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Papers by Feray Koca

Sosyal ve Beşeri Bilimler Araştırmaları Dergisi, Dec 1, 2017

Pers istilalarından sonra, Halikarnassos, antik Karya'da Hekatomnid iktidarının ikinci başkenti o... more Pers istilalarından sonra, Halikarnassos, antik Karya'da Hekatomnid iktidarının ikinci başkenti olması açısından önemlidir. Hekatomnid dönemin, kent planlama anlayışı bakımından en önemli özelliği, iktidarın gücünü ve kontrol yetkisini kent planına yansıtmasıdır. Aynı zamanda yerel bölgeyi Helenleştirerek küçük yerleşim birimlerini bir araya getirip Halikarnasos kent devleti altında birleştirmeyi başarmıştır. Bu nedenle; Karya'da, Pers ve Yunan etkileri altında kent planlama anlayışının geliştiği gözlemlenmiştir. Halikarnassos kenti, Helenistik dönemin planlama anlayışına hakim olan ortogonal planlama biçimine uygun olarak şekillenmiştir. Ancak, binaların olağandışı yerleşimi ve teraslar halinde yer almasının temel nedeni Hekatomnid iradesini ve hakimiyet alanını ortaya koymaktır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, Pers ve Yunan etkisinde, Hekatomnid dönemin yarattığı kent planlama anlayışını Halikarnasos kent planı ve yapıları ile incelemektir.

Journal of design for resilience in architecture and planning, Dec 29, 2021

Historic cultural landscapes consist of pattern of layers reflecting mutual interaction of the lo... more Historic cultural landscapes consist of pattern of layers reflecting mutual interaction of the local people with the land through time. They have material and immaterial traces of collective practices of the initial inhabitants and a local culture. Traditional determinist approach has a tendency to split material and immaterial, natural and cultural values and evaluate them separately. However, the concept of cultural landscape has been arisen as a criticism against this duality and distinction and thereafter landscapes started to be regarded as cultural representations that are shaped by both natural and cultural values. This article explores the historic cultural landscape of Karabağlar Yaylası in a rural-urban continuum in search of preservation strategies regarding changing relations with modernization and urbanization. Karabağlar Yaylası is a semi-urban and semi-rural settlement close to Muğla city centre. The seasonal migration and socio-economical interdependency have been two significant facts that sustain the settlement. However, the historic cultural landscape of Karabağlar is under threat of urban sprawl and increasing development pressures with urbanization. Modernization tools and implementations have fragmented and transformed the distinct socio-spatial pattern of Karabağlar and destroyed its character defining features over the last five decades. In order to reveal socio-spatial transformations in Karabağlar, a survey analysis was conducted. Two similar face-toface questionnaires carried out in 2006 and 2020 are evaluated comparatively. The questionnaires have been structured over how the inhabitants of Karabağlar perceive the space, how they develop land use and the symbolic meaning they attribute to the space. Findings related to field research and the empirical results of the questionnaires are evaluated holistically and changing social, economic and environmental relations are elaborated. To combat with the problems arising due to socio-spatial transformations, the article proposes some preservation strategies that care cultural values as far as natural values, perception of residents, collective memory, sense of community and their interaction with the land. This study has a potential to set up a research agenda in terms of preservation strategies for similar geographical settings.

Journal of Landscape Architecture, Jan 2, 2014

ABSTRACT Karabağlar (Muğla, Turkey) is one of those settlements that over time has come to blend ... more ABSTRACT Karabağlar (Muğla, Turkey) is one of those settlements that over time has come to blend well with its natural assets. Not only are the man-made and natural components of this seasonal settlement unique, and in harmony with one another, but they have also persisted throughout the centuries despite much adversity. Previous research has revealed how two landscape components particular to the area, namely irim and kesik, have resulted in a remarkable character. Further inquiry into other aspects of Karabağlar will help in the depiction of its original layout, taking into account the wealth of landscape elements and structures that have a couple of millennia, or more, of historical precedent. The originality of the spatial layout of a yurt setting, the lifestyle that is generated around a coffeehouse, in addition to a masjid and plane trees, all deserve attention as a system of diverse values worthy of conservation.

