Shahbaz Siddiqui | Manipal University Jaipur (original) (raw)
Papers by Shahbaz Siddiqui
A TWO-DAY CONFERENCE ON FLEXIBLE ELECTRONICS FOR ELECTRIC VEHICLES
Dye sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) are promisingly eco-friendly, clean, efficient, simple fabrica... more Dye sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) are promisingly eco-friendly, clean, efficient, simple fabrication process and low cost photovoltaic (PV) device as compared to conventional silicon based device. It can also be used in building- integrated PV, serving as flexible devices for walls or windows. The main components of DSSCs are dyes and semiconductor oxides. The various semiconductor oxides like SnO2, TiO2, ZnO, and Nb2O5 etc. have been used as an electron transport medium. Among these materials, ZnO has shown effective performance and good choice for DSSCs due to its distinctive qualities such as easy synthesis, non-toxic, low cost and broad energy bandgap (∼3.37 eV). In this paper, we demonstrate the synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles (NPs) with their XRD pattern and UV- visible characterization. Using this ZnO NPs DSSC was fabricated under ambient condition and effective power conversion efficiency (η) ∼2.4% was obtained. It also shows other relevant PV parameters: fill factor (FF), open-circuit voltage (Voc) and short-circuit current density (Jsc).
International Transactions on Electrical Energy Systems
The power conversion efficiency (PCE) of perovskite solar cell (PSC) reached 22.1% at lab scale w... more The power conversion efficiency (PCE) of perovskite solar cell (PSC) reached 22.1% at lab scale which is comparable with first and second-generation solar cells. This has attracted a lot of attention toward this alternative solar cell that can be manufactured with low-cost materials, easy manufacturing method, and less toxic material than traditional solar cells. In lab scale, PSCs are prepared and characterized in nitrogen-filled chamber due to stability issues (sensitive to moisture and heat). For large-scale production, it is not possible to make nitrogen-filled production units. Therefore, manufacturing at nitrogen-filled chamber of PSC is a major barrier for large-scale production. So, this is an attempt to prepare and characterize PSC at ambient conditions. Although PSCs are sensitive to moisture and heat.
2017 IEEE International Conference on Circuits and Systems (ICCS), 2017
The deployment of Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs) are important for proper monitoring and control... more The deployment of Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs) are important for proper monitoring and control of modern power systems. In this paper, Optimal PMU Placement (OPP) problem is solved to obtain the complete observability of power system with minimum number of PMUs under normal and abnormal operating conditions. The proposed OPP problem determines coordinated observability considering multiple contingency cases: single line outage, double line outage resulting in bus isolation, single PMU loss resulting in communication failure. Integer Linear Programming (ILP) is used to determine optimal number and locations for OPP problem. Moreover, Optimal PMU placement problem with conventional measurements is modified for incorporation of bus isolation caused due to contingency. The effectiveness of proposed methodology has been tested on IEEE 14-bus system and New England 39-bus power system. The results highlight the practical suitability of the proposed approach at the control centers.
Solar Energy, 2021
Abstract The stability, efficiency, and cost etc. of dye sensitized solar cell (DSSC) does not de... more Abstract The stability, efficiency, and cost etc. of dye sensitized solar cell (DSSC) does not depend on materials only. As these properties are linked with the method of layer preparation and deposition, therefore fabrication methods are crucial for enhancing the performance of DSSC. In this paper, we demonstrate the process of TiO2 layer deposition by screen printing (SP) and doctor blade (DB) techniques, and the complete fabrication of DSSC. In addition, the preparation method of TiO2 paste which is compatible for SP and DB techniques is also described. PV performance of TiO2 layer printed by SP based DSSC is 6.72% which is better than 4.86% achieved by DB based DSSC. It is worth mentioning that power conversion efficiency (PCE) of cells was improved when a simple white paper is placed on the back surface of DSSCs during I-V characterization. Due to white paper, the incident light will be scattered or reflected again in the active area. This enhancement is remarkable, and it improves the PCE from 6.72% to 7.25% for SP and from 4.86% to 6.13% for DB technique based DSSC. We also calculated the series resistance (RS), saturation current (IS) and ideality factor (‘n’) for SP and DB technique based DSSC to understand the internal phenomena (charge transfer and recombination) and how these values influence the PV parameters. The transparency and colour effect of the SP and DB technique based DSSCs were explained by average visible transmittance (AVT), colour rendering index (CRI), and correlated colour temperature (CCT).
