.35 and 79% whilst hazardous waste is between 21 and 22.65%. Solid waste increase add burden to nearly incapacitated rural hospitals. Rural hospital solid waste management processes include storage, transportation, treatment methods like autoclaving and chlorination, waste reduction alternatives, and disposal. Disposal strategies involve open pits, open burning, dumping, and incineration. Rural hospital solid waste management is guided by legislation, policies, guidelines, and conventions. Effectiveness of legal framework is limited by economic and sociopolitical problems. Rural hospital solid waste management remain inappropriate causing environmental health risks. Developed hierarchical model can narrow the route to attain sustainable management of rural hospitals' solid waste. Proposed hierarchical model consists of five-layered strategies and acted as a guide for identifying and ranking approaches to manage rural hospitals' solid waste. Additionally, Zimbabwean government, Environmental Management Agency and Ministry of Health is recommended to collaborate to provide sufficient resources to rural hospitals whilst enforcing legal framework. Integration of all hierarchical model's elements is essential whereas all-stakeholder involvement and solid waste minimisation approaches are significant at rural hospitals.

Management of solid waste from rural hospitals is among major problems affecting developing count... more Management of solid waste from rural hospitals is among major problems affecting developing countries. This is mostly attributed to inadequate data related to quantity and quality of hospital solid waste. Similarly, information related to rural hospital solid waste characteristics and management is limited in Zimbabwe. However, SDGs complemented by Zimbabwe Vision 2030, NDS 1 advocates for sustainable solid waste management. Hence, enough data related to characteristics of solid waste from rural hospitals are required to attain sustainability. This research focuses on hospital solid waste characteristics and management strategies at STT and HC rural hospitals. Descriptive cross sectional research design which triangulates qualitative and quantitative paradigms was utilized. Interviews, observations, questionnaires were used to collect data. Quantitative data were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences whereas qualitative data were subjected to content analysis. Solid waste generated at STT encompasses non-hazardous (77.35%), hazardous waste (22.65%). At HC solid waste consists of non-hazardous (79%) and hazardous waste (21%). Respondents at STT (70.4%) and HC (72.7%) noted that solid waste was increasing. Solid waste was increasing due to various factors namely high use of disposable materials at HC (35.1%), STT (42.5%) and increase of patients at HC (30%) and STT (29.7%). Solid waste was indiscriminately stored in various types of containers although pedal operated bins and sharp containers were highly used at STT (72.4%) and HC (69.1%). Waste receptacles were transported to disposal sites using wheelbarrows and manual handling. Open pits and burning were among disposal strategies but incineration was regarded as the golden approach at STT (44.8%) and HC (41.8%). Inappropriate hospital solid waste management was due to shortage of finance at STT (38.1%) and HC (30.9%) and unawareness among health workers. Although it was worsened by lack of all stakeholder participation at STT (79.0%) and HC (76.4%). Consequently, the study recommended application of strategies which support circular economy, integrated approach, raising awareness of health workers and provision of enough resources to rural hospitals.

Solid waste increase is inevitable globally due to anthropogenic activities. This adds burden to ... more Solid waste increase is inevitable globally due to anthropogenic activities. This adds burden to waste management systems in developing countries including Zimbabwe. Currently, life cycle assessment (LCA) model is used to achieve sustainability and circular economy (CE) in solid waste management. Therefore, the main goal of this paper was to unearth LCA model applicability in solid waste management in Zimbabwe. Data sources were retrieved from databases like Scopus, ScienceDirect and Springer, although government documents were also used. In Zimbabwe, organic and inorganic solid waste is generated from various sources, namely industries, institutions and households. Solid waste management in Zimbabwe is based on traditional linear approach where waste is collected and disposed through landfilling, burning, incineration, burying, open pits or illegally. Most disposal approaches occupy base of waste management pyramid, hence posing detrimental impacts to human health, terrestrial, aquatic and atmospheric ecosystems. Management approaches are far from Agenda 21, Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), Zimbabwe Vision 2030 and National Development Strategy 1 demands. Literature revealed that LCA model can be utilised to achieve sustainable solid waste management in countries like Zimbabwe. LCA model is essential in management of solid waste in Zimbabwe, since it assists decision makers in selecting management approaches with less environmental health impacts. Moreover, LCA enables application of waste material reuse, recycle, repairing and recovery, thus narrowing the gap to achieve CE and economic growth in Zimbabwe. Owing to LCA model implementation of waste management legislation and policies which support energy recovery and circular economy became easier in Zimbabwe.

