Tom Buchanan | Mount Royal University (original) (raw)
Papers by Tom Buchanan
The Journal of Postsecondary Education and Disability, 2011
In this study, the psychological well-being of college students with Attention Deficit/Hyperactiv... more In this study, the psychological well-being of college students with Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) was analyzed. A survey was administered to a convenience sample of undergraduates aged 18-25 at a Southern university (N=317). Well-being was measured using Ryff's (1989) 6 likert scales of psychological wellbeing. Students with self-reported ADHD had lower scores on total well-being, environmental mastery, personal growth, and purpose in life. They reported comparable levels on autonomy, self-acceptance, and positive relations with others. Findings suggest that college students who reported an ADHD diagnosis were similar to other college students in their perceptions of well-being, but perceived more difficulties in their organizational and goal-oriented competencies compared to peers who had never received an ADHD diagnosis. Recommendations for university administrators and disability professionals are discussed.
Social Compass, 2015
Research has demonstrated race differences in the acceptance and occurrence of cremation (Interna... more Research has demonstrated race differences in the acceptance and occurrence of cremation (International Cemetery and Funeral Association [ICFA], 2005). However, there has not been an attempt to explain these differences sociologically. Two phases of research were conducted to investigate race differences in the acceptance of cremation. In phase one, using a representative sample of university students at a university in the southern United States ( N=510), racial differences in the acceptance of cremation were examined. Quantitative results suggest that African Americans are less accepting of cremation than whites, yet the specific mechanisms that produce this difference remain unclear. In the second phase of this study, qualitative interviews ( N=17) were used to further investigate the robust race difference. African Americans report both social as well as religious reasons for greater adherence to traditional burial customs. Higher levels of cohesion and religiosity, combined wit...
Social Compass, 2015
Research has demonstrated race differences in the acceptance and occurrence of cremation (Interna... more Research has demonstrated race differences in the acceptance and occurrence of cremation (International Cemetery and Funeral Association [ICFA], 2005). However, there has not been an attempt to explain these differences sociologically. Two phases of research were conducted to investigate race differences in the acceptance of cremation. In phase one, using a representative sample of university students at a university in the southern United States ( N=510), racial differences in the acceptance of cremation were examined. Quantitative results suggest that African Americans are less accepting of cremation than whites, yet the specific mechanisms that produce this difference remain unclear. In the second phase of this study, qualitative interviews ( N=17) were used to further investigate the robust race difference. African Americans report both social as well as religious reasons for greater adherence to traditional burial customs. Higher levels of cohesion and religiosity, combined wit...
Sex Roles, 2008
Abstract Research suggests race is associated with unique family structures and gender attitudes.... more Abstract Research suggests race is associated with unique family structures and gender attitudes. Yet, extant research fails to examine how different gender role attitudes and family structures related to race impact other aspects of life. Self-efficacy refers to one's belief in ...
In this study, the psychological well-being of college students with Attention Deficit/Hyperactiv... more In this study, the psychological well-being of college students with Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) was analyzed. A survey was administered to a convenience sample of undergraduates aged 18-25 at a Southern university (N=317). Well-being was measured using Ryff’s (1989) 6 likert scales of psychological wellbeing. Students with self-reported ADHD had lower scores on total well-being, environmental mastery, personal growth, and purpose in life. They reported comparable levels on autonomy, self-acceptance, and positive relations with others. Findings suggest that college students who reported an ADHD diagnosis were similar to other college students in their perceptions of well-being, but perceived more difficulties in their organizational and goal-oriented competencies compared to peers who had never received an ADHD diagnosis. Recommendations for university administrators and disability professionals are discussed.
Journal of Comparative Family Studies
This paper uses the 2010 General Social Survey in Time Use (Canadian time diary data, N = 1,932) ... more This paper uses the 2010 General Social Survey in Time Use (Canadian time diary data, N = 1,932) to examine the gender gap in parental time allocated to childcare for families at different stages indicated by ages of children. We suggest that the general increase in fathers’ time with children matters little as long as a substantial gender gap remains. We analyse how the gender gap in weekday childcare time varies at different life stages of parenting. The Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition technique is used with weighted time use averages to compare childcare time allocations of mothers and fathers from couples in which at least one person works full time. We argue that the analysis of the childcare gender gap during the week is the most indicative of changing or persistent gender roles. Our results suggest fathers allocate the most time to childcare at the youngest stages of the family. However, the differences in mean characteristics do not account for the entire gap. Gender difference...
