kamel ghobadi | Isfahan University of Medical Sciences (original) (raw)

Papers by kamel ghobadi

Research paper thumbnail of Perceived Threat about Cigarette Smoking among Adolescents: Optimistic Bias

Qom University of Medical Sciences Journal, Jun 10, 2016

Background and Objectives: Cigarette smoking is one of the important health problems in adolescen... more Background and Objectives: Cigarette smoking is one of the important health problems in adolescents and one of the preventable causes of morbidity and mortality. The present study was carried out with the aim of determining the perceived threat about cigarette smoking among adolescents with emphasis on optimistic bias. Methods: The present study was carried out as a descriptive crosssectional study on 2 nd grade secondary school male students in Shiraz, Iran. A multi-step cluster sampling method was used in the present study. A questionnaire including questions about demographic characteristics, knowledge, and perceived threat, was used. The reliability of the questionnaire was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha coefficient and its validity by a panel of experts. The data were analyzed using descriptive tests and Pearson correlation coefficient. Results: In the current study, the majority of students (3.3%) initiated cigarette smoking at the age of 13 years. Also, there was a significant relationship between perceived susceptibility and having smoker friends and offering cigarette by them. Also, the findings of this study showed that there was a negative correlation between perceived susceptibility and severity. Conclusion: According to the findings of this study, in spite of high perceived severity, the perceived susceptibility was low among the students. Also, optimistic bias in adolescents causes that although they believe in high severity of high-risk behaviors, they do not feel themselves exposed to the risk of morbidity due to health problems.

Research paper thumbnail of Investigation of the relationship between self-esteem and depressive symptoms among young patients with Multiple Sclerosis

Journal of Research on Religion & Health, Apr 15, 2016

Background and Objectives: Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the cent... more Background and Objectives: Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the central nervous system, which aggravates the loss of self-esteem in patients and impairs their ability to cope with the disabilities. The present study investigated the relationship between self-esteem and anxiety among MS patients in Shiraz. Materials and Methods: A descriptive-analytical study was carried out on all young MS patients when the disease was not in an acute stage, aged 20-40 years old in Fars Province in 2009-10. 150 MS patients (90 males and 60 females) were selected through in-access sampling method from a pool of patients who received services from Charity Foundation for Special Diseases (CFSD). The data were collected using self-esteem questionnaire and researcher-made questionnaire of anxiety. Data were analyzed with SPSS V.16 using Regression and Correlation with α=0.05. Results: Our findings indicated that there was an inverse and significant relationship between self-esteem and anxiety in MS patients of both sexes, with self-esteem predicting 0.66 anxiety of the participants. Conclusion: According to our findings, holding sessions to provide insights into the importance of self-esteem would help MS patients and their families to deal with the disease problems more rationally, thus decreasing major part of their concerns.

Research paper thumbnail of Association of between mental health and spiritual health among students in Shiraz University

Advances in Nursing & Midwifery, Nov 9, 2015

Research paper thumbnail of Investigation of correlation between mothers’ marital satisfaction and depression among their adolescent in Shiraz

Advances in Nursing & Midwifery, 2015

Introduction: Depression is the most prevalent malady of the century. About 20 per cent of adoles... more Introduction: Depression is the most prevalent malady of the century. About 20 per cent of adolescents between 13 and 19 experience at least a fit of depression before 18. The present study investigated the relationship between mothers’ marital satisfaction and depression among their adolescents in Shiraz, Iran. Materials and Methods: A correlational study was carried out on 300 teenagers of 14-19 years old (160 females and 140 males) and their mothers in educational year of 2009-10, whom were randomly selected among a pool of students from Shiraz’s four Educational Districts. A depression questionnaire with 21 items and a questionnaire of marital satisfaction with 47 items helped in collection of data. Pearson’s correlation of coefficients, regression, and independent t-tests helped in data analysis. Findings: The current study found depression among teenagers as 43.4 per cent and their mothers’ marital satisfaction as 19.2 per cent. We found an inverse significant relationship bet...

