Hayder Alalwan | Middle Technical University (original) (raw)

Papers by Hayder Alalwan

Research paper thumbnail of A comparison study of methyl green removal by peroxi-coagulation and peroxi-electrocoagulation processes

Cleaner Engineering and Technology, 2023

This work compares for the first time the efficiency of peroxi-coagulation (PC) and peroxi-electr... more This work compares for the first time the efficiency of peroxi-coagulation (PC) and peroxi-electrocoagulation (PEC) methods for the removal of methyl green (MG) stains from aqueous solutions. Lab-scale, batch electrochemical cells made of an iron anode and porous graphite cathode were used in both processes. In addition, this work aims to identify the optimum operating conditions that resulted in the highest possible removal of MG. Several parameters were investigated such as effect of pH (1-9), temperature (15-60 • C), current density (5-35 mA/cm 2), reaction time (10-90 min), electrode gap (1-3 cm), H 2 O 2 concentration (750-900 mg/L, for PEC only), and air aeration (1-3 L/min, for PC only). The results show that both pH and current density have a great influence on MG eliminating efficiency, which implies that the removal processes are controlled by the reaction conditions in the bulk of the solution. The optimum conditions were found to be an initial value of pH equal to four, current density of 10-15 mA/cm 2 , air aeration equal to two L/min, and reaction time duration of 40-50 min. Maximum MG removal of 98.65% and 99.89% were achieved by PC and PEC, respectively, at the optimum operation values. Experimental data were fitted to 1st-order, 2nd-order, and power law models. This work shows the superior of PEC in the removing of MG from aqueous solutions.

Research paper thumbnail of Spectroscopic Investigation of Carbon Dioxide Interactions with Transition Metal‐Oxide Nanoparticles

Chemical Engineering & Technology

Research paper thumbnail of Investigated kerosene-diesel fuel performance in internal combustion engine

Cleaner Engineering and Technology, 2023

This work aims to identify the impact of blending diesel fuel with kerosene on engine performance... more This work aims to identify the impact of blending diesel fuel with kerosene on engine performance and fuel consumption. In addition, this work aims to find the optimum blending ratio that would not notably drawback the engine performance. Blended diesel fuel with kerosene in volume percentages between 7 and 20% was
investigated in a four-stroke, single-cylinder, and internal combustion engine to evaluate the engine performance and fuel efficiency at three torques (2, 4, and 6 N m) and constant speed (2000 rpm). The study involved determining several operational parameters, which are the brake-specific fuel consumption (BSFC Kg/kW.h),
brake-specific energy consumption (BSEC MJ/kW.h), brake thermal efficiency (BTE), engine effective power (Ne kW), and the noise intensity (measured in dB). The results show that small volume percentages (up to 14%) do not significantly lower engine performance and fuel consumption. Specifically, the loss in BSFC from blending ratios of 7% and 14% are only 3.8% and 9.6%, respectively. The blending of diesel fuel with kerosene can help minimize pollutant emissions and decrease engine noise intensity. Thus, this work concluded that diesel fuel could be blended with kerosene up to 14% without significantly reducing engine performance and
fuel efficiency.

Research paper thumbnail of Identifying the Impact of Methanol-Diesel Fuel on the Environment Using a Four-Stroke CI Engine

Journal of Applied Engineering Science

This work aims to investigate the influence of blending diesel fuel with different percentages of... more This work aims to investigate the influence of blending diesel fuel with different percentages of methyl alcohol on reducing the emission of exhaust gases. The study was performed using a laboratory diesel engine, which is an internal combustion, single-cylinder, and four-strokes engine. The study involved investigating three volume percentages of methyl alcohol (methanol), which are 7, 14, and 21. The emission results of the blending fuels were compared with that of non-blending fuel. The analysis of the exhaust gases was done under three engine loads, which are two, four, and six N.m, with a constant speed of 2000 rpm. The analysis involves measuring carbon oxides (CO and CO2), unburned hydrocarbons (HC), nitrogen oxides (NOx), and particulate matter (PM). The results showed a positive impact of methanol on reducing the emission of all gases except NOx. Increasing the methanol ratio increases the reduction of the emissions of CO, CO2, PM, and HC, where the highest reductions of th...