Gender Issues
According to the United States Census Bureau, women’s 2016 earnings equated to approximately 80% ... more According to the United States Census Bureau, women’s 2016 earnings equated to approximately 80% of men’s annual median income (Semega et al. in U.S. Census Bureau, current population reports. Income and poverty in the United States: 2016. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, 2017). This pay gap, while decreasing marginally over time, has remained fairly consistent. Social science research has not sufficiently explained the gap. Research has tended to focus on the existence of the gap or on women’s lower expectations. Women’s use of same-gender referents has been found to both result in perceptions of wages as more just (Mueller and Wallace in Soc Psychol Q 59:338–349, 1996; Valet in Work Occup 1–26, 2018) as well as in higher job satisfaction (Buchanan in Sociol Focus 41:177–196, 2008. https://doi.org/10.1080/00380237.2008.10571329). This gender paradox of the contented female worker (Crosby in Relative deprivation and working women, Oxford University Press, New York, 1982) is important as it potentially hinders the demand for equal pay and perpetuates the gender gap. Gender biases in work performance evaluations are critical to our understanding of women’s lower pay. This article examines both men and women’s use of same-gender referents and the impact on perceptions potentially biasing the evaluations of women’s work. Using a survey of 488 undergraduate university students from the mid-southern United States, we first compare the salary expectations and work aspirations of women and men and find no gender differences. Next, we investigate how same-gender referent use, particularly for men, impacts work performance assessments using the perceptions of gendered work performance scale. We find men perceive women as inferior performers, with this tendency being stronger for men who use same-gender referents, as well as, for men lacking work experience, while same-gender referent use by women is not associated with gendered performance perceptions.
Sociological Spectrum, 2014
Gender role attitudes and their influence on perceptions of male and female work performance are ... more Gender role attitudes and their influence on perceptions of male and female work performance are important aspects understanding workplace gender inequality. Reskin (2000) suggests researchers must look to non-conscious causes in order to understand and alleviate gender inequality in the workplace. Also critical to understanding workplace gender inequality is the differential importance placed on being paid fairly. Using a survey sample of 525 traditional undergraduate students from a public university in the middle south of the United States consisting of approximately one-third African Americans and two-thirds whites, race and sex differences are examined. The more liberal the respondent in terms of gender roles, the less they perceived performance inferiority of females. Excluding white males, those more liberal on gender roles perceived fair pay as more important. Gender differences are stronger among whites. Implications for the gender inequities at work are discussed.
Sociological Spectrum, 2005
Women hold jobs in which they consistently experience less pay, fewer promotions, and less favora... more Women hold jobs in which they consistently experience less pay, fewer promotions, and less favorable working conditions than men. Despite these differences, studies show that women report comparable levels of job satisfaction. Crosby (1982) referred to this as the paradox of the contented female worker. Previous work has investigated the paradox in predominantly male settings. A random sample of 359
Sociological Focus, 2008
... males do. More recent examinations, however, demonstrate that women rated themselves as deser... more ... males do. More recent examinations, however, demonstrate that women rated themselves as deserving higher rates of pay than males (Jasso and Webster 1999). Additional ... 206–224. Bylsma, Wayne H. and Brenda Major. 1992 ...
The Social Science Journal
This study examines the impact of gender, gender role attitudes, and university experience on env... more This study examines the impact of gender, gender role attitudes, and university experience on environmental values. Using a sample of 609 undergraduate students at a university in the southern Unit...
SN Social Sciences
We use the 2015 Canadian time diary data to examine the gender income gap in relation to time spe... more We use the 2015 Canadian time diary data to examine the gender income gap in relation to time spent doing domestic (household and childcare) and market work. Specifically, we highlight the impact of relationship and parenting status by comparatively examining three groups: single without children, married without children, and married with children (N = 10,573). After controlling for household labour and market work hours, we find that the gender income gap is negligible for those who are single without children. The gender income gap for married couples without children is much larger. The largest gender income gap exists for married couples with children. When we examine married couples with children, accounting for hours spent on market and domestic work reduces the gap substantially. There is a mediating relationship of market work to the domestic work-income relationship. Domestic work is the largest contributor in the models predicting market work hours. We contribute to the understanding of gender-based income inequality by going beyond the conventional study of market work. Implications for reducing structural gender inequality in income by addressing both family and work spheres are discussed.