International Journal on Electrical Engineering and Informatics, 2019
With the increasing load demand and emergence of various types of Distributed Generators (DG) the... more With the increasing load demand and emergence of various types of Distributed Generators (DG) the complexities and challenges for reliable operation of Distribution Network (DN) power system have increased. The major operational challenge in the DN is non-detection of Islanding event, which may cause the system to collapse. In this paper, two Modified Islanding Detection Techniques (MIDT-I \& MIDT-II) are proposed for accurate and early islanding detection in the presence of different types of DGs. These approaches utilizes robust parameters for accurate identification of the islanded bus. The proposed MIDT schemes combines the advantages offered by different existing passive Islanding Detection Techniques (IDTs) for early identification of the islanding event. In the proposed schemes the DGs are installed in the existing DN by Genetic Algorithm (GA) based Multi-Level Optimization (MLO) approach. The installation of DGs is performed to improve the voltage stability margin of the system and for power loss reduction. In the second stage during operation of the network two methods are proposed to detect unintentional islanding. The proposed scheme is demonstrated on IEEE 33 and IEEE 69 standard radial bus system for the effectiveness of the scheme.
IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 2019
Smart grid is the key technology for an effective utilization of the Renewable Energy Sources (RE... more Smart grid is the key technology for an effective utilization of the Renewable Energy Sources (RES). The utilization of RES for the generation of electricity is increasingly gaining interest of researchers during the last decades. The main reason behind this is global incentivization, the increasing price of petroleum products, climate issues and deregulations in the energy market. As the Government of India, (MNRE i.e. Ministry of New & Renewable Energy) is targeting to generate 20000 MW power through grid-connected solar PVS by the year 2022 therefore, the main focus in this paper has been presented on power generation through grid-connected PVS. The emerging smart grid technology has enabled the grid-connected PVS as an evolving process in today’s world for electrical power generation. However, apart from so many advantages, there are several issues and challenges associated with the integration of PVS to the electric utility grid hence, the investigation to find out available po...
Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology, 2016
The present trend of increasing the penetration levels of Distributed Generator (DG) in the distr... more The present trend of increasing the penetration levels of Distributed Generator (DG) in the distribution network has made the issue of Islanding crucial for the reliable operation of the network. The islanding, if not detected early may lead to the collapse of the system as it can drive the distribution system to the cascaded failure. In this paper, an extensive study of the effect of DG placement and sizing is performed by dividing the system into different zones to obtain a reduced effect of islanding. The siting and sizing of DG is carried out to improve the overall voltage profile or/and reduction in active power loss using two stage Genetic Algorithm (GA). In the first stage a basic knockout selection is considered and the best population is taken for next stage, where roulette selection for crossover and mutation is performed for optimal placement and sizing of DGs. The effect of the islanding, due to load variations is reduced by optimal siting and sizing of DG. The effectiveness of the proposed scheme is tested on the IEEE 33 and 69 radial bus systems and the results obtained are promising.
2015 Annual IEEE India Conference (INDICON), 2015
This work proposes a novel zone-based multistage "time-graded" operation of cascaded on-load tap ... more This work proposes a novel zone-based multistage "time-graded" operation of cascaded on-load tap changing (OLTC) transformers, capacitor banks (Cap Banks) and step voltage regulators (SVRs) in the presence of large-scale photovoltaic (PV) sources. A multi-stage Volt-VAr optimization (VVO) algorithm is proposed to regulate the voltage in a medium voltage (MV) unbalanced distribution system while trying to relax the tap/switch operations of regulators that are cascaded in series, and minimize the curtailment of PV inverter output. A linearized power system model is formulated and a Mixed-Integer Quadratic Programming (MIQP) solver is utilized to solve the sub-objective optimization at each stage in near to realtime. The multi-stage coordinated operations are performed successively based on the regulator zones starting from the zone nearest to the substation, to achieve the overall voltage regulation of the system. Simulation studies were performed for various scenarios of PV and load profile variations. A comparison study between the novel multi-stage VVO and a multi-objective Volt-VAr optimization (VVO) to observe the convergence performance. Results show the efficient usage of the conventional voltage regulating devices along with minimal power curtailment from PVs when required. Index Terms-Smart inverter, voltage control, tap changing transformer, multi-stage VVO, unbalanced medium voltage radial distribution system NOMENCLATURE Parameters ̅ ∈ ℂ × Admittance matrix. ̅ ∈ ℝ × Real part of the admittance matrix Y. ̅ ∈ ℝ × Imaginary part of the admittance matrix Y. n Total number of nodes in the distribution system. , ZI CC Modified ZIP parameters for voltage dependent load modeling. h max Maximum hours for optimization run. Limit on number of tap changes for each time interval.
International Journal of Engineering Research and, 2016
The voltage deviation from the nominal value is a major problem in the distribution system during... more The voltage deviation from the nominal value is a major problem in the distribution system during operation of the system. Normally voltage profile of load buses decreases from source to loads at far end. With the deviation in load connected to the system, voltage profile of the load buses increases/decreases and may lead to the collapse of the system and subsequent loss of economy. Another problem in distribution system is line losses which reduces the efficiency of the system. Among the possible solutions for these problems, DG allocation is a promising one which feeds the system with additional benefits. However a non-optimal allocation of DG can adversely affect the performance of the system. This paper proposes GA based optimization algorithm to improve voltage profile of the system and simultaneously reduces the total real and reactive power losses.