Research paper thumbnail of Methane activation on metal oxide nanoparticles: spectroscopic identification of reaction mechanism

Particulate Science and Technology

Research paper thumbnail of Study the effect of climate elements variability on surface water runoff and infiltration rate in Babylon province by using statistical analysis

International Journal of Hydrology Science and Technology, 2022

Research paper thumbnail of Desulfurization of heavy naphtha by oxidation-adsorption process using iron-promoted activated carbon and Cu+2-promoted zeolite 13X

Research paper thumbnail of Experimental Investigation Of Biofilm Carriers Of Varying Shapes, Sizes, And Materials For Wastewater Treatment In Fixed Bed Biofilm Reactor: A Qualitative Study Of Biocarrier Performance

Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology

Research paper thumbnail of Spectrophotometric Study of Ephedrine Hydrochloride in Drug using Molecular Absorption UV- Visible

Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy, 2021

A simple, rapid, accurate, and sensitive UV-Visible spectrophotometric method has been developed ... more A simple, rapid, accurate, and sensitive UV-Visible spectrophotometric method has been developed to estimate ephedrine hydrochloride (Eph) in pharmaceutical drugs. This method is based on preparing chelate complex through the reaction between Eph and cobalt ion (Co (II)). Ephedrine identification is done as an Eph - Co (II) complex after extraction by chloroform at λ max 389 nm. In this work, the optimum operation conditions such as pH, buffer volume, Co ion concentration, time of reaction and extraction, temperature, and water to organic volume ratio were determined. The linearity range of Eph has observed in the range between 1 and 80 ppm, at a wavelength of 387 nm with molar absorptivity range between 3.1867 × 103 to 1.6941 × 103(L·mol-1·cm-1) and metal to legend ratio of two. The results obtaind from this study are as follow: relative standard deviation (RSD) percentage is 0.303%, detection limit (D.L) = 0.94 ppm, Sandel's sensitivity (S) = 0.0135, relative error (Erel.) % = 0.039, recovery (Rec.) %=100.039. The results confirmed no interferences of excipients on the detection of Eph, and the proposed method has successfully applied for the determination of ephedrine-HCl in pure and pharmaceutical preparations. This method has several advantages, such as its low cost, high sensitivity, and ease of operation.

Research paper thumbnail of Synthesis of ZnO-CoO/Al2O3 nanoparticles and its application as a catalyst in ethanol conversion to acetone

Results in Chemistry, 2021

Research paper thumbnail of Isothermal and Kinetic Studies of the Adsorption Removal of Pb(II), Cu(II), and Ni(II) Ions from Aqueous Solutions using Modified Chara Sp. Algae

Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering, 2020

We investigated the individual biosorption removal of lead, copper, and nickel ions from aqueous ... more We investigated the individual biosorption removal of lead, copper, and nickel ions from aqueous solutions using Chara sp. algae powder in a batch mode. The impact of several parameters, such as initial concentration of the metal ions, contacting time, sorbent dose, and pH on the removal efficiency, was investigated. The maximum removal efficiency at optimum conditions was found to be 98% for Pb(II) at pH = 4, 90% for Cu(II) at pH = 5, and 80% for Ni(II) at pH = 5. The isotherm study was done under the optimum conditions for each metal by applying the experimental results onto the well-known Freundlich and Langmuir models. The results show that the Langmuir is better in describing the isotherm adsorption of Pb(II) and Ni(II), while the Freundlich is a better fit in the case of Cu(II). Similarly, a kinetic study was performed by using the pseudo-first and second-order equations. Our results show that the pseudo-secondorder is better in representing the kinetic adsorption of the three metal ions.

Research paper thumbnail of Catalytic Oxidative and Adsorptive Desulfurization of Heavy Naphtha Fraction

Catalytic removal of sulfur compounds from heavy naphtha (HN) was investigated using a combinatio... more Catalytic removal of sulfur compounds from heavy naphtha (HN) was investigated using a combination of an oxidation process using hydrogen peroxide and an adsorption process using granulated activated carbon (GAC) and white eggshell (WES). This study investigated the impact of changing several operating parameters on the desulfurization efficiency. Specifically, the volume ratio of H2O2 to HN (0.01~0.05), agitation speed (Uspeed) of the water bath shaker (100-500 ± 1 rpm), pH of sulfur solution (1~5), amount of adsorbent (0.1~2.5 g), desulfurization temperature (25~85 ± 1 °C) and contact time (10~180 minutes) were examined. The results indicate that the desulfurization efficiency resulting from catalytic and adsorption processes of GAC is better than that of WES for oxidation and removing sulfur compounds from HN due to its high surface area. The desulfurization efficiency depends strongly on all investigated operating parameters. The maximum removal efficiency of GAC and WES achieved by this study was 86 and 65, respectively.