Research paper thumbnail of Assessing the factors influencing delivery method selection in pregnant women referred to Public hospitals in Shirazr

Advances in Nursing & Midwifery, 2014

Background and aim: Although cesarean section is the preferred mode of delivery for some mothers ... more Background and aim: Although cesarean section is the preferred mode of delivery for some mothers ,the rate of cesarean section deliveries has increased to more than 50 percent in some countries. While the World Health Organization has emphasized, cesarean section be performed only based on the indication. This study will assesses the causes and factors influenced on choosing the delivery method in pregnant women referred to Public Hospitals in Shiraz. Material & Methods: A descriptive design was used to assess factors related to mothers’ decisions about mode of delivery. Using a cluster random sampling method, a total number of 417 Pregnant women admitted to hospitals in Shiraz were included in the study. Data were collected by a questionnaire and interview. Data were analyzed by Chi-square, and fisher exact test with using SPSS software. Findings: The results showed significant relation among factors Urbanity, Infant health status, Concern about genital injuries , Spouse views and ...

Research paper thumbnail of Psychometric Evaluation of the Colorectal Cancer Screening Belief Scale Based on Health Belief Model's Constructs for the Fecal Occult Blood Test

Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention, 2016

Background: It is important to validate scales related to cancer screening beliefs in order to be... more Background: It is important to validate scales related to cancer screening beliefs in order to better understand perceptions. The aim of this study was to test the psychometric properties of the colorectal cancer screening belief scale based on Health Belief Model (HBM) constructs. Materials and Methods: Data were collected from 600 persons referred to outpatient laboratory units in Iran through a convenience sampling procedure. In this cross-sectional study, exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were used to examine construct validity of scale. Results: Through exploratory factor analysis, 52 items of the scale converged to five constructs of HBM with 4 items omission. Construct validity was determined by confirmatory factor analysis through which correlated model was supported. Cronbach's alpha coefficient for the whole scale was obtained as 0.78, which indicates reliability of the scale. Conclusions: The study findings showed that this scale is a valid and reliable instrument that can be used for measuring HBM constructs about colorectal cancer screening with the fecal occult blood test.

Research paper thumbnail of Factors Predicting Fecal Occult Blood Testing among Residents of Bushehr, Iran, Based on the Health Belief Model

Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention, 2016

Colorectal cancer is a major cause of mortality worldwide. Fecal occult blood testing has proven ... more Colorectal cancer is a major cause of mortality worldwide. Fecal occult blood testing has proven a very effective screening tool for early detection and mortality reduction. The aim of this study was to determine predictors factors related to fecal occult blood testing using the Health Belief Model method among residents of Bushehr, Iran. A cross sectional study was performed on a sample of 600 men and women more than 50 years of age. The sample was selected by a convenience method from patients referred to public and private laboratories throughout the city. Each subject filled out a questionnaire which was designed and developed based on Health Belief Model constructs. Statistical analysis was conducted using ANOVA, T-test, chi-square test, and logistic regression. Fecal occult blood tests were performed on 179 (29.8%) out of 600 subjects, of which 95 patients (58.1%) did a periodic examination test and 84 patients (46.9%) had a doctor's advice for testing. According to the logistic regression model, the perceived barriers (P=0.0, Exp(B)= 0.3), perceived benefits (P<0.01, Exp(B)= 1.9) and self-efficacy (P<0.01, Exp(B)= 1.6) were predictive factors related to occult blood testing among subjects. The results showed that reducing people's perception of barriers to testing, increasing perceived benefits of screening, and reinforcing self efficacy can have major effect in increasing the rate of fecal occult blood screening for colorectal cancer prevention.

Research paper thumbnail of Assessment of Questionnaire of Physical Activity at Workplace Based on the Social Cognitive Theory (PAWPQ-SCT): A Psychometric Study in Iranian Gas Refinery Workers

Safety and Health at Work

Research paper thumbnail of The Role of the Health Belief Model in Explaining Why Symptomatic Iranian Women Hesitate to Seek Early Screening for Breast Cancer: a Qualitative Study

Journal of Cancer Education

Research paper thumbnail of COVID-19 Protective Behaviors of Iranian Healthcare Workers: A Psychological Theoretical Design Analysis