Organic Electronics, 2015
Two benzothiazole (BT) based donor-acceptor-p-acceptor (D-A-p-A) molecular system denoted as BT3 ... more Two benzothiazole (BT) based donor-acceptor-p-acceptor (D-A-p-A) molecular system denoted as BT3 and BT4 have been designed, synthesized and their optical and electrochemical properties were investigated. The BT4 show wider absorption profile and lower bandgap as compared to BT3 due to the strong electron withdrawing ability of dicyanoquinodimethane (DCNQ) as compared to tetracyanobutadiene (TCBD). The solution processed bulk heterojunction solar cells were fabricated using BT3 and BT4 as electron donor and PC 71 BM as electron acceptor. The organic solar cells optimized dichloromethane (DCM) processed BT3:PC 71 BM (1:1) and BT4:PC 71 BM (1:1) showed PCE of 2.56% and 3.68%, respectively. The higher PCE of BT4:PC 71 BM is related to the wider absorption of the blend and better ordered domain sizes in the blend as compared to BT3:PC 71 BM. The devices processed with 1,8-diiodoctane (DIO) additives showed PCE of 3.77% and 5.27%, for BT3:PC 71 BM and BT4:PC 71 BM blends, respectively.
International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems, 2021
Abstract Inception of any disturbance may edge the power system towards transient unstable settin... more Abstract Inception of any disturbance may edge the power system towards transient unstable settings. To safeguard the system from transient instability, accurate and quick assessment of impact of disturbance on the system is essential. The majority of available state-of-art presents phasor measurement unit (PMU) assisted Transient Stability Assessment (TSA), which does not infer any information regarding the severity of disturbance on the system. This paper proposes model free Wide Area Transient Instability Severity Analyser (WATISA) for real-time severity assessment effectively. The WATISA presents first swing TSA in terms of severity assessments. Following an event, severity assessment is quantified by assessing the number of severely affected buses connected with generators and loads. The presented method first, utilizes synchronized bus frequency and voltage measurements to construct a novel Robust Severity Assessment Index (RSAI) to capture the real-time status of a power network. Then, to determine the severity of an event, Severity Indices (SI) based on RSAI and bus voltage measurements are calculated. Finally, Adaptive Boosting (AdaBoost) of decision estimators is developed to evaluate associated Severity Level (SL) for incurred disturbance. To validate robustness of the proposed WATISA, its performance is tested with system topological changes and wide-area measurement noise. The simulation results on IEEE 39 bus power system highlights method effectiveness in estimating severity level with topological changes and measurement noise.
International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems, 2021
Abstract Inception of any disturbance may edge the power system towards transient unstable settin... more Abstract Inception of any disturbance may edge the power system towards transient unstable settings. To safeguard the system from transient instability, accurate and quick assessment of impact of disturbance on the system is essential. The majority of available state-of-art presents phasor measurement unit (PMU) assisted Transient Stability Assessment (TSA), which does not infer any information regarding the severity of disturbance on the system. This paper proposes model free Wide Area Transient Instability Severity Analyser (WATISA) for real-time severity assessment effectively. The WATISA presents first swing TSA in terms of severity assessments. Following an event, severity assessment is quantified by assessing the number of severely affected buses connected with generators and loads. The presented method first, utilizes synchronized bus frequency and voltage measurements to construct a novel Robust Severity Assessment Index (RSAI) to capture the real-time status of a power network. Then, to determine the severity of an event, Severity Indices (SI) based on RSAI and bus voltage measurements are calculated. Finally, Adaptive Boosting (AdaBoost) of decision estimators is developed to evaluate associated Severity Level (SL) for incurred disturbance. To validate robustness of the proposed WATISA, its performance is tested with system topological changes and wide-area measurement noise. The simulation results on IEEE 39 bus power system highlights method effectiveness in estimating severity level with topological changes and measurement noise.
2015 International Conference on Computer, Communication and Control (IC4), 2015
2015 IEEE Power & Energy Society General Meeting, 2015
J. Mater. Chem. C, 2015
ABSTRACT In the present article a mono(carboxy)porphyrin-triazine-(Bodipy)2triad denoted as (PorC... more ABSTRACT In the present article a mono(carboxy)porphyrin-triazine-(Bodipy)2triad denoted as (PorCOOH)(BDP)2 has been used as an electron donor together with the ([6,6]-phenyl C71 butyric acid methyl ester) (PC71BM) as electron acceptor for the preparation of bulk heterojunction (BHJ) solution processed organic solar cells in the aim of increasing the light capturing process efficiency of the device. The solution processed BHJ organic solar cell with an optimized weight ratio of 1:1 (PorCOOH)(BDP)2:PC71BM in THF showed an overall power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 3.48 % with short circuit current Jsc= 8.04 mA/cm2, open circuit voltage Voc= 0.94 V and fill factor FF =0.46. The relatively high value of Voc was attributed to the deeper highest occupied molecular orbital energy level of (PorCOOH)(BDP)2. When the active layer of the solar cell was processed from a mixture of 4% v/v of pyridine in THF solvent, it achieved a PCE value of 5.29 %. This was ascribed to the enhancement of both the Jsc and the FF values. The higher value of Jsc is explained by the increased absorption profile of the blend, the stronger incident photon to current efficiency (IPCE) response and the higher crystallinity of the active layer when processed with solvent additive while the enhancement of FF may be due to the better charge transport capability and the charge collection efficiency in the later device.