Research paper thumbnail of The impact of Methanol-Diesel compound on the performance of a Four-Stroke CI engine

Materials Today: Proceedings, 2021

Abstract The impact of blending diesel fuel with different ratios of methanol was investigated in... more Abstract The impact of blending diesel fuel with different ratios of methanol was investigated in a TD 212 laboratory internal combustion diesel engine which is a single-cylinder, four-strokes, and pneumatic cooling. The tested engine was fuelled by a diesel fuel blending with methanol in a volume percentage of 7, 14 and 21, and the results were compared with pure diesel fuel. To avoid a phase separation issue, 1% of 1-dodecanol was added into each blend. The engine was operated within a constant speed of 2000 rpm under three levels of torques 2, 4 and 6 N.m. The brake-specific fuel consumption (BSFC), engine effective power (Ne), brake-specific energy consumption (BSEC), brake thermal efficiency (BTE), and noise level of the tested engine as well as the exhaust temperature were evaluated. The results showed that blending diesel with methanol up to 14% improves the performance of the fuel through improving BSFC, Ne, BSEC, BTE, noise level, and decrease the exhaust temperature due to increase the oxygen content of the fuel resulted from adding methanol which also lowers the fuel density and viscosity. This lowering in the fuel density and viscosity decrease the noise level and improve the combustion rate of the fuel. Improving the combustion with lowering the exhaust temperature lead to decrease the formation of NOx components which are serious pollutants for the environment. The further increasing of methanol percentage negatively impacts the fuel consumption and engine efficiency due to methanol higher ignition temperature and latent heat of vaporization as well as its lower cetane number comparing with regular diesel fuel, which resulted in faulty ignition quality.

Research paper thumbnail of Adsorption of methyl green stain from aqueous solutions using non-conventional adsorbent media: Isothermal kinetic and thermodynamic studies

Bioresource Technology Reports, 2021

Abstract Eggshell waste which is a serious issue that faces the authorities of food industries wa... more Abstract Eggshell waste which is a serious issue that faces the authorities of food industries was used to adsorb methyl green stain from aqueous solutions. The impact of pH solution of several parameters on the removal efficiency was investigated. The results show that the maximum percent of removal was 69.38 ± 3% and it was directly proportional with pH, agitation speed, adsorbent dose, and contact time. While the relation with temperature and initial concentration was inverse. The isotherm, kinetic and thermodynamic studies were also done under the system optimum conditions. The results show that the pseudo-second order kinetic model and Langmuir isotherm model are the best models that describe the adsorption system, while the thermodynamic investigation illustrates that the removal process was endothermic, spontaneous, and less entropic. This work provides detailed information about an innovative method to utilize eggshell waste as an inexpensive adsorbent to remove methyl green stain from aqueous solutions.

Research paper thumbnail of Removal of dyes by agricultural waste

Sustainable Chemistry and Pharmacy, 2020

Abstract Biowaste is an important sustainable source of adsorption activities for many harmful ma... more Abstract Biowaste is an important sustainable source of adsorption activities for many harmful materials, such as hazardous metals/elements and organics. It has many advantages over the conventional materials due to its low cost, abundance, affective adsorption capacity, and recyclability. Dyes are mainly organics with different structures and molecular weights; they are harmful to the environment and organisms if they were not efficiently treated before releasing. However, there is a massive number of dyes that classified into different categories, and there are different adsorbents that were reported for dyes adsorption. Among these dyes, methyl dyes with their different colors are very common in researches because of their availability and easiness in the study. Also, there are various biosorbents that were used, prepared, or grafted from different parts of plants and animals. In this review, we are focusing on the use of plant parts, such as the leaf, peel, etc. in dyes removal. Researches numbers in this field are increasing yearly (based on Scopus database information), which indicates the importance of this type of material; though, we selected a group of articles to focus on to clarify the idea in summary. Different adsorption capacities, operation conditions, and applying forms were studied, and the reported results showed that biomass adsorbents are so influential and recyclable. The adsorption kinetics and isotherms were illustrated and tabled for selected studies to show the adsorbents behaviors and adsorption mechanisms.