Health Scope, Dec 16, 2022

Background: This study aimed to investigate COVID-19 protective behaviors of Iranian healthcare w... more Background: This study aimed to investigate COVID-19 protective behaviors of Iranian healthcare workers (HCWs) using an extended parallel process model (EPPM). Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted online on a convenience sample of 418 Iranian HCWs in 2020. Data were gathered using a standardized electronic questionnaire published on the Porsline website, designed based on the EPPM, to assess the relationships between different constructs of EPPM and COVID-19 protective behaviors. For data analysis, statistical tests, such as descriptive tests, independent t-test, ANOVA, Pearson's correlation test, and multiple regression analysis, were performed in SPSS version 18. Results: Most participants (40.4%) were in the age group of 30-40 years, and most were female (70.6%). Significant associations were found between COVID-19 protective behaviors and EPPM constructs of perceived self-efficacy (r = 0.373, P = 0.000), perceived response efficacy (r = 0.120, P = 0.014), and intention (r = 0.462, P = 0.000). Perceived self-efficacy (P = 0.000, beta = 0.398) and behavioral intention (P = 0.000; Beta = 0.283) were predictors of protective behaviors. Also, 34.4% of the HCWs were involved in the danger control process. Conclusions: Only one-third of the HCWs contributed to the process of COVID-19 danger control. The HCWs' motivation for protection against COVID-19 depended on their perception of self-efficacy and their perceived efficacy of COVID-19 preventive behaviors. The present results can be used to design and implement training programs to improve the protective behaviors of HCWs.

Research paper thumbnail of Comparative Analysis of the Implementation of Lesson Planning By The Professors at Shiraz University and Shiraz University of Medical Sciences

Abstract Introduction: The planning and objectives of a lesson introduced by a professor at the b... more Abstract Introduction: The planning and objectives of a lesson introduced by a professor at the beginning of each session is one of the most effective and important factors that help improve students' learning. Collecting of these parameters at the end of each lesson and the presenting of a summary of the next session has a significant impact on the students’ learning. Over the past few years, the importance of lesson planning has been discussed in a broad scope among educational groups of Medical Schools. The study was performed to evaluate and compare lesson planning protocols by the professors at Shiraz University and Shiraz University of Medical Sciences.

Research paper thumbnail of What is the status quo of high-risk behaviors among male adolescents in the South of Iran?: A cross-sectional study in Bandar Bushehr, Iran

International Journal of Ayurvedic Medicine

Introduction: Adolescents are the most vulnerable population in society to high-risk behaviors. I... more Introduction: Adolescents are the most vulnerable population in society to high-risk behaviors. It is essential to explore male adolescents’ state of health so as to establish this health well. The present research aimed to explore the prevalence of high-risk behaviors among male adolescents in the south of Iran. Methods: The present cross-sectional research employed a random multi-stratified sampling method to select subjects from male students of secondary schools (2nd grade) in Bushehr in 2017. The data collection instrument was a questionnaire comprised of two parts. The first part explored background information and the second monitored adolescents’ high-risk behaviors. Once the reliability and validity of the questionnaire were confirmed, the collected data were analyzed in SPSS20 using ANOVA test and Tukey post-hoc test. Results: The majority of subjects belonged to the 16 year-old age group. The highest frequency of high-risk behaviors in male adolescents involved physical c...

Research paper thumbnail of Effects of the nutritional interventions in improving employee’s cardiometabolic risk factors in the workplace: A systematic review

Clinical Nutrition Open Science

Research paper thumbnail of COVID-19 Protective Behaviors among Iran’s Health System Workers: Psychological Theoretic Design Analysis

Background & Aim: Health system staff is as first front line to combat corona disease, and probab... more Background & Aim: Health system staff is as first front line to combat corona disease, and probability of risk of infection to COVID-19 are more in them. This study aimed to investigate protective behaviors related to COVID-19 in Iranian health system staff using a psychological theoretical framework - EPPM (Extended Parallel Process Model) case.Methods: The current study was in cross-sectional design and performed online from May 4 to July 22, 2020 on 418 individuals selected from Iranian health system staff including (physician, nurse & laboratory technician, health worker, administrative staff, radiologist). Data was gathered using valid and reliable electronic questionnaire designed based on EPPM which assesses relations of constructs (perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, perceived self-efficacy, and perceived response-efficacy) with the intention and performing protective behaviors) and published through Porsline site. Data was analyzed using descriptive statistics, t–...