Iconarp international journal architecture and planning, Jun 30, 2022

The climate change crisis stemming from anthropogenic reasons has triggered severe weather events... more The climate change crisis stemming from anthropogenic reasons has triggered severe weather events and disasters all over the world in recent years. In this context, the main purpose of the paper is to reveal the importance of ecological memory in the face of the wildfires threatening our living spaces and taking place between 29 July-12 August 2021 throughout Muğla Province, and to divulge basic strategies for the future of the region by questioning the resilience of ecosystem. The damage caused by wildfires are determined by using satellite images and remote sensing methods in GIS. Accordingly, the borders of burned areas were determined by using mainly remote sensing data according to the degree of burn severity on the basis of NBR. In turn, these borders were overlapped with CLC data and administrative borders at different scales for determination of the land cover types of the burned areas and the urban areas affected. Subsequently, the actual surface areas of the burned regions were calculated by using SRTM GL1 satellite images. The results show that not only forest assets, but also agricultural areas, production areas, mining areas, urban transportation network and residential areas were damaged by the wildfires. Although burned areas can be calculated by using remote sensing methods as done in this study, exact delimitation of fire zones and precise distribution of the burned areas according to land cover types also require in-situ work. Hence, the scope of the paper doesn't cover these issues that can only be addressed by future studies. Overall, the paper proposes a framework for questioning the socio-ecological resilience of the ecosystem in the upcoming period of the disasters that threaten our living spaces, and formulates a set of strategies for spatial planning by employing a socio-ecological approach for increasing the resilience of habitats by revealing ecological memory.

Grid - architecture, planning and design journal, Oct 17, 2022

Historical cartographic materials provide us with significant evidence not only about the evoluti... more Historical cartographic materials provide us with significant evidence not only about the evolution of spatial setting in a city and region, but also conception of it from different worldviews. In this context, Bodrum, the site of ancient Halicarnassus in the Eastern Mediterranean, can be considered as a perfect laboratory for the observation of this evolution and conceptions owing to the availability of a number of historical maps belonging to the different eras and traditions. By revealing four mapping traditions for elaboration of the historical cartographic materials available for Bodrum, the study re-read the history of Bodrum city with reference to, on the one hand, the evolution of spatial configuration of the old and remarkable buildings in the city, and on the other hand, the manifestation of the different world views and conceptions, which is realized by employing a two-folded lens that reformulates history as cartography while contextualizing cartography as history. Georeferencing is also used as an auxiliary method of analysis for the fixation of spatial elements.

Landscape Research, Jul 1, 2006

Abstract A very particular set of landscape components, namely the irim and the kesik, found in t... more Abstract A very particular set of landscape components, namely the irim and the kesik, found in the peri-urban rural area called Karabaglar, are considered. This area is in the contiguous land of the city of Mugla, in southwestern Turkey, and is administered by its municipality. It has a rural character, yet also includes summerhouses for the inhabitants of the city. Physical resemblance of the irim and the kesik to the hedgerow suggests similar functions, but a closer look reveals that they have a wider range of features and aspects. Functioning not only as a marker of agricultural land sub-divisions, they also play an important role in the hydrology of the area. While their specific traditional features can be used in designed landscapes, the intention here is, first, to introduce the irim, the kesik and the very special setting offered by Karabaglar, which are now under the pressure of urban encroachment. A comparison with the hedgerow is nevertheless useful in order to better understand related aspects and features.

Mimarlık Dergisi, 2022

Günümüzde aşınmaya başlayan “yönetim” kavramı, yerini toplumsal eşgüdümün sağlandığı “iyi yönetiş... more Günümüzde aşınmaya başlayan “yönetim” kavramı, yerini toplumsal eşgüdümün sağlandığı “iyi yönetişim” anlayışına bırakmakta. Etkileşim içinde olduğumuz mekânlar üzerinde kararlar alınırken, doğrudan etkilenenler olarak içinde yer alma ve yapabilme hakkı kazanma isteği ise katılım ihtiyacını ortaya çıkarıyor. Yazar, Karabağlar Yaylası örneği üzerinden katılımcı bir yönetişimsel yapıya geçiş sürecinden kesitleri ortaya koyuyor.