![Research paper thumbnail of Efficient solution processed D1-A-D2-A-D1 small molecules bulk heterojunction solar cells based on alkoxy triphenylamine and benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b′]thiophene units](https://attachments.academia-assets.com/41496732/thumbnails/1.jpg)
](Organic Electronics, 2015
Two molecules denoted as VC96 and VC97 have been synthesized for efficient (g = 6.13% @ 100 mW/cm... more Two molecules denoted as VC96 and VC97 have been synthesized for efficient (g = 6.13% @ 100 mW/cm 2 sun-simulated light) small molecule solution processed organic solar cells. These molecules have been designed with the D 1 -A-D 2 -A-D 1 structure bearing different central donor unit, same benzothiadiazole (BT) as p-acceptor and end capping triphenylamine. Moreover, the optical and electrochemical properties (both experimental and theoretical) of these molecules have been systematically investigated. The solar cells prepared from VC96:PC 71 BM and VC97:PC 71 BM (1:2) processed from CF (chloroform) exhibit a PCE (power conversion efficiency) of g = 4.06% (J sc = 8.36 mA/cm 2 , V oc = 0.90 V and FF = 0.54) and g = 3.12% (J sc = 6.78 mA/cm 2 , V oc = 0.92 V and FF = 0.50), respectively. The higher PCE of the device with VC96 as compared to VC97 is demonstrated to be due to the higher hole mobility and broader IPCE spectra. The devices based on VC96:PC 71 BM and VC97:PC 71 BM processed with solvent additive (3 v% DIO, 1,8-diiodooctane) showed PCE of g = 5.44% and g = 4.72%, respectively. The PCE device of optimized VC96:PC 71 BM processed with DIO/CF (thermal annealed) has been improved up to 6.13% (J sc = 10.72 mA/cm 2 , V oc = 0.88 V and FF = 0.61). The device optimization results from the improvement of the balanced charge transport and better nanoscale morphology induced by the solvent additive plus the thermal annealing.
Materials Chemistry and Physics, 2012
ABSTRACT We report the synthesis, characterization, optical and electrochemical of two novel mole... more ABSTRACT We report the synthesis, characterization, optical and electrochemical of two novel molecules DRT3-BDT (1) and DTT3-BDT (2) comprising of same BDT central core (donor) and different end capped acceptor units, i.e. rhodanine with ethyl hexyl and thiazolidione with ethylhexyl via linked an alkyl-substituted terthiophene (3T) -conjugation bridge, respectively. Electrochemical properties of these small molecules indicate that their energy levels are compatible with energy levels of PC71BM for efficient exciton dissociation. These molecules have been used as electron donor along with PC71BM as electron acceptor for the fabrication of solution processed “small molecule” bulk heterojunction (BHJ) solar cells (smOPV). The device prepared from optimized 1:PC71BM(1:1) processed cast from DIO (3%v)/CF solvent exhibited a power conversion efficiency of 6.76 % with Jsc = 11.92 mA/cm2, Voc =0.90 and FF = 0.63. The device with 2:PC71BM under same conditions showed a lower PCE of 5.25 % with Jsc = 10.52 mA/cm2, Voc =0.86 and FF = 0.56. The AFM, TEM and PL quenching measurements revealed that the high Jsc is a result of the appropriate morphology and exciton dissociation. The performances comparison of devices based on two small molecules, the higher Jsc for device 1 was attributed to its better nanoscale phase separation, smooth surface and higher carrier mobility in the 1:PC71BM blend film. Moreover, the higher value of FF for the 1:PC71BM based device was ascribed to a good balance between the electron and hole mobilities.
Chemistry of Materials, 1998
![Research paper thumbnail of Efficient bulk heterojunction solar cells based on solution processed small molecules based on same benzo[1,2-b:4, 5-b]thiophene unit as core donor and different terminal units](https://attachments.academia-assets.com/41185976/thumbnails/1.jpg)
](Nanoscale
We report the synthesis, characterization, optical and electrochemical of two novel molecules DRT... more We report the synthesis, characterization, optical and electrochemical of two novel molecules DRT3-BDT (1) and DTT3-BDT (2) comprising of same BDT central core (donor) and different end capped acceptor units, i.e. rhodanine with ethyl hexyl and thiazolidione with ethylhexyl via linked an alkyl-substituted terthiophene (3T) -conjugation bridge, respectively. Electrochemical properties of these small molecules indicate that their energy levels are compatible with energy levels of PC71BM for efficient exciton dissociation. These molecules have been used as electron donor along with PC71BM as electron acceptor for the fabrication of solution processed “small molecule” bulk heterojunction (BHJ) solar cells (smOPV). The device prepared from optimized 1:PC71BM(1:1) processed cast from DIO (3%v)/CF solvent exhibited a power conversion efficiency of 6.76 % with Jsc = 11.92 mA/cm2, Voc =0.90 and FF = 0.63. The device with 2:PC71BM under same conditions showed a lower PCE of 5.25 % with Jsc =...