Research paper thumbnail of Uptake of cyanide compounds from aqueous solutions by lemon peel with utilising the residue absorbent as rodenticide

Indian Chemical Engineer, 2019

Lemon peel was examined in this work as innovative inexpensive biosorption material for cyanide (... more Lemon peel was examined in this work as innovative inexpensive biosorption material for cyanide (CN −) removal from aqueous solution. The influence of adsorbent amount, feed flow rate, CN − concentration, and solution pH on the breakthrough and saturation points was determined. To determine the design parameters required to scale-up the system, this work explores six different kinetics models. The data showed that the breakthrough curve is highly dependent on the investigated parameters. The system showed perfect performance, achieving more than 99% removal of CN − at the optimum conditions for the first 25 min. Furthermore, this work examined utilising the used adsorbent, saturated lemon peel with cyanide, as inexpensive rodent pesticide by tested on an outbred multipurpose breed of albino rats and compare the results with the median lethal dose (LD 50) for those rats. The test results showed a foetal effect of the adsorption residue on the rats. This step will assure a safe method to dispose of the adsorption residue, as well as provide an inexpensive rodent pesticide, which increases the economic feasibility of this removal technique.

Research paper thumbnail of Isotherm and computational fluid dynamics analysis of nickel ion adsorption from aqueous solution using activated carbon

South African Journal of Chemical Engineering, 2020

This is a PDF file of an article that has undergone enhancements after acceptance, such as the ad... more This is a PDF file of an article that has undergone enhancements after acceptance, such as the addition of a cover page and metadata, and formatting for readability, but it is not yet the definitive version of record. This version will undergo additional copyediting, typesetting and review before it is published in its final form, but we are providing this version to give early visibility of the article. Please note that, during the production process, errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain.

Research paper thumbnail of α-Fe2O3 Nanoparticles as Oxygen Carriers for Chemical Looping Combustion: An Integrated Materials Characterization Approach to Understanding Oxygen Carrier Performance, Reduction Mechanism, and Particle Size Effects

Research paper thumbnail of Promising evolution of biofuel generations. Subject review

Renewable Energy Focus, 2019

Biofuels have attracted a lot of attention due to the increasing demand on energy resources as we... more Biofuels have attracted a lot of attention due to the increasing demand on energy resources as well as elevated concerns about greenhouse gas emissions. In contrast to other green energy resources, biofuels can provide liquid fuels which are essential for transportation. This review reports recent advances in liquid biofuels, focusing on their generations and types. Generally, biofuels are classified into four generations based on the type of the feedstock that is used. First generation biofuels utilize edible biomass which sparked controversy because it competes with global food needs. Second generation biofuels use non-edible biomass but there are still some limitations related to the cost-effectiveness involved in scaling the production to a commercial level. Third generation biofuels use microorganisms as feedstock, while fourth generation biofuel focuses on modifying these microorganisms genetically to achieve a preferable hydrogen to carbon (HC) yield along with creating an artificial carbon sink to eliminate or minimize carbon emissions. These last two generations of biofuel are still in early development stages. This article reviews and summarizes 124 papers, 77% of which were published within the last three years. The aim of this work is to provide an overview of the four liquid biofuel generations as well as the latest development efforts in this field. This review concludes that the current production methods of biofuel in the first and second generations will soon fail to satisfy the increasing demand on biofuel. Therefore, development efforts should be focused on third and fourth generations, specifically the genetic engineering of algae.

Research paper thumbnail of Co 3 O 4 nanoparticles as oxygen carriers for chemical looping combustion: A materials characterization approach to understanding oxygen carrier performance

Chemical Engineering Journal, 2017

h i g h l i g h t s Co 3 O 4 reduction proceeded through CoO then to metallic Co during CLC. Supe... more h i g h l i g h t s Co 3 O 4 reduction proceeded through CoO then to metallic Co during CLC. Superior performance of CoO/Co mixed phases. CoO reduction to Co follows a nucleation and nuclei growth mechanism. Mixed metal-metal oxide phases may help to improve reactivity. Continued performance of Co 3 O 4 through several cycles, illustrates its potential.