GRID - Architecture, Planning and Design Journal

ESTOA

Los sistemas socio-ecológicos evolucionan en ciclos de adaptación ecológica aumentando la resilie... more Los sistemas socio-ecológicos evolucionan en ciclos de adaptación ecológica aumentando la resiliencia de los lugares. El objetivo de este artículo es presentar los procesos de diseño e implementación del Proyecto de Área de Actividades y Cine al Aire Libre que se aplica en uno de los valles del Campus Principal de la Universidad Mugla Sitki Koçman. El proyecto se realizó utilizando el enfoque de ecodiseño como método de diseño y planificación basado en los conceptos de panarquía y transecto, que tienen sus raíces en los estudios de Patrick Geddes. Los criterios adoptados para el diseño del área del proyecto fueron determinados por el proceso de levantamiento, análisis y diseño en el marco de las oportunidades que ofrece el entorno en la interacción de la naturaleza y el ser humano. De acuerdo con los criterios básicos de diseño, se completó la fase de aplicación del proyecto y se puso en servicio el Cine al Aire Libre y el Área de Actividades.

Karabaglar is a rural area where agricultural community lives and which locates in the vicinity o... more Karabaglar is a rural area where agricultural community lives and which locates in the vicinity of Mugla town. It was registered as third grade natural site that must be preserved according to its rural character, natural and cultural assets and rural life. Property pattern consisting of private ownerships (yurts), specific road network that emerges from irims and kesiks, traditional houses, variety of vegetation, abundant water, self-sufficient agricultural production, and traditional life style are the main features that create and shape Karabaglar. Kesiks, irims, kabaliks, and yurts are the major man-made components, which are unique to Karabaglar, and these characteristics conform to the natural landscape structure. Urban growth, interventions due to misuse of lands, new housing demands of urban residents in Karabaglar resulted in urban pressure on the area. This situation puts forth the conservation necessity of Karabaglar. This research analyzes the speculative housing develop...

Journal of Design for Resilience in Architecture and Planning, 2021

Journal of Landscape Architecture, 2014

irbdirekt.de

Urban growth and speculative housing development on rural areas, especially at urban fringes caus... more Urban growth and speculative housing development on rural areas, especially at urban fringes cause transformation of ownership relations, deterioration of traditional pattern and landscape character. The rapid increase of population in cities necessitates new housing demands and this need is met by peripheral rural lands. This urban development process occurs as urban sprawl through rural areas. Karabaðlar is a traditional rural settlement in the vicinity of the town of Muðla and it is registered as third degree natural site. It carries unique vernacular features such as special outstanding landscape components, traditional houses that are part of the typical domestic architecture and ownership pattern that create the cultural heritage. The land-use character is based on agriculture. The misuse of lands, new housing demands of urban residents and secondary housing related with urban growth in Karabaðlar resulted in urban pressure on the area. This situation put forth the necessity of ecological and cultural preservation of the lands of Karabaðlar settlement against housing speculation. The aim of this paper is to determine the pressure of the urban growth and construction of urban settlement on rural areas and degeneration of traditional pattern in Muðla, Karabaðlar in a historical process. The requirement for preservation of rural, agricultural or natural lands, spatial layout and cultural heritage of Karabaðlar and sustainability is remarked.