A TWO-DAY CONFERENCE ON FLEXIBLE ELECTRONICS FOR ELECTRIC VEHICLES
Dye sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) are promisingly eco-friendly, clean, efficient, simple fabrica... more Dye sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) are promisingly eco-friendly, clean, efficient, simple fabrication process and low cost photovoltaic (PV) device as compared to conventional silicon based device. It can also be used in building- integrated PV, serving as flexible devices for walls or windows. The main components of DSSCs are dyes and semiconductor oxides. The various semiconductor oxides like SnO2, TiO2, ZnO, and Nb2O5 etc. have been used as an electron transport medium. Among these materials, ZnO has shown effective performance and good choice for DSSCs due to its distinctive qualities such as easy synthesis, non-toxic, low cost and broad energy bandgap (∼3.37 eV). In this paper, we demonstrate the synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles (NPs) with their XRD pattern and UV- visible characterization. Using this ZnO NPs DSSC was fabricated under ambient condition and effective power conversion efficiency (η) ∼2.4% was obtained. It also shows other relevant PV parameters: fill factor (FF), open-circuit voltage (Voc) and short-circuit current density (Jsc).
International Transactions on Electrical Energy Systems
The power conversion efficiency (PCE) of perovskite solar cell (PSC) reached 22.1% at lab scale w... more The power conversion efficiency (PCE) of perovskite solar cell (PSC) reached 22.1% at lab scale which is comparable with first and second-generation solar cells. This has attracted a lot of attention toward this alternative solar cell that can be manufactured with low-cost materials, easy manufacturing method, and less toxic material than traditional solar cells. In lab scale, PSCs are prepared and characterized in nitrogen-filled chamber due to stability issues (sensitive to moisture and heat). For large-scale production, it is not possible to make nitrogen-filled production units. Therefore, manufacturing at nitrogen-filled chamber of PSC is a major barrier for large-scale production. So, this is an attempt to prepare and characterize PSC at ambient conditions. Although PSCs are sensitive to moisture and heat.
2017 IEEE International Conference on Circuits and Systems (ICCS), 2017
The deployment of Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs) are important for proper monitoring and control... more The deployment of Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs) are important for proper monitoring and control of modern power systems. In this paper, Optimal PMU Placement (OPP) problem is solved to obtain the complete observability of power system with minimum number of PMUs under normal and abnormal operating conditions. The proposed OPP problem determines coordinated observability considering multiple contingency cases: single line outage, double line outage resulting in bus isolation, single PMU loss resulting in communication failure. Integer Linear Programming (ILP) is used to determine optimal number and locations for OPP problem. Moreover, Optimal PMU placement problem with conventional measurements is modified for incorporation of bus isolation caused due to contingency. The effectiveness of proposed methodology has been tested on IEEE 14-bus system and New England 39-bus power system. The results highlight the practical suitability of the proposed approach at the control centers.
Solar Energy, 2021
Abstract The stability, efficiency, and cost etc. of dye sensitized solar cell (DSSC) does not de... more Abstract The stability, efficiency, and cost etc. of dye sensitized solar cell (DSSC) does not depend on materials only. As these properties are linked with the method of layer preparation and deposition, therefore fabrication methods are crucial for enhancing the performance of DSSC. In this paper, we demonstrate the process of TiO2 layer deposition by screen printing (SP) and doctor blade (DB) techniques, and the complete fabrication of DSSC. In addition, the preparation method of TiO2 paste which is compatible for SP and DB techniques is also described. PV performance of TiO2 layer printed by SP based DSSC is 6.72% which is better than 4.86% achieved by DB based DSSC. It is worth mentioning that power conversion efficiency (PCE) of cells was improved when a simple white paper is placed on the back surface of DSSCs during I-V characterization. Due to white paper, the incident light will be scattered or reflected again in the active area. This enhancement is remarkable, and it improves the PCE from 6.72% to 7.25% for SP and from 4.86% to 6.13% for DB technique based DSSC. We also calculated the series resistance (RS), saturation current (IS) and ideality factor (‘n’) for SP and DB technique based DSSC to understand the internal phenomena (charge transfer and recombination) and how these values influence the PV parameters. The transparency and colour effect of the SP and DB technique based DSSCs were explained by average visible transmittance (AVT), colour rendering index (CRI), and correlated colour temperature (CCT).