Research paper thumbnail of A comparison study of methyl green removal by peroxi-coagulation and peroxi-electrocoagulation processes

Cleaner Engineering and Technology, 2023

This work compares for the first time the efficiency of peroxi-coagulation (PC) and peroxi-electr... more This work compares for the first time the efficiency of peroxi-coagulation (PC) and peroxi-electrocoagulation (PEC) methods for the removal of methyl green (MG) stains from aqueous solutions. Lab-scale, batch electrochemical cells made of an iron anode and porous graphite cathode were used in both processes. In addition, this work aims to identify the optimum operating conditions that resulted in the highest possible removal of MG. Several parameters were investigated such as effect of pH (1-9), temperature (15-60 • C), current density (5-35 mA/cm 2), reaction time (10-90 min), electrode gap (1-3 cm), H 2 O 2 concentration (750-900 mg/L, for PEC only), and air aeration (1-3 L/min, for PC only). The results show that both pH and current density have a great influence on MG eliminating efficiency, which implies that the removal processes are controlled by the reaction conditions in the bulk of the solution. The optimum conditions were found to be an initial value of pH equal to four, current density of 10-15 mA/cm 2 , air aeration equal to two L/min, and reaction time duration of 40-50 min. Maximum MG removal of 98.65% and 99.89% were achieved by PC and PEC, respectively, at the optimum operation values. Experimental data were fitted to 1st-order, 2nd-order, and power law models. This work shows the superior of PEC in the removing of MG from aqueous solutions.

Research paper thumbnail of Spectroscopic Investigation of Carbon Dioxide Interactions with Transition Metal‐Oxide Nanoparticles

Chemical Engineering & Technology

Research paper thumbnail of Investigated kerosene-diesel fuel performance in internal combustion engine

Cleaner Engineering and Technology, 2023

This work aims to identify the impact of blending diesel fuel with kerosene on engine performance... more This work aims to identify the impact of blending diesel fuel with kerosene on engine performance and fuel consumption. In addition, this work aims to find the optimum blending ratio that would not notably drawback the engine performance. Blended diesel fuel with kerosene in volume percentages between 7 and 20% was
investigated in a four-stroke, single-cylinder, and internal combustion engine to evaluate the engine performance and fuel efficiency at three torques (2, 4, and 6 N m) and constant speed (2000 rpm). The study involved determining several operational parameters, which are the brake-specific fuel consumption (BSFC Kg/kW.h),
brake-specific energy consumption (BSEC MJ/kW.h), brake thermal efficiency (BTE), engine effective power (Ne kW), and the noise intensity (measured in dB). The results show that small volume percentages (up to 14%) do not significantly lower engine performance and fuel consumption. Specifically, the loss in BSFC from blending ratios of 7% and 14% are only 3.8% and 9.6%, respectively. The blending of diesel fuel with kerosene can help minimize pollutant emissions and decrease engine noise intensity. Thus, this work concluded that diesel fuel could be blended with kerosene up to 14% without significantly reducing engine performance and
fuel efficiency.

Research paper thumbnail of Identifying the Impact of Methanol-Diesel Fuel on the Environment Using a Four-Stroke CI Engine

Journal of Applied Engineering Science

This work aims to investigate the influence of blending diesel fuel with different percentages of... more This work aims to investigate the influence of blending diesel fuel with different percentages of methyl alcohol on reducing the emission of exhaust gases. The study was performed using a laboratory diesel engine, which is an internal combustion, single-cylinder, and four-strokes engine. The study involved investigating three volume percentages of methyl alcohol (methanol), which are 7, 14, and 21. The emission results of the blending fuels were compared with that of non-blending fuel. The analysis of the exhaust gases was done under three engine loads, which are two, four, and six N.m, with a constant speed of 2000 rpm. The analysis involves measuring carbon oxides (CO and CO2), unburned hydrocarbons (HC), nitrogen oxides (NOx), and particulate matter (PM). The results showed a positive impact of methanol on reducing the emission of all gases except NOx. Increasing the methanol ratio increases the reduction of the emissions of CO, CO2, PM, and HC, where the highest reductions of th...