‘Bağ’ settlements have been a part of dynamic spatial systems, which seasonally depend on and rec... more ‘Bağ’ settlements have been a part of dynamic spatial systems, which seasonally depend on and reciprocally interact with Anatolian towns throughout centuries. This thesis presents the transforming setting of ‘bağ’ settlements related to changing values and meanings through an ontological assessment. Therefore, the thesis assumes that the main values of spatial organization, farmland pattern, ecological formation, settlement character, socio-cultural structure and lifestyle of the inhabitants constitute the unique entity of ‘bağ’ settlements. In time, the pressures of changing socio-economic conditions have destroyed the interaction between Anatolian towns and ‘bağ’ settlements. The thesis explains the changing role of ‘bağ’ settlements, changing and conflicting land uses and the loss of unique ‘bağ’ character in the case of Muğla-Karabağlar. Karabağlar is a ‘bağ’ settlement in the southwestern Turkey, where Muğla town residents live seasonally. It is a third grade natural site, the unique character, the natural and cultural assets and the lifestyle of which must be preserved. However, with transformation of the main values, meanings and practices, Karabağlar could no longer perpetuated its initial existence of being. Karabağlar is significant for two reasons: it has natural and cultural beings that need to be conserved, and as it still goes through a transformation process. The master’s thesis of the author evaluated conservation plan of Karabağlar. Differently, this doctoral thesis evaluates the dynamics of the spatio-temporal transformation process in Karabağlar. It presents the changing role and significance of Karabağlar within the town-country continuum. This situation brings forward the conservation problematic of the character, landscape and uniqueness of Karabağlar. Within this respect, the thesis contributes to the literature of ‘bağ’ settlements in terms of defining their being and changing role throughout the history.Ph.D. - Doctoral Progra

Iconarp International J. of Architecture and Planning

Journal of Planning, 2015

METU JOURNAL OF THE FACULTY OF ARCHITECTURE, 2015

Pers istilalarindan sonra, Halikarnassos, antik Karya’da Hekatomnid iktidarinin ikinci baskenti o... more Pers istilalarindan sonra, Halikarnassos, antik Karya’da Hekatomnid iktidarinin ikinci baskenti olmasi acisindan onemlidir. Hekatomnid donemin, kent planlama anlayisi bakimindan en onemli ozelligi, iktidarin gucunu ve kontrol yetkisini kent planina yansitmasidir. Ayni zamanda yerel bolgeyi Helenlestirerek kucuk yerlesim birimlerini bir araya getirip Halikarnasos kent devleti altinda birlestirmeyi basarmistir. Bu nedenle; Karya’da, Pers ve Yunan etkileri altinda kent planlama anlayisinin gelistigi gozlemlenmistir. Halikarnassos kenti, Helenistik donemin planlama anlayisina hakim olan ortogonal planlama bicimine uygun olarak sekillenmistir. Ancak, binalarin olagandisi yerlesimi ve teraslar halinde yer almasinin temel nedeni Hekatomnid iradesini ve hakimiyet alanini ortaya koymaktir. Bu calismanin amaci, Pers ve Yunan etkisinde, Hekatomnid donemin yarattigi kent planlama anlayisini Halikarnasos kent plani ve yapilari ile incelemektir.

Mugla Sitki Koçman University Green Campus Logo and Amblem, Jul 20, 2020

Three figures (two amblem and a logo) were digitally drawn by Feray Koca for Sustainable Green Ca... more Three figures (two amblem and a logo) were digitally drawn by Feray Koca for Sustainable Green Campus website of Mugla Sitki Koçman University.

Sosyal ve Beşeri Bilimler Araştırmaları Dergisi, Dec 1, 2017

Journal of design for resilience in architecture and planning, Dec 29, 2021

Journal of Landscape Architecture, Jan 2, 2014

Iconarp international journal architecture and planning, Jun 30, 2022

Grid - architecture, planning and design journal, Oct 17, 2022

Landscape Research, Jul 1, 2006

Mimarlık Dergisi, 2022

GRID - Architecture, Planning and Design Journal

ESTOA

Journal of Design for Resilience in Architecture and Planning, 2021

Journal of Landscape Architecture, 2014

irbdirekt.de

Iconarp International J. of Architecture and Planning

Journal of Planning, 2015

METU JOURNAL OF THE FACULTY OF ARCHITECTURE, 2015

Mugla Sitki Koçman University Green Campus Logo and Amblem, Jul 20, 2020

International Planning History Society Proceedings

Historic cultural landscapes are formed with collective activities of the inhabitants; they are p... more Historic cultural landscapes are formed with collective activities of the inhabitants; they are part of a collective identity, shared set of meanings and a local culture. With their unique natural and man-made qualities, they have been the cultural representation of the society in history. In this respect, they are natural and cultural heritage that must be preserved.