International Journal on Electrical Engineering and Informatics, 2019
With the increasing load demand and emergence of various types of Distributed Generators (DG) the... more With the increasing load demand and emergence of various types of Distributed Generators (DG) the complexities and challenges for reliable operation of Distribution Network (DN) power system have increased. The major operational challenge in the DN is non-detection of Islanding event, which may cause the system to collapse. In this paper, two Modified Islanding Detection Techniques (MIDT-I \& MIDT-II) are proposed for accurate and early islanding detection in the presence of different types of DGs. These approaches utilizes robust parameters for accurate identification of the islanded bus. The proposed MIDT schemes combines the advantages offered by different existing passive Islanding Detection Techniques (IDTs) for early identification of the islanding event. In the proposed schemes the DGs are installed in the existing DN by Genetic Algorithm (GA) based Multi-Level Optimization (MLO) approach. The installation of DGs is performed to improve the voltage stability margin of the system and for power loss reduction. In the second stage during operation of the network two methods are proposed to detect unintentional islanding. The proposed scheme is demonstrated on IEEE 33 and IEEE 69 standard radial bus system for the effectiveness of the scheme.
IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 2019
Smart grid is the key technology for an effective utilization of the Renewable Energy Sources (RE... more Smart grid is the key technology for an effective utilization of the Renewable Energy Sources (RES). The utilization of RES for the generation of electricity is increasingly gaining interest of researchers during the last decades. The main reason behind this is global incentivization, the increasing price of petroleum products, climate issues and deregulations in the energy market. As the Government of India, (MNRE i.e. Ministry of New & Renewable Energy) is targeting to generate 20000 MW power through grid-connected solar PVS by the year 2022 therefore, the main focus in this paper has been presented on power generation through grid-connected PVS. The emerging smart grid technology has enabled the grid-connected PVS as an evolving process in today’s world for electrical power generation. However, apart from so many advantages, there are several issues and challenges associated with the integration of PVS to the electric utility grid hence, the investigation to find out available po...
Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology, 2016
The present trend of increasing the penetration levels of Distributed Generator (DG) in the distr... more The present trend of increasing the penetration levels of Distributed Generator (DG) in the distribution network has made the issue of Islanding crucial for the reliable operation of the network. The islanding, if not detected early may lead to the collapse of the system as it can drive the distribution system to the cascaded failure. In this paper, an extensive study of the effect of DG placement and sizing is performed by dividing the system into different zones to obtain a reduced effect of islanding. The siting and sizing of DG is carried out to improve the overall voltage profile or/and reduction in active power loss using two stage Genetic Algorithm (GA). In the first stage a basic knockout selection is considered and the best population is taken for next stage, where roulette selection for crossover and mutation is performed for optimal placement and sizing of DGs. The effect of the islanding, due to load variations is reduced by optimal siting and sizing of DG. The effectiveness of the proposed scheme is tested on the IEEE 33 and 69 radial bus systems and the results obtained are promising.
2015 Annual IEEE India Conference (INDICON), 2015
This work proposes a novel zone-based multistage "time-graded" operation of cascaded on-load tap ... more This work proposes a novel zone-based multistage "time-graded" operation of cascaded on-load tap changing (OLTC) transformers, capacitor banks (Cap Banks) and step voltage regulators (SVRs) in the presence of large-scale photovoltaic (PV) sources. A multi-stage Volt-VAr optimization (VVO) algorithm is proposed to regulate the voltage in a medium voltage (MV) unbalanced distribution system while trying to relax the tap/switch operations of regulators that are cascaded in series, and minimize the curtailment of PV inverter output. A linearized power system model is formulated and a Mixed-Integer Quadratic Programming (MIQP) solver is utilized to solve the sub-objective optimization at each stage in near to realtime. The multi-stage coordinated operations are performed successively based on the regulator zones starting from the zone nearest to the substation, to achieve the overall voltage regulation of the system. Simulation studies were performed for various scenarios of PV and load profile variations. A comparison study between the novel multi-stage VVO and a multi-objective Volt-VAr optimization (VVO) to observe the convergence performance. Results show the efficient usage of the conventional voltage regulating devices along with minimal power curtailment from PVs when required. Index Terms-Smart inverter, voltage control, tap changing transformer, multi-stage VVO, unbalanced medium voltage radial distribution system NOMENCLATURE Parameters ̅ ∈ ℂ × Admittance matrix. ̅ ∈ ℝ × Real part of the admittance matrix Y. ̅ ∈ ℝ × Imaginary part of the admittance matrix Y. n Total number of nodes in the distribution system. , ZI CC Modified ZIP parameters for voltage dependent load modeling. h max Maximum hours for optimization run. Limit on number of tap changes for each time interval.
International Journal of Engineering Research and, 2016
The voltage deviation from the nominal value is a major problem in the distribution system during... more The voltage deviation from the nominal value is a major problem in the distribution system during operation of the system. Normally voltage profile of load buses decreases from source to loads at far end. With the deviation in load connected to the system, voltage profile of the load buses increases/decreases and may lead to the collapse of the system and subsequent loss of economy. Another problem in distribution system is line losses which reduces the efficiency of the system. Among the possible solutions for these problems, DG allocation is a promising one which feeds the system with additional benefits. However a non-optimal allocation of DG can adversely affect the performance of the system. This paper proposes GA based optimization algorithm to improve voltage profile of the system and simultaneously reduces the total real and reactive power losses.