Research paper thumbnail of Methane activation on metal oxide nanoparticles: spectroscopic identification of reaction mechanism

Particulate Science and Technology

Research paper thumbnail of Study the effect of climate elements variability on surface water runoff and infiltration rate in Babylon province by using statistical analysis

International Journal of Hydrology Science and Technology, 2022

Research paper thumbnail of Desulfurization of heavy naphtha by oxidation-adsorption process using iron-promoted activated carbon and Cu+2-promoted zeolite 13X

Research paper thumbnail of Experimental Investigation Of Biofilm Carriers Of Varying Shapes, Sizes, And Materials For Wastewater Treatment In Fixed Bed Biofilm Reactor: A Qualitative Study Of Biocarrier Performance

Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology

Research paper thumbnail of Spectrophotometric Study of Ephedrine Hydrochloride in Drug using Molecular Absorption UV- Visible

Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy, 2021

A simple, rapid, accurate, and sensitive UV-Visible spectrophotometric method has been developed ... more A simple, rapid, accurate, and sensitive UV-Visible spectrophotometric method has been developed to estimate ephedrine hydrochloride (Eph) in pharmaceutical drugs. This method is based on preparing chelate complex through the reaction between Eph and cobalt ion (Co (II)). Ephedrine identification is done as an Eph - Co (II) complex after extraction by chloroform at λ max 389 nm. In this work, the optimum operation conditions such as pH, buffer volume, Co ion concentration, time of reaction and extraction, temperature, and water to organic volume ratio were determined. The linearity range of Eph has observed in the range between 1 and 80 ppm, at a wavelength of 387 nm with molar absorptivity range between 3.1867 × 103 to 1.6941 × 103(L·mol-1·cm-1) and metal to legend ratio of two. The results obtaind from this study are as follow: relative standard deviation (RSD) percentage is 0.303%, detection limit (D.L) = 0.94 ppm, Sandel's sensitivity (S) = 0.0135, relative error (Erel.) % = 0.039, recovery (Rec.) %=100.039. The results confirmed no interferences of excipients on the detection of Eph, and the proposed method has successfully applied for the determination of ephedrine-HCl in pure and pharmaceutical preparations. This method has several advantages, such as its low cost, high sensitivity, and ease of operation.

Research paper thumbnail of Synthesis of ZnO-CoO/Al2O3 nanoparticles and its application as a catalyst in ethanol conversion to acetone

Results in Chemistry, 2021

Research paper thumbnail of Isothermal and Kinetic Studies of the Adsorption Removal of Pb(II), Cu(II), and Ni(II) Ions from Aqueous Solutions using Modified Chara Sp. Algae

Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering, 2020

We investigated the individual biosorption removal of lead, copper, and nickel ions from aqueous ... more We investigated the individual biosorption removal of lead, copper, and nickel ions from aqueous solutions using Chara sp. algae powder in a batch mode. The impact of several parameters, such as initial concentration of the metal ions, contacting time, sorbent dose, and pH on the removal efficiency, was investigated. The maximum removal efficiency at optimum conditions was found to be 98% for Pb(II) at pH = 4, 90% for Cu(II) at pH = 5, and 80% for Ni(II) at pH = 5. The isotherm study was done under the optimum conditions for each metal by applying the experimental results onto the well-known Freundlich and Langmuir models. The results show that the Langmuir is better in describing the isotherm adsorption of Pb(II) and Ni(II), while the Freundlich is a better fit in the case of Cu(II). Similarly, a kinetic study was performed by using the pseudo-first and second-order equations. Our results show that the pseudo-secondorder is better in representing the kinetic adsorption of the three metal ions.

Research paper thumbnail of Catalytic Oxidative and Adsorptive Desulfurization of Heavy Naphtha Fraction

Catalytic removal of sulfur compounds from heavy naphtha (HN) was investigated using a combinatio... more Catalytic removal of sulfur compounds from heavy naphtha (HN) was investigated using a combination of an oxidation process using hydrogen peroxide and an adsorption process using granulated activated carbon (GAC) and white eggshell (WES). This study investigated the impact of changing several operating parameters on the desulfurization efficiency. Specifically, the volume ratio of H2O2 to HN (0.01~0.05), agitation speed (Uspeed) of the water bath shaker (100-500 ± 1 rpm), pH of sulfur solution (1~5), amount of adsorbent (0.1~2.5 g), desulfurization temperature (25~85 ± 1 °C) and contact time (10~180 minutes) were examined. The results indicate that the desulfurization efficiency resulting from catalytic and adsorption processes of GAC is better than that of WES for oxidation and removing sulfur compounds from HN due to its high surface area. The desulfurization efficiency depends strongly on all investigated operating parameters. The maximum removal efficiency of GAC and WES achieved by this study was 86 and 65, respectively.