The case area of this paper, Karabaglar is a historic cultural landscape located at the periphery of Mugla town. There has been a seasonal cyclic movement (transhumance culture) between these two settlements for centuries that set up an interdependency and interaction. Karabaglar served to house economy as far as recreational needs of town residents.

The cultural landscape of Karabaglar is composed of one-five-acre regular horticultural flatlands on which scattered traditional cubic houses situated. Land use, social and cultural practices of the residents and their relations with the environment have given form to the landscape of Karabaglar throughout centuries; therefore, its spatial organization is an outcome of socio-cultural formation. Some landscape components and character defining features specific in Karabaglar have been invented by initial inhabitants, reproduced through daily uses, and transmitted through time as socio-cultural practices. They were structured with a great sensitivity to the environment. Therefore, spatial organization in Karabaglar asserts the existence of coherence between human activities and environment, wholly reveals the uniqueness of Karabaglar.

Karabaglar has made testimony to the practices of changing society throughout the history. Karabaglar landscape witnessed the past and present interaction of the community with the environment. In this respect, Karabaglar keeps the cultural history of initial inhabitants and presents cultural richness. The history of Karabaglar dates back to the 17th century when the first sedentary settlement movements started with Turcoman nomads. Until 20th century, Karabaglar provided a noticeable amount of agricultural contribution to the town economy. However, with modernization, especially after 1950s, socio economic and technological dynamics have altered the significance of Karabaglar for town economy and social life. After 1960s, the technological developments especially in transportation have been effective in the restructuring of Karabaglar pattern. The cultural landscape of Karabaglar started to transform into new residential area of the town as a result of urbanization. In the recent century, developments in the economy, technology, and transportation have changed the preferences of people that influence the lifestyle and the building practices in Karabaglar. Hence, the original character, natural and cultural qualities could not save their existence.

This paper aims to search preservation strategies against the deterioration of historic cultural landscape of Karabaglar. It first explains the natural and cultural values of Karabaglar in line with its historic existence, then determines the changing circumstances with modernization, later goes on to explain the transformation process of Karabaglar within urbanization. Finally, it discusses the preservation tools and techniques assessing the historic cultural landscape and its cultural heritage in integrity and providing the perpetuation of Karabaglar’s being.

International Planning History Society Proceedings

In ancient times, cities were not durable to the catastrophic devastations such that many of whic... more In ancient times, cities were not durable to the catastrophic devastations such that many of which were abandoned to their own fate. However, in modern times, with technological progress, the physical fabric of the cities is rebuilt, socio-economic and cultural structure is quickly resurrected against natural or human-induced disasters. It is the modern technology that provides the reconstruction of a city after a catastrophe; however, the resilience and recovery of a city is not just physical rebuilding. It is an adaptive and evolutionary process that absorbs all the impacts of hazards. Moreover, it includes the human endeavor and struggle, cooperation, self-reliance and sense of belongingness. The social and cultural scope of the resilience is the defining features of the cities, which sustain its essence and the urban fabric.

The case area of this paper, Fethiye has a profound history with its coastal settlement dates back to Lycians. The name of the first known settlement in the town was Telmessos. Many earthquakes damaged the region since the ancient times and people had to seek for new and secure inhabiting destinations therefore, there are very few remains from ancient settlements except for rock tombs.

Today, Fethiye is a modern coastal town in Turkey. It is significant with its touristic port, harmony of ancient and modern urban fabric, everlasting tourist industry and agricultural production. Many severe earthquakes have been recorded in Fethiye throughout history. The first planned urbanization started with the recovery works after the damage of earthquake in 1856. However, the town had been demolished again with the earthquake in 1957. Since then, it has been rebuilt with a modernist understanding and technique. This natural disaster formed a basis for the first legal regulations and organizational structure related to natural hazard areas, which was generated and ratified in 1959 in Turkey. Thus, the urban fabric of Fethiye is restructured according to modern lifestyle and new legal regulations for urbanization on natural hazard areas. A new district with the name of Karagözler is created. In the meantime, geographical advantage of the town, the coastal strip, which led to the initial settling, helped the resurrection of the town. However, with the popularity of sea holiday and growth of mass foreign tourism in 1960s, the wetlands in Fethiye were filled to make room for massive residential development.