Research paper thumbnail of Perceived Threat about Cigarette Smoking among Adolescents: Optimistic Bias

Qom University of Medical Sciences Journal, Jun 10, 2016

Background and Objectives: Cigarette smoking is one of the important health problems in adolescen... more Background and Objectives: Cigarette smoking is one of the important health problems in adolescents and one of the preventable causes of morbidity and mortality. The present study was carried out with the aim of determining the perceived threat about cigarette smoking among adolescents with emphasis on optimistic bias. Methods: The present study was carried out as a descriptive crosssectional study on 2 nd grade secondary school male students in Shiraz, Iran. A multi-step cluster sampling method was used in the present study. A questionnaire including questions about demographic characteristics, knowledge, and perceived threat, was used. The reliability of the questionnaire was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha coefficient and its validity by a panel of experts. The data were analyzed using descriptive tests and Pearson correlation coefficient. Results: In the current study, the majority of students (3.3%) initiated cigarette smoking at the age of 13 years. Also, there was a significant relationship between perceived susceptibility and having smoker friends and offering cigarette by them. Also, the findings of this study showed that there was a negative correlation between perceived susceptibility and severity. Conclusion: According to the findings of this study, in spite of high perceived severity, the perceived susceptibility was low among the students. Also, optimistic bias in adolescents causes that although they believe in high severity of high-risk behaviors, they do not feel themselves exposed to the risk of morbidity due to health problems.

Research paper thumbnail of Investigation of the relationship between self-esteem and depressive symptoms among young patients with Multiple Sclerosis

Journal of Research on Religion & Health, Apr 15, 2016

Background and Objectives: Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the cent... more Background and Objectives: Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the central nervous system, which aggravates the loss of self-esteem in patients and impairs their ability to cope with the disabilities. The present study investigated the relationship between self-esteem and anxiety among MS patients in Shiraz. Materials and Methods: A descriptive-analytical study was carried out on all young MS patients when the disease was not in an acute stage, aged 20-40 years old in Fars Province in 2009-10. 150 MS patients (90 males and 60 females) were selected through in-access sampling method from a pool of patients who received services from Charity Foundation for Special Diseases (CFSD). The data were collected using self-esteem questionnaire and researcher-made questionnaire of anxiety. Data were analyzed with SPSS V.16 using Regression and Correlation with α=0.05. Results: Our findings indicated that there was an inverse and significant relationship between self-esteem and anxiety in MS patients of both sexes, with self-esteem predicting 0.66 anxiety of the participants. Conclusion: According to our findings, holding sessions to provide insights into the importance of self-esteem would help MS patients and their families to deal with the disease problems more rationally, thus decreasing major part of their concerns.

Research paper thumbnail of Association of between mental health and spiritual health among students in Shiraz University

Advances in Nursing & Midwifery, Nov 9, 2015

Research paper thumbnail of Investigation of correlation between mothers’ marital satisfaction and depression among their adolescent in Shiraz

Advances in Nursing & Midwifery, 2015

Introduction: Depression is the most prevalent malady of the century. About 20 per cent of adoles... more Introduction: Depression is the most prevalent malady of the century. About 20 per cent of adolescents between 13 and 19 experience at least a fit of depression before 18. The present study investigated the relationship between mothers’ marital satisfaction and depression among their adolescents in Shiraz, Iran. Materials and Methods: A correlational study was carried out on 300 teenagers of 14-19 years old (160 females and 140 males) and their mothers in educational year of 2009-10, whom were randomly selected among a pool of students from Shiraz’s four Educational Districts. A depression questionnaire with 21 items and a questionnaire of marital satisfaction with 47 items helped in collection of data. Pearson’s correlation of coefficients, regression, and independent t-tests helped in data analysis. Findings: The current study found depression among teenagers as 43.4 per cent and their mothers’ marital satisfaction as 19.2 per cent. We found an inverse significant relationship bet...