Organic Electronics, 2015
Two benzothiazole (BT) based donor-acceptor-p-acceptor (D-A-p-A) molecular system denoted as BT3 ... more Two benzothiazole (BT) based donor-acceptor-p-acceptor (D-A-p-A) molecular system denoted as BT3 and BT4 have been designed, synthesized and their optical and electrochemical properties were investigated. The BT4 show wider absorption profile and lower bandgap as compared to BT3 due to the strong electron withdrawing ability of dicyanoquinodimethane (DCNQ) as compared to tetracyanobutadiene (TCBD). The solution processed bulk heterojunction solar cells were fabricated using BT3 and BT4 as electron donor and PC 71 BM as electron acceptor. The organic solar cells optimized dichloromethane (DCM) processed BT3:PC 71 BM (1:1) and BT4:PC 71 BM (1:1) showed PCE of 2.56% and 3.68%, respectively. The higher PCE of BT4:PC 71 BM is related to the wider absorption of the blend and better ordered domain sizes in the blend as compared to BT3:PC 71 BM. The devices processed with 1,8-diiodoctane (DIO) additives showed PCE of 3.77% and 5.27%, for BT3:PC 71 BM and BT4:PC 71 BM blends, respectively.
International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems, 2021
Abstract Inception of any disturbance may edge the power system towards transient unstable settin... more Abstract Inception of any disturbance may edge the power system towards transient unstable settings. To safeguard the system from transient instability, accurate and quick assessment of impact of disturbance on the system is essential. The majority of available state-of-art presents phasor measurement unit (PMU) assisted Transient Stability Assessment (TSA), which does not infer any information regarding the severity of disturbance on the system. This paper proposes model free Wide Area Transient Instability Severity Analyser (WATISA) for real-time severity assessment effectively. The WATISA presents first swing TSA in terms of severity assessments. Following an event, severity assessment is quantified by assessing the number of severely affected buses connected with generators and loads. The presented method first, utilizes synchronized bus frequency and voltage measurements to construct a novel Robust Severity Assessment Index (RSAI) to capture the real-time status of a power network. Then, to determine the severity of an event, Severity Indices (SI) based on RSAI and bus voltage measurements are calculated. Finally, Adaptive Boosting (AdaBoost) of decision estimators is developed to evaluate associated Severity Level (SL) for incurred disturbance. To validate robustness of the proposed WATISA, its performance is tested with system topological changes and wide-area measurement noise. The simulation results on IEEE 39 bus power system highlights method effectiveness in estimating severity level with topological changes and measurement noise.
International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems, 2021
Abstract Inception of any disturbance may edge the power system towards transient unstable settin... more Abstract Inception of any disturbance may edge the power system towards transient unstable settings. To safeguard the system from transient instability, accurate and quick assessment of impact of disturbance on the system is essential. The majority of available state-of-art presents phasor measurement unit (PMU) assisted Transient Stability Assessment (TSA), which does not infer any information regarding the severity of disturbance on the system. This paper proposes model free Wide Area Transient Instability Severity Analyser (WATISA) for real-time severity assessment effectively. The WATISA presents first swing TSA in terms of severity assessments. Following an event, severity assessment is quantified by assessing the number of severely affected buses connected with generators and loads. The presented method first, utilizes synchronized bus frequency and voltage measurements to construct a novel Robust Severity Assessment Index (RSAI) to capture the real-time status of a power network. Then, to determine the severity of an event, Severity Indices (SI) based on RSAI and bus voltage measurements are calculated. Finally, Adaptive Boosting (AdaBoost) of decision estimators is developed to evaluate associated Severity Level (SL) for incurred disturbance. To validate robustness of the proposed WATISA, its performance is tested with system topological changes and wide-area measurement noise. The simulation results on IEEE 39 bus power system highlights method effectiveness in estimating severity level with topological changes and measurement noise.
2015 International Conference on Computer, Communication and Control (IC4), 2015
2015 IEEE Power & Energy Society General Meeting, 2015
J. Mater. Chem. C, 2015
ABSTRACT In the present article a mono(carboxy)porphyrin-triazine-(Bodipy)2triad denoted as (PorC... more ABSTRACT In the present article a mono(carboxy)porphyrin-triazine-(Bodipy)2triad denoted as (PorCOOH)(BDP)2 has been used as an electron donor together with the ([6,6]-phenyl C71 butyric acid methyl ester) (PC71BM) as electron acceptor for the preparation of bulk heterojunction (BHJ) solution processed organic solar cells in the aim of increasing the light capturing process efficiency of the device. The solution processed BHJ organic solar cell with an optimized weight ratio of 1:1 (PorCOOH)(BDP)2:PC71BM in THF showed an overall power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 3.48 % with short circuit current Jsc= 8.04 mA/cm2, open circuit voltage Voc= 0.94 V and fill factor FF =0.46. The relatively high value of Voc was attributed to the deeper highest occupied molecular orbital energy level of (PorCOOH)(BDP)2. When the active layer of the solar cell was processed from a mixture of 4% v/v of pyridine in THF solvent, it achieved a PCE value of 5.29 %. This was ascribed to the enhancement of both the Jsc and the FF values. The higher value of Jsc is explained by the increased absorption profile of the blend, the stronger incident photon to current efficiency (IPCE) response and the higher crystallinity of the active layer when processed with solvent additive while the enhancement of FF may be due to the better charge transport capability and the charge collection efficiency in the later device.