Fethiye is trying to enhance resilience with respect to the challenges of earthquake, rapid growth, eradication of natural resources, and touristic overpopulation especially in the summer months. The aim of this paper is to present the restructuring process of the coastal town Fethiye which absorbs the impacts of the abovementioned various hazards since the earthquake in 1957. It evaluates the positive and negative consequences of this restructuring process in terms of both resurrection of the town with tourism potential and loss of wetlands and natural resources.

Historic urban fabric is the total representation of urban architecture that has the capacity of ... more Historic urban fabric is the total representation of urban architecture that has the capacity of creating the urban space and urban life of a particular society. It has guidance on providing the coherence between architectural values and cultural continuity of built environment. The man designs his built environment according to some functional and cultural bases. Therefore, urban architecture is a system or structure consisted of physical, social and cultural entities. In this system, understanding historic urban fabric initially necessitates understanding the essence of the entity. The urban components may alter with changing conditions of the modern world, but the essence of historic urban fabric lies in the relatedness between the architectural elements.

In modern world, with rapid urbanization, uncontrolled changes and growth of the cities have become threat to the authentic character and historic urban fabric of the cities. Moreover, with technological developments, functions of the urban environment have changed; thereafter, conservation of the historic urban fabric and its adaptation to new form of living and land uses have become significant issues for urban design and planning policies.

The main objective of this paper is to assert the necessity of understanding historic urban fabric in order to provide the perpetuation of the authentic character and architectural qualities. Defining historic urban fabric for a settlement necessitates understanding and reading the space because these practices release the inventory feature of the local character in terms of conservation practices.

The study puts forth the conservation problematic of historic urban fabric in Turkey in line with explaining the development process of Turkish planning system. In the last century, many Turkish towns have been disrupted with modernization tools and projects. With capitalist materialism, many global images and architectural features are stamped to the cities as contemporary projects. Sometimes, on behalf of maintaining just the physical historic urban fabric, some architectural elements are copied as a model to the new designs such that they were lack of their soul, meaning and historic significance. In this way, many cities in Turkey transformed due to the pressure of capitalist production and the historic urban fabric could not be preserved.

In some Turkish cities, the strong relationship between culture and character has been broken; in the meantime the common language that constitute the urban fabric has been forgotten. This study reveals that urban artifacts of history or historic architectural values are not the end products of a settlement; they are the result of a long-term formation including physical, social, cultural, economical interactions. Inherited environment has the capacity of creating the image of the city; thus, the built environment should be evaluated with its own entirety and continuum.

Key words: historic urban fabric; conservation; urban architecture; authentic character