Research paper thumbnail of Assessing the factors influencing delivery method selection in pregnant women referred to Public hospitals in Shirazr

Advances in Nursing & Midwifery, 2014

Background and aim: Although cesarean section is the preferred mode of delivery for some mothers ... more Background and aim: Although cesarean section is the preferred mode of delivery for some mothers ,the rate of cesarean section deliveries has increased to more than 50 percent in some countries. While the World Health Organization has emphasized, cesarean section be performed only based on the indication. This study will assesses the causes and factors influenced on choosing the delivery method in pregnant women referred to Public Hospitals in Shiraz. Material & Methods: A descriptive design was used to assess factors related to mothers’ decisions about mode of delivery. Using a cluster random sampling method, a total number of 417 Pregnant women admitted to hospitals in Shiraz were included in the study. Data were collected by a questionnaire and interview. Data were analyzed by Chi-square, and fisher exact test with using SPSS software. Findings: The results showed significant relation among factors Urbanity, Infant health status, Concern about genital injuries , Spouse views and ...

Research paper thumbnail of Psychometric Evaluation of the Colorectal Cancer Screening Belief Scale Based on Health Belief Model's Constructs for the Fecal Occult Blood Test

Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention, 2016

Background: It is important to validate scales related to cancer screening beliefs in order to be... more Background: It is important to validate scales related to cancer screening beliefs in order to better understand perceptions. The aim of this study was to test the psychometric properties of the colorectal cancer screening belief scale based on Health Belief Model (HBM) constructs. Materials and Methods: Data were collected from 600 persons referred to outpatient laboratory units in Iran through a convenience sampling procedure. In this cross-sectional study, exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were used to examine construct validity of scale. Results: Through exploratory factor analysis, 52 items of the scale converged to five constructs of HBM with 4 items omission. Construct validity was determined by confirmatory factor analysis through which correlated model was supported. Cronbach's alpha coefficient for the whole scale was obtained as 0.78, which indicates reliability of the scale. Conclusions: The study findings showed that this scale is a valid and reliable instrument that can be used for measuring HBM constructs about colorectal cancer screening with the fecal occult blood test.

Research paper thumbnail of Factors Predicting Fecal Occult Blood Testing among Residents of Bushehr, Iran, Based on the Health Belief Model

Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention, 2016

Colorectal cancer is a major cause of mortality worldwide. Fecal occult blood testing has proven ... more Colorectal cancer is a major cause of mortality worldwide. Fecal occult blood testing has proven a very effective screening tool for early detection and mortality reduction. The aim of this study was to determine predictors factors related to fecal occult blood testing using the Health Belief Model method among residents of Bushehr, Iran. A cross sectional study was performed on a sample of 600 men and women more than 50 years of age. The sample was selected by a convenience method from patients referred to public and private laboratories throughout the city. Each subject filled out a questionnaire which was designed and developed based on Health Belief Model constructs. Statistical analysis was conducted using ANOVA, T-test, chi-square test, and logistic regression. Fecal occult blood tests were performed on 179 (29.8%) out of 600 subjects, of which 95 patients (58.1%) did a periodic examination test and 84 patients (46.9%) had a doctor's advice for testing. According to the logistic regression model, the perceived barriers (P=0.0, Exp(B)= 0.3), perceived benefits (P<0.01, Exp(B)= 1.9) and self-efficacy (P<0.01, Exp(B)= 1.6) were predictive factors related to occult blood testing among subjects. The results showed that reducing people's perception of barriers to testing, increasing perceived benefits of screening, and reinforcing self efficacy can have major effect in increasing the rate of fecal occult blood screening for colorectal cancer prevention.

Research paper thumbnail of Assessment of Questionnaire of Physical Activity at Workplace Based on the Social Cognitive Theory (PAWPQ-SCT): A Psychometric Study in Iranian Gas Refinery Workers

Safety and Health at Work

Research paper thumbnail of The Role of the Health Belief Model in Explaining Why Symptomatic Iranian Women Hesitate to Seek Early Screening for Breast Cancer: a Qualitative Study

Journal of Cancer Education

Research paper thumbnail of COVID-19 Protective Behaviors of Iranian Healthcare Workers: A Psychological Theoretical Design Analysis