International Journal of Disability, Development and Education
Journal of Family Studies
International Journal of Disability, Development and Education, 2010
Sociological Spectrum, 2011
The Journal of Postsecondary Education and Disability, 2011
In this study, the psychological well-being of college students with Attention Deficit/Hyperactiv... more In this study, the psychological well-being of college students with Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) was analyzed. A survey was administered to a convenience sample of undergraduates aged 18-25 at a Southern university (N=317). Well-being was measured using Ryff's (1989) 6 likert scales of psychological wellbeing. Students with self-reported ADHD had lower scores on total well-being, environmental mastery, personal growth, and purpose in life. They reported comparable levels on autonomy, self-acceptance, and positive relations with others. Findings suggest that college students who reported an ADHD diagnosis were similar to other college students in their perceptions of well-being, but perceived more difficulties in their organizational and goal-oriented competencies compared to peers who had never received an ADHD diagnosis. Recommendations for university administrators and disability professionals are discussed.
Social Compass, 2015
Research has demonstrated race differences in the acceptance and occurrence of cremation (Interna... more Research has demonstrated race differences in the acceptance and occurrence of cremation (International Cemetery and Funeral Association [ICFA], 2005). However, there has not been an attempt to explain these differences sociologically. Two phases of research were conducted to investigate race differences in the acceptance of cremation. In phase one, using a representative sample of university students at a university in the southern United States ( N=510), racial differences in the acceptance of cremation were examined. Quantitative results suggest that African Americans are less accepting of cremation than whites, yet the specific mechanisms that produce this difference remain unclear. In the second phase of this study, qualitative interviews ( N=17) were used to further investigate the robust race difference. African Americans report both social as well as religious reasons for greater adherence to traditional burial customs. Higher levels of cohesion and religiosity, combined wit...
Social Compass, 2015
Research has demonstrated race differences in the acceptance and occurrence of cremation (Interna... more Research has demonstrated race differences in the acceptance and occurrence of cremation (International Cemetery and Funeral Association [ICFA], 2005). However, there has not been an attempt to explain these differences sociologically. Two phases of research were conducted to investigate race differences in the acceptance of cremation. In phase one, using a representative sample of university students at a university in the southern United States ( N=510), racial differences in the acceptance of cremation were examined. Quantitative results suggest that African Americans are less accepting of cremation than whites, yet the specific mechanisms that produce this difference remain unclear. In the second phase of this study, qualitative interviews ( N=17) were used to further investigate the robust race difference. African Americans report both social as well as religious reasons for greater adherence to traditional burial customs. Higher levels of cohesion and religiosity, combined wit...
Sex Roles, 2008
Abstract Research suggests race is associated with unique family structures and gender attitudes.... more Abstract Research suggests race is associated with unique family structures and gender attitudes. Yet, extant research fails to examine how different gender role attitudes and family structures related to race impact other aspects of life. Self-efficacy refers to one's belief in ...
In this study, the psychological well-being of college students with Attention Deficit/Hyperactiv... more In this study, the psychological well-being of college students with Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) was analyzed. A survey was administered to a convenience sample of undergraduates aged 18-25 at a Southern university (N=317). Well-being was measured using Ryff’s (1989) 6 likert scales of psychological wellbeing. Students with self-reported ADHD had lower scores on total well-being, environmental mastery, personal growth, and purpose in life. They reported comparable levels on autonomy, self-acceptance, and positive relations with others. Findings suggest that college students who reported an ADHD diagnosis were similar to other college students in their perceptions of well-being, but perceived more difficulties in their organizational and goal-oriented competencies compared to peers who had never received an ADHD diagnosis. Recommendations for university administrators and disability professionals are discussed.
Journal of Comparative Family Studies
This paper uses the 2010 General Social Survey in Time Use (Canadian time diary data, N = 1,932) ... more This paper uses the 2010 General Social Survey in Time Use (Canadian time diary data, N = 1,932) to examine the gender gap in parental time allocated to childcare for families at different stages indicated by ages of children. We suggest that the general increase in fathers’ time with children matters little as long as a substantial gender gap remains. We analyse how the gender gap in weekday childcare time varies at different life stages of parenting. The Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition technique is used with weighted time use averages to compare childcare time allocations of mothers and fathers from couples in which at least one person works full time. We argue that the analysis of the childcare gender gap during the week is the most indicative of changing or persistent gender roles. Our results suggest fathers allocate the most time to childcare at the youngest stages of the family. However, the differences in mean characteristics do not account for the entire gap. Gender difference...