Türkiye Kentsel Morfoloji Sempozyumu/Temel Yaklaşımlar ve Teknikler

Kentsel yapılı çevre, tarihsel süreç içinde adaptasyon ve yeniden gelişim ile hızlı bir değişim y... more Kentsel yapılı çevre, tarihsel süreç içinde adaptasyon ve yeniden gelişim ile hızlı bir değişim yaşamaktadır. Bu bağlamda; kentsel büyüme ve çeper kavramı, bize bir kentin fiziksel yapısını, kentsel mekanın tarihsel gelişimini ve değişen kent formunu ortaya koyan bir çerçeve sunmaktadır. Tarihsel koşullara göre şekillenen kentsel yapılı çevre, farklı kültürlerdeki kentsel gelişim dinamiklerini de yansıtmaktadır.
Kentsel çeper-kuşaklar; morfolojik dönemler, politik-ekonomik ideolojiler gibi kentsel gelişim dinamiklerinin etkisinde, kent mekanına bağlı olarak çeşitli formlarda gelişebilir. Kent çeperinin tarihsel süreç içerisinde oluşumu, yapılı çevrenin fiziksel yapılanmasında ve kentsel sınırların ortaya çıkışında önem kazanır. Conzen ve Whitehand’e göre, kentsel büyüme ve çeper-kuşak oluşumu, kentsel planlama ve tasarım literatüründe kayda değer bir biçimde işlenmemiştir. Bu ihmal; kenti, tarihsel şartlara göre şekillenen coğrafi bir varlık olarak görmek yerine, işlevsel ve alan kullanım terimleriyle açıklama eğiliminden kaynaklanmaktadır. Oysaki yerel planlama; konut, ulaşım, rekreasyon, ve diğer hizmetler gibi farklı işlevlere yönelik alan tahsisi yerine, yapılı çevrenin farklı dönemlerde nasıl farklılaştığı ve geliştiği üzerine odaklanmalıdır. Bu da, uzun ya da orta dönemli bir tarihsel süreç analizini gerektirir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, kentsel büyüme, çeper-kuşak oluşum ve kent formu değişim sürecini, Muğla kent örneği üzerinden uzun dönemli bir tarihsel süreç analizi ile incelemektir.
Muğla Kentinin geçmişi ve ticari önemi antik döneme kadar uzanmaktadır. Ancak, Muğla kent merkezi coğrafi özellikleri nedeniyle kıyıdan oldukça içeride yer almıştır ve tarım dışında sanayisi olmamıştır. Osmanlı Dönemi’nde ticaret yolu üzerinde yer alırken, Cumhuriyet sonrasında turizm ve sanayi yatırımlarından uzak konumlanan Merkez ilçenin, il geneline sosyo-ekonomik açıdan katkısı zayıf kalmıştır. Ancak; Osmanlı, Cumhuriyet Dönemi ve 2000’lerden sonra olarak belirleyebileceğimiz üç farklı dönemde kentsel büyüme belirgin sınırlarla kendini göstermiş ve bu dönemsel değişimler kentsel ve coğrafi sınırlamalarla kent mekanını şekillendirmiştir. Muğla’nın 2014 yılında Büyükşehir olması ile kentsel büyüme dinamiklerine bir yenisi eklenmiş ve kentin morfolojik dönüşümünün ne yönde olacağı tartışılagelmeye başlamıştır.
Günümüze kadar olan kentsel gelişim, büyüme ve çeper-kuşak oluşum süreci, bu çalışmada üç dönem altında incelenecektir: Birincisi, tarihi kent merkezi dediğimiz çekirdek ve iç-çeper kuşağın oluştuğu Osmanlı Dönemi’dir. Bu bölge, Avrupa kentlerindeki gibi kent duvarları ile sınırlandırılmış olmasa da, kendi içinde bütünlüğe sahiptir ve özgün kentsel karakteri ve dokusu ile daha sonraki dönemlerde oluşan yapılı çevreden farklılaşmıştır. İkincisi, ulus-devletin gereği yeni modern bir kent oluşturma çabası ile tarihi kent merkezi dediğimiz bölgenin güneyinde, Atatürk Bulvarı sınırına kadar olan alanda gelişimin yaşandığı Cumhuriyet Dönemi’dir. Bu dönemin parçası orta çeper-kuşak, kentleşme sürecinde zaman içinde kentle bütünleşmiştir. Üçüncüsü, 1990-2000’lerde üniversitenin gelişimi, çeper köylerin konut gelişimleri sonucu mahalleye dönüşmesi ile başlayan ve bugün büyükşehir olma ile devam eden dönemdir.
Bu çalışmada; Muğla kentinde kentsel büyüme, çeper-kuşak oluşumu ve değişen kent formu, Osmanlı Dönemi, Cumhuriyet Dönemi ve 1990-2000lerle başlayan ve bugün Büyükşehir olma süreci olarak devam eden üç farklı dönem içinde ele alınacaktır. Bu üç morfolojik dönem, belirli kentsel süreçlere bağlı olarak özgün tarihi kent formlarının, çeper-kuşakların ortaya çıkışını ve kentsel yapılı çevrenin fiziksel-kültürel karakterini kazanma sürecini ortaya koymamızı sağlayacaktır.
Anahtar Kelimeler: kentsel büyüme, çeper-kuşak, kent formu, morfolojik dönem

Conference Proocedings

Urban architecture of the city provides us to understand the past and to form the future of the c... more Urban architecture of the city provides us to understand the past and to form the future of the cities. According to the approach of Aldo Rossi (1991) towards understanding the city, urban form can be grasp just from the relations of the physical entity of the city. In time, function may change according to society, however urban form tells much about the essence of the settlement. Therefore, learning process from urban fabric of historical towns includes understanding the existence of being of its form.