Environmental Management Systems (EMS) are currently the cornerstone of achieving sustainability ... more Environmental Management Systems (EMS) are currently the cornerstone of achieving sustainability globally. Nevertheless, the question is applicability of EMS in the medical sector. Hence, the review focused on applicability of EMS in medical waste management Zimbabwe. EMS involves overall processes that facilitate reduction of dire impacts of company's activities while increasing performance. EMS framework consists of environmental policy, planning, implementation, checking, review and improvement stages. To examine applicability of EMS in management of medical sector waste, published secondary sources with information related to the topic were utilised. Analysis of strengths and opportunities of EMS was used as a base to examine its applicability in medical waste management. Zimbabwean medical sector consist of hospitals and primary healthcare facilities. Medical waste includes pathological, pharmaceutical, cytotoxic, radioactive, chemical, sharp, infectious and general waste. However, twenty-first century witnessed expansion of medical institutions to accommodate COVID-19 patients, resulting in generation of construction and demotion waste. Medical institutions in Zimbabwe are accountable for solid waste management at generation source although municipalities are responsible for conveying solid waste to landfills. Solid waste from medical sector is disposed through traditional strategies namely landfilling, incineration, open pits and open burning, resulting in water, air, and soil contamination. However, EMS can reduce quantity of solid waste disposed through waste reuse, recycle and recovery. Moreover, achievement of integrated approach, effective legislation, policies and inclusive participation in medical waste management is adopted through use of EMS. Therefore, EMS were utilised to develop an integrated sustainable medical waste management model to achieve sustainability.

In Zimbabwe, management of medical solid waste is emerging as a visible dilemma. This is attribut... more In Zimbabwe, management of medical solid waste is emerging as a visible dilemma. This is attributed to population explosion as well as outbreak of diseases and spread of already existing diseases which accelerate volume of medical solid waste generated by medical facilities. Consequently, the overarching objective of this paper was to review medical solid waste management status in Zimbabwe utilising published documents. The literature demonstrated that medical solid waste generated in Zimbabwe encompasses pathological, pharmaceutical, chemical, infectious, cytotoxic, sharps and general waste. Management approaches used by medical facilities are marred with inappropriateness as shown by storage, collection, conveyance and disposal of non-segregated waste. Verdicts of the study depict that open pit dumping, landfills, incineration, burying, open burning, ottoway pits and open dumpsites are discarding strategies used. However, these strategies pose water, air and soil pollution, therefore, impacting the ecosystem and humanity. Findings indicated that infectious diseases, respiratory diseases, gastro-intestinal problems and injuries emanate due to poor management of medical waste. The roots of unsafe management of medical solid waste include inadequate finance, weak enforcement of legislation, ignorance among health workers and waste workers as well as non-participatory approach in decision making. Zimbabwe is recommended to direct funds to medical solid waste, increase awareness of health workers through trainings and education and reinforcing enforcement of legislation linked to medical solid waste among others.

Electronic equipment and appliances are currently essential for Zimbabweans' daily lives and had ... more Electronic equipment and appliances are currently essential for Zimbabweans' daily lives and had a vast influence on the country's economy. Electronic waste increase is inevitable, hence need attention to understand aspects surrounding management of massive quantities of electronic waste. This review aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of the electronic waste situation in Zimbabwe. In order to present an authoritative and credible overview of the topic, published and grey literature was utilised. Skyrocketing increase of electronic waste in Zimbabwe is attributed to technological advancement, globalisation, increase in consumption of electronic gadgets and appliances and importation of secondhand electronic products and high dependency on electrical gadgets in industries and institutions. Electronic waste is managed together with other types of waste from generation to disposal. Utilised disposal approaches include open pits, burning, incinerators, landfilling; however, electronic waste is discarded on illegal sites like street corners, open spaces and road verges. Recycling activities are carried out, but the sector is dominated by informal recyclers who work without adequate safety gear, hence exposed to occupational risks like injuries. Most of the disposal techniques applied are least prioritised by the waste management hierarchy, therefore causing air, soil, water and atmospheric contamination. Electronic waste disposal sites generate leachates, vectors and furans, dioxins, heavy metals and toxic gases from combustion that pose gastrointestinal and respiratory diseases. Electronic waste mismanagement is attributed to socioeconomic and political challenges. Therefore, to reach sustainability, integrated approach should be supported by stringent legislation, policies, enough resources and programs to raise awareness of Zimbabweans.