Gender Issues
According to the United States Census Bureau, women’s 2016 earnings equated to approximately 80% ... more According to the United States Census Bureau, women’s 2016 earnings equated to approximately 80% of men’s annual median income (Semega et al. in U.S. Census Bureau, current population reports. Income and poverty in the United States: 2016. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, 2017). This pay gap, while decreasing marginally over time, has remained fairly consistent. Social science research has not sufficiently explained the gap. Research has tended to focus on the existence of the gap or on women’s lower expectations. Women’s use of same-gender referents has been found to both result in perceptions of wages as more just (Mueller and Wallace in Soc Psychol Q 59:338–349, 1996; Valet in Work Occup 1–26, 2018) as well as in higher job satisfaction (Buchanan in Sociol Focus 41:177–196, 2008. https://doi.org/10.1080/00380237.2008.10571329). This gender paradox of the contented female worker (Crosby in Relative deprivation and working women, Oxford University Press, New York, 1982) is important as it potentially hinders the demand for equal pay and perpetuates the gender gap. Gender biases in work performance evaluations are critical to our understanding of women’s lower pay. This article examines both men and women’s use of same-gender referents and the impact on perceptions potentially biasing the evaluations of women’s work. Using a survey of 488 undergraduate university students from the mid-southern United States, we first compare the salary expectations and work aspirations of women and men and find no gender differences. Next, we investigate how same-gender referent use, particularly for men, impacts work performance assessments using the perceptions of gendered work performance scale. We find men perceive women as inferior performers, with this tendency being stronger for men who use same-gender referents, as well as, for men lacking work experience, while same-gender referent use by women is not associated with gendered performance perceptions.
Sociological Spectrum, 2014
Gender role attitudes and their influence on perceptions of male and female work performance are ... more Gender role attitudes and their influence on perceptions of male and female work performance are important aspects understanding workplace gender inequality. Reskin (2000) suggests researchers must look to non-conscious causes in order to understand and alleviate gender inequality in the workplace. Also critical to understanding workplace gender inequality is the differential importance placed on being paid fairly. Using a survey sample of 525 traditional undergraduate students from a public university in the middle south of the United States consisting of approximately one-third African Americans and two-thirds whites, race and sex differences are examined. The more liberal the respondent in terms of gender roles, the less they perceived performance inferiority of females. Excluding white males, those more liberal on gender roles perceived fair pay as more important. Gender differences are stronger among whites. Implications for the gender inequities at work are discussed.
Sociological Spectrum, 2005
Women hold jobs in which they consistently experience less pay, fewer promotions, and less favora... more Women hold jobs in which they consistently experience less pay, fewer promotions, and less favorable working conditions than men. Despite these differences, studies show that women report comparable levels of job satisfaction. Crosby (1982) referred to this as the paradox of the contented female worker. Previous work has investigated the paradox in predominantly male settings. A random sample of 359
Sociological Focus, 2008
... males do. More recent examinations, however, demonstrate that women rated themselves as deser... more ... males do. More recent examinations, however, demonstrate that women rated themselves as deserving higher rates of pay than males (Jasso and Webster 1999). Additional ... 206–224. Bylsma, Wayne H. and Brenda Major. 1992 ...
The Social Science Journal
This study examines the impact of gender, gender role attitudes, and university experience on env... more This study examines the impact of gender, gender role attitudes, and university experience on environmental values. Using a sample of 609 undergraduate students at a university in the southern Unit...
SN Social Sciences
We use the 2015 Canadian time diary data to examine the gender income gap in relation to time spe... more We use the 2015 Canadian time diary data to examine the gender income gap in relation to time spent doing domestic (household and childcare) and market work. Specifically, we highlight the impact of relationship and parenting status by comparatively examining three groups: single without children, married without children, and married with children (N = 10,573). After controlling for household labour and market work hours, we find that the gender income gap is negligible for those who are single without children. The gender income gap for married couples without children is much larger. The largest gender income gap exists for married couples with children. When we examine married couples with children, accounting for hours spent on market and domestic work reduces the gap substantially. There is a mediating relationship of market work to the domestic work-income relationship. Domestic work is the largest contributor in the models predicting market work hours. We contribute to the understanding of gender-based income inequality by going beyond the conventional study of market work. Implications for reducing structural gender inequality in income by addressing both family and work spheres are discussed.
International Journal of Disability, Development and Education
Journal of Family Studies
International Journal of Disability, Development and Education, 2010
Sociological Spectrum, 2011