The case area of this study, Ula is a historic district of Muğla Province in the Aegean Region of Turkey. The district is settled in a wide fertile plain and approximately 600m high from the sea, whereas Akyaka is tourism town center of Ula district 19km far from Ula and locates on Gokova Bay. Akyaka is an adaptation project of Nail Çakırhan, who first started to form the urban fabric of the town with a reference to traditional houses of Ula in 1970s; from then on, Akyaka has featured a distinctive architectural character. However, imitated reproductions of the buildings and building details in the last decade have damaged naive and distinctive urban fabric of the town and the essence of the settlement.

The aim of this paper is to assert the reading and learning process from historic urban fabric of Ula on behalf of Akyaka. Therefore, it first introduces the historic urban fabric of Ula, and then compares with the newly created urban fabric of Akyaka and presents the positive and negative consequences of this adaptation process.

The establishment of the Turkish Republic in 1923 was a beginning in terms of modernization of Ot... more The establishment of the Turkish Republic in 1923 was a beginning in terms of modernization of Ottoman Anatolia. During the Ottoman Period, the urban space was formed simultaneously without any plan and neighborhoods clustered around some religious buildings such as mosque, madrasah or masjid. In the early Republican Period, the ideal of ‘National Architectural Movement’ was prevalent in town planning as a modernization project. The Anatolian towns were planned according to geometrical development plans that aimed to create the urban space of nation-state. In many Anatolian towns, the organic traditional pattern was transformed into geometrical formal pattern.

Mugla is a town in the southwestern Turkey. As other historical Anatolian towns, its townscape has been subjected to an evolution. The first planned city development started with the establishment of the Republic in the 20th century. In 1936, a geometrical development plan was prepared for Mugla. This plan defined the new town center and the orientation of the residential development independently from the traditional pattern. The project of ‘Republican Square in every Anatolian town’ was implemented in Mugla and this square became the new administrative center of the town.

This paper aims to present the evolution of the townscape of Mugla in the period of transition from the Ottoman State to the Republic of Turkey. In order to assert the evolution, the paper explains the urban space of the town in the Ottoman Period and puts forth the transformation of the townscape with national modernization project of the Republic.

Key words: Anatolian town; townscape; pattern; development plan

The history of rainwater collection and storage systems dates back to ancient cisterns in the Med... more The history of rainwater collection and storage systems dates back to ancient cisterns in the Mediterranean. In cisterns, the harvested water was generally utilized for domestic water supplies. In the modern world, rainwater-harvesting system has become a main strategy to provide sustainable and economical water supply against water scarcity. It is commonly used for the irrigation, garden watering and drinking water by accumulating and depositing of rainwater. The efficiency of the system depends on the rainfall distribution and the water need.

Mugla is one of the cities receiving the greatest amount of precipitation in Turkey. The existence of ancient cisterns in the city presents the common use of the rainfall water in history. The authors designed a campus pond in Mugla Sitki Koçman University for recreational amenities and improving the aesthetic properties of the land. The water of the pond is planned to be harvested from the rooftop catchment area of the nearby faculty buildings through pipes and water storage tank. First, the average rainfall data is obtained for a 25-year return period. Next, the required water for the pond is assessed by considering the evaporation amount. Then, a storage tank is designed for supplying water when the water level decreases in the pond. Finally, geomembranes and geotextiles are specified in order to minimize the water leakage through pond area consisting of limestone with very high permeability.

This study presents a reclamation project in University campus including design of a pond with rainwater harvesting system. To this respect, the paper first explains the ancient practices with rainwater cisterns, and then presents modern and sustainable technologies in rainwater harvesting systems. The paper goes on to explain details of rainwater-harvesting system with a pilot project designed in university campus of Mugla. The project aims to demonstrate the potentials of Mugla in terms of alternative water supply and to promote public awareness to this system.

Keywords: Pond, Rainwater harvesting system, Storage tank, Geomembranes