Organic Electronics, 2015
Two molecules denoted as VC96 and VC97 have been synthesized for efficient (g = 6.13% @ 100 mW/cm... more Two molecules denoted as VC96 and VC97 have been synthesized for efficient (g = 6.13% @ 100 mW/cm 2 sun-simulated light) small molecule solution processed organic solar cells. These molecules have been designed with the D 1 -A-D 2 -A-D 1 structure bearing different central donor unit, same benzothiadiazole (BT) as p-acceptor and end capping triphenylamine. Moreover, the optical and electrochemical properties (both experimental and theoretical) of these molecules have been systematically investigated. The solar cells prepared from VC96:PC 71 BM and VC97:PC 71 BM (1:2) processed from CF (chloroform) exhibit a PCE (power conversion efficiency) of g = 4.06% (J sc = 8.36 mA/cm 2 , V oc = 0.90 V and FF = 0.54) and g = 3.12% (J sc = 6.78 mA/cm 2 , V oc = 0.92 V and FF = 0.50), respectively. The higher PCE of the device with VC96 as compared to VC97 is demonstrated to be due to the higher hole mobility and broader IPCE spectra. The devices based on VC96:PC 71 BM and VC97:PC 71 BM processed with solvent additive (3 v% DIO, 1,8-diiodooctane) showed PCE of g = 5.44% and g = 4.72%, respectively. The PCE device of optimized VC96:PC 71 BM processed with DIO/CF (thermal annealed) has been improved up to 6.13% (J sc = 10.72 mA/cm 2 , V oc = 0.88 V and FF = 0.61). The device optimization results from the improvement of the balanced charge transport and better nanoscale morphology induced by the solvent additive plus the thermal annealing.
Materials Chemistry and Physics, 2012
ABSTRACT We report the synthesis, characterization, optical and electrochemical of two novel mole... more ABSTRACT We report the synthesis, characterization, optical and electrochemical of two novel molecules DRT3-BDT (1) and DTT3-BDT (2) comprising of same BDT central core (donor) and different end capped acceptor units, i.e. rhodanine with ethyl hexyl and thiazolidione with ethylhexyl via linked an alkyl-substituted terthiophene (3T) -conjugation bridge, respectively. Electrochemical properties of these small molecules indicate that their energy levels are compatible with energy levels of PC71BM for efficient exciton dissociation. These molecules have been used as electron donor along with PC71BM as electron acceptor for the fabrication of solution processed “small molecule” bulk heterojunction (BHJ) solar cells (smOPV). The device prepared from optimized 1:PC71BM(1:1) processed cast from DIO (3%v)/CF solvent exhibited a power conversion efficiency of 6.76 % with Jsc = 11.92 mA/cm2, Voc =0.90 and FF = 0.63. The device with 2:PC71BM under same conditions showed a lower PCE of 5.25 % with Jsc = 10.52 mA/cm2, Voc =0.86 and FF = 0.56. The AFM, TEM and PL quenching measurements revealed that the high Jsc is a result of the appropriate morphology and exciton dissociation. The performances comparison of devices based on two small molecules, the higher Jsc for device 1 was attributed to its better nanoscale phase separation, smooth surface and higher carrier mobility in the 1:PC71BM blend film. Moreover, the higher value of FF for the 1:PC71BM based device was ascribed to a good balance between the electron and hole mobilities.
Chemistry of Materials, 1998
Nanoscale
We report the synthesis, characterization, optical and electrochemical of two novel molecules DRT... more We report the synthesis, characterization, optical and electrochemical of two novel molecules DRT3-BDT (1) and DTT3-BDT (2) comprising of same BDT central core (donor) and different end capped acceptor units, i.e. rhodanine with ethyl hexyl and thiazolidione with ethylhexyl via linked an alkyl-substituted terthiophene (3T) -conjugation bridge, respectively. Electrochemical properties of these small molecules indicate that their energy levels are compatible with energy levels of PC71BM for efficient exciton dissociation. These molecules have been used as electron donor along with PC71BM as electron acceptor for the fabrication of solution processed “small molecule” bulk heterojunction (BHJ) solar cells (smOPV). The device prepared from optimized 1:PC71BM(1:1) processed cast from DIO (3%v)/CF solvent exhibited a power conversion efficiency of 6.76 % with Jsc = 11.92 mA/cm2, Voc =0.90 and FF = 0.63. The device with 2:PC71BM under same conditions showed a lower PCE of 5.25 % with Jsc =...