Research paper thumbnail of The impact of Methanol-Diesel compound on the performance of a Four-Stroke CI engine

Materials Today: Proceedings, 2021

Abstract The impact of blending diesel fuel with different ratios of methanol was investigated in... more Abstract The impact of blending diesel fuel with different ratios of methanol was investigated in a TD 212 laboratory internal combustion diesel engine which is a single-cylinder, four-strokes, and pneumatic cooling. The tested engine was fuelled by a diesel fuel blending with methanol in a volume percentage of 7, 14 and 21, and the results were compared with pure diesel fuel. To avoid a phase separation issue, 1% of 1-dodecanol was added into each blend. The engine was operated within a constant speed of 2000 rpm under three levels of torques 2, 4 and 6 N.m. The brake-specific fuel consumption (BSFC), engine effective power (Ne), brake-specific energy consumption (BSEC), brake thermal efficiency (BTE), and noise level of the tested engine as well as the exhaust temperature were evaluated. The results showed that blending diesel with methanol up to 14% improves the performance of the fuel through improving BSFC, Ne, BSEC, BTE, noise level, and decrease the exhaust temperature due to increase the oxygen content of the fuel resulted from adding methanol which also lowers the fuel density and viscosity. This lowering in the fuel density and viscosity decrease the noise level and improve the combustion rate of the fuel. Improving the combustion with lowering the exhaust temperature lead to decrease the formation of NOx components which are serious pollutants for the environment. The further increasing of methanol percentage negatively impacts the fuel consumption and engine efficiency due to methanol higher ignition temperature and latent heat of vaporization as well as its lower cetane number comparing with regular diesel fuel, which resulted in faulty ignition quality.

Research paper thumbnail of Adsorption of methyl green stain from aqueous solutions using non-conventional adsorbent media: Isothermal kinetic and thermodynamic studies

Bioresource Technology Reports, 2021

Abstract Eggshell waste which is a serious issue that faces the authorities of food industries wa... more Abstract Eggshell waste which is a serious issue that faces the authorities of food industries was used to adsorb methyl green stain from aqueous solutions. The impact of pH solution of several parameters on the removal efficiency was investigated. The results show that the maximum percent of removal was 69.38 ± 3% and it was directly proportional with pH, agitation speed, adsorbent dose, and contact time. While the relation with temperature and initial concentration was inverse. The isotherm, kinetic and thermodynamic studies were also done under the system optimum conditions. The results show that the pseudo-second order kinetic model and Langmuir isotherm model are the best models that describe the adsorption system, while the thermodynamic investigation illustrates that the removal process was endothermic, spontaneous, and less entropic. This work provides detailed information about an innovative method to utilize eggshell waste as an inexpensive adsorbent to remove methyl green stain from aqueous solutions.

Research paper thumbnail of Removal of dyes by agricultural waste

Sustainable Chemistry and Pharmacy, 2020

Abstract Biowaste is an important sustainable source of adsorption activities for many harmful ma... more Abstract Biowaste is an important sustainable source of adsorption activities for many harmful materials, such as hazardous metals/elements and organics. It has many advantages over the conventional materials due to its low cost, abundance, affective adsorption capacity, and recyclability. Dyes are mainly organics with different structures and molecular weights; they are harmful to the environment and organisms if they were not efficiently treated before releasing. However, there is a massive number of dyes that classified into different categories, and there are different adsorbents that were reported for dyes adsorption. Among these dyes, methyl dyes with their different colors are very common in researches because of their availability and easiness in the study. Also, there are various biosorbents that were used, prepared, or grafted from different parts of plants and animals. In this review, we are focusing on the use of plant parts, such as the leaf, peel, etc. in dyes removal. Researches numbers in this field are increasing yearly (based on Scopus database information), which indicates the importance of this type of material; though, we selected a group of articles to focus on to clarify the idea in summary. Different adsorption capacities, operation conditions, and applying forms were studied, and the reported results showed that biomass adsorbents are so influential and recyclable. The adsorption kinetics and isotherms were illustrated and tabled for selected studies to show the adsorbents behaviors and adsorption mechanisms.