Health Scope, Dec 16, 2022

Background: This study aimed to investigate COVID-19 protective behaviors of Iranian healthcare w... more Background: This study aimed to investigate COVID-19 protective behaviors of Iranian healthcare workers (HCWs) using an extended parallel process model (EPPM). Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted online on a convenience sample of 418 Iranian HCWs in 2020. Data were gathered using a standardized electronic questionnaire published on the Porsline website, designed based on the EPPM, to assess the relationships between different constructs of EPPM and COVID-19 protective behaviors. For data analysis, statistical tests, such as descriptive tests, independent t-test, ANOVA, Pearson's correlation test, and multiple regression analysis, were performed in SPSS version 18. Results: Most participants (40.4%) were in the age group of 30-40 years, and most were female (70.6%). Significant associations were found between COVID-19 protective behaviors and EPPM constructs of perceived self-efficacy (r = 0.373, P = 0.000), perceived response efficacy (r = 0.120, P = 0.014), and intention (r = 0.462, P = 0.000). Perceived self-efficacy (P = 0.000, beta = 0.398) and behavioral intention (P = 0.000; Beta = 0.283) were predictors of protective behaviors. Also, 34.4% of the HCWs were involved in the danger control process. Conclusions: Only one-third of the HCWs contributed to the process of COVID-19 danger control. The HCWs' motivation for protection against COVID-19 depended on their perception of self-efficacy and their perceived efficacy of COVID-19 preventive behaviors. The present results can be used to design and implement training programs to improve the protective behaviors of HCWs.

Research paper thumbnail of Comparative Analysis of the Implementation of Lesson Planning By The Professors at Shiraz University and Shiraz University of Medical Sciences

Abstract Introduction: The planning and objectives of a lesson introduced by a professor at the b... more Abstract Introduction: The planning and objectives of a lesson introduced by a professor at the beginning of each session is one of the most effective and important factors that help improve students' learning. Collecting of these parameters at the end of each lesson and the presenting of a summary of the next session has a significant impact on the students’ learning. Over the past few years, the importance of lesson planning has been discussed in a broad scope among educational groups of Medical Schools. The study was performed to evaluate and compare lesson planning protocols by the professors at Shiraz University and Shiraz University of Medical Sciences.

Research paper thumbnail of What is the status quo of high-risk behaviors among male adolescents in the South of Iran?: A cross-sectional study in Bandar Bushehr, Iran

International Journal of Ayurvedic Medicine

Introduction: Adolescents are the most vulnerable population in society to high-risk behaviors. I... more Introduction: Adolescents are the most vulnerable population in society to high-risk behaviors. It is essential to explore male adolescents’ state of health so as to establish this health well. The present research aimed to explore the prevalence of high-risk behaviors among male adolescents in the south of Iran. Methods: The present cross-sectional research employed a random multi-stratified sampling method to select subjects from male students of secondary schools (2nd grade) in Bushehr in 2017. The data collection instrument was a questionnaire comprised of two parts. The first part explored background information and the second monitored adolescents’ high-risk behaviors. Once the reliability and validity of the questionnaire were confirmed, the collected data were analyzed in SPSS20 using ANOVA test and Tukey post-hoc test. Results: The majority of subjects belonged to the 16 year-old age group. The highest frequency of high-risk behaviors in male adolescents involved physical c...

Research paper thumbnail of Effects of the nutritional interventions in improving employee’s cardiometabolic risk factors in the workplace: A systematic review

Clinical Nutrition Open Science

Research paper thumbnail of COVID-19 Protective Behaviors among Iran’s Health System Workers: Psychological Theoretic Design Analysis

Background & Aim: Health system staff is as first front line to combat corona disease, and probab... more Background & Aim: Health system staff is as first front line to combat corona disease, and probability of risk of infection to COVID-19 are more in them. This study aimed to investigate protective behaviors related to COVID-19 in Iranian health system staff using a psychological theoretical framework - EPPM (Extended Parallel Process Model) case.Methods: The current study was in cross-sectional design and performed online from May 4 to July 22, 2020 on 418 individuals selected from Iranian health system staff including (physician, nurse & laboratory technician, health worker, administrative staff, radiologist). Data was gathered using valid and reliable electronic questionnaire designed based on EPPM which assesses relations of constructs (perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, perceived self-efficacy, and perceived response-efficacy) with the intention and performing protective behaviors) and published through Porsline site. Data was analyzed using descriptive statistics, t–...