Research paper thumbnail of Uptake of cyanide compounds from aqueous solutions by lemon peel with utilising the residue absorbent as rodenticide

Indian Chemical Engineer, 2019

Lemon peel was examined in this work as innovative inexpensive biosorption material for cyanide (... more Lemon peel was examined in this work as innovative inexpensive biosorption material for cyanide (CN −) removal from aqueous solution. The influence of adsorbent amount, feed flow rate, CN − concentration, and solution pH on the breakthrough and saturation points was determined. To determine the design parameters required to scale-up the system, this work explores six different kinetics models. The data showed that the breakthrough curve is highly dependent on the investigated parameters. The system showed perfect performance, achieving more than 99% removal of CN − at the optimum conditions for the first 25 min. Furthermore, this work examined utilising the used adsorbent, saturated lemon peel with cyanide, as inexpensive rodent pesticide by tested on an outbred multipurpose breed of albino rats and compare the results with the median lethal dose (LD 50) for those rats. The test results showed a foetal effect of the adsorption residue on the rats. This step will assure a safe method to dispose of the adsorption residue, as well as provide an inexpensive rodent pesticide, which increases the economic feasibility of this removal technique.

Research paper thumbnail of Isotherm and computational fluid dynamics analysis of nickel ion adsorption from aqueous solution using activated carbon

South African Journal of Chemical Engineering, 2020

This is a PDF file of an article that has undergone enhancements after acceptance, such as the ad... more This is a PDF file of an article that has undergone enhancements after acceptance, such as the addition of a cover page and metadata, and formatting for readability, but it is not yet the definitive version of record. This version will undergo additional copyediting, typesetting and review before it is published in its final form, but we are providing this version to give early visibility of the article. Please note that, during the production process, errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain.

Research paper thumbnail of α-Fe2O3 Nanoparticles as Oxygen Carriers for Chemical Looping Combustion: An Integrated Materials Characterization Approach to Understanding Oxygen Carrier Performance, Reduction Mechanism, and Particle Size Effects

Research paper thumbnail of Promising evolution of biofuel generations. Subject review

Renewable Energy Focus, 2019

Biofuels have attracted a lot of attention due to the increasing demand on energy resources as we... more Biofuels have attracted a lot of attention due to the increasing demand on energy resources as well as elevated concerns about greenhouse gas emissions. In contrast to other green energy resources, biofuels can provide liquid fuels which are essential for transportation. This review reports recent advances in liquid biofuels, focusing on their generations and types. Generally, biofuels are classified into four generations based on the type of the feedstock that is used. First generation biofuels utilize edible biomass which sparked controversy because it competes with global food needs. Second generation biofuels use non-edible biomass but there are still some limitations related to the cost-effectiveness involved in scaling the production to a commercial level. Third generation biofuels use microorganisms as feedstock, while fourth generation biofuel focuses on modifying these microorganisms genetically to achieve a preferable hydrogen to carbon (HC) yield along with creating an artificial carbon sink to eliminate or minimize carbon emissions. These last two generations of biofuel are still in early development stages. This article reviews and summarizes 124 papers, 77% of which were published within the last three years. The aim of this work is to provide an overview of the four liquid biofuel generations as well as the latest development efforts in this field. This review concludes that the current production methods of biofuel in the first and second generations will soon fail to satisfy the increasing demand on biofuel. Therefore, development efforts should be focused on third and fourth generations, specifically the genetic engineering of algae.

Research paper thumbnail of Co 3 O 4 nanoparticles as oxygen carriers for chemical looping combustion: A materials characterization approach to understanding oxygen carrier performance

Chemical Engineering Journal, 2017

h i g h l i g h t s Co 3 O 4 reduction proceeded through CoO then to metallic Co during CLC. Supe... more h i g h l i g h t s Co 3 O 4 reduction proceeded through CoO then to metallic Co during CLC. Superior performance of CoO/Co mixed phases. CoO reduction to Co follows a nucleation and nuclei growth mechanism. Mixed metal-metal oxide phases may help to improve reactivity. Continued performance of Co 3 O 4 through several cycles, illustrates its potential.