Umer Rashid | University Technology Petroans (original) (raw)

Papers by Umer Rashid

Fuel, Jan 1, 2008

Present work reports an optimized protocol for the production of biodiesel through alkaline-catal... more Present work reports an optimized protocol for the production of biodiesel through alkaline-catalyzed transesterification of rapeseed oil. The reaction variables used were methanol/oil molar ratio (3:1-21:1), catalyst concentration (0.25-1.50%), temperature (35-65°C), mixing intensity (180-600 rpm) and catalyst type. The evaluation of the transesterification process was followed by gas chromatographic analysis of the rapeseed oil fatty acid methyl esters (biodiesel) at different reaction times. The biodiesel with best yield and quality was produced at methanol/oil molar ratio, 6:1; potassium hydroxide catalyst concentration, 1.0%; mixing intensity, 600 rpm and reaction temperature 65°C. The yield of the biodiesel produced under optimal condition was 95-96%. It was noted that greater or lower the concentration of KOH or methanol than the optimal values, the reaction either did not fully occur or lead to soap formation.

Bioresource technology, Jan 1, 2008

Biodiesel is an alternative to petroleum-based conventional diesel fuel and is defined as the mon... more Biodiesel is an alternative to petroleum-based conventional diesel fuel and is defined as the mono-alkyl esters of vegetable oils and animal fats. Biodiesel has been prepared from numerous vegetable oils, such as canola (rapeseed), cottonseed, palm, peanut, soybean and sunflower oils as well as a variety of less common oils. In this work, Moringa oleifera oil is evaluated for the first time as potential feedstock for biodiesel. After acid pre-treatment to reduce the acid value of the M. oleifera oil, biodiesel was obtained by a standard transesterification procedure with methanol and an alkali catalyst at 60°C and alcohol/oil ratio of 6:1. M. oleifera oil has a high content of oleic acid (>70%) with saturated fatty acids comprising most of the remaining fatty acid profile. As a result, the methyl esters (biodiesel) obtained from this oil exhibit a high cetane number of approximately 67, one of the highest found for a biodiesel fuel. Other fuel properties of biodiesel derived from M. oleifera such as cloud point, kinematic viscosity and oxidative stability were also determined and are discussed in light of biodiesel standards such as ASTM D6751 and EN 14214. The 1 H NMR spectrum of M. oleifera methyl esters is reported. Overall, M. oleifera oil appears to be an acceptable feedstock for biodiesel.

Biomass and Bioenergy, Jan 1, 2008

Optimization Sunflower oil Transesterification a b s t r a c t

Fuel Processing Technology, Jan 1, 2009

Applied Energy, Jan 1, 2010

Biodiesel was derived from okra (Hibiscus esculentus) seed oil by methanol-induced transesterific... more Biodiesel was derived from okra (Hibiscus esculentus) seed oil by methanol-induced transesterification using an alkali catalyst. Transesterification of the tested okra seed oil under optimum conditions: 7:1 methanol to oil molar ratio, 1.00% (w/w) NaOCH 3 catalyst, temperature 65°C and 600 rpm agitation intensity exhibited 96.8% of okra oil methyl esters (OOMEs) yield. The OOMEs/biodiesel produced was analyzed by GC/MS, which showed that it mainly consisted of four fatty acids: linoleic (30.31%), palmitic (30.23%), oleic (29.09%) and stearic (4.93%). A small amount of 2-octyl cyclopropaneoctanoic acid with contribution 1.92% was also established. Fuel properties of OOMEs such as density, kinematic viscosity, cetane number, oxidative stability, lubricity, flash point, cold flow properties, sulfur contents and acid value were comparable with those of ASTM D 6751 and EN 14214, where applicable. It was concluded that okra seed oil is an acceptable feedstock for biodiesel production.

Energy & Fuels, Jan 1, 2008

Journal of Chemical …, Jan 1, 2009

Journal of thermal …, Jan 1, 2009

The increasing application of biobased lubricants could significantly reduce environmental pollut... more The increasing application of biobased lubricants could significantly reduce environmental pollution and contribute to the replacement of petroleum base oils. Vegetable oils are recognized as rapidly biodegradable and are thus promising candidates for use as base fluids in formulation of environment friendly lubricants. Although many vegetable oils have excellent lubricity, they often have poor oxidation and low temperature stability. Here in, we report the lubricant potential of Moringa oil, which has 74% oleic acid content and thus possess improved oxidation stability over many other natural oils. For comparison, Jatropha oil, cottonseed oil, canola oil and sunflower oil were also studied. Among these oils, Moringa oil exhibits the highest thermo-oxidative stability measured using PDSC and TG. Canola oil demonstrated superior low temperature stability as measured using cryogenic DSC, pour point and cloud point measurements. The friction and wear properties were measured using HFRR. Overall, it was concluded that Moringa oil has potential in formulation of industrial fluids for high temperature applications.

Pak. J. Bot, Jan 1, 2008

The contents of lead (Pb), copper (Cu), chromium (Cr), zinc (Zn) and cadmium (Cd) in various leaf... more The contents of lead (Pb), copper (Cu), chromium (Cr), zinc (Zn) and cadmium (Cd) in various leafy vegetables viz., spinach, coriander, lettuce, radish, cabbage and cauliflower grown in an effluent irrigated fields in the vicinity of an industrial area of Faisalabad, Pakistan were assessed using atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The concentrations of Pb, Cu, Cr, Zn and Cd in the leaves, stems and roots of spinach, coriander, lettuce, radish, cabbage and cauliflower were found to be 1., 0.011-0.052 mg kg -1 on dry matter basis, respectively. The contents of Cu, Zn, Cr, Pb and Cd were below the recommended maximum acceptable levels proposed by the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives. The leaves of spinach, cabbage, cauliflower, radish and coriander contained higher concentrations of Cu (0.923 mg kg -1 ), Cd (0.073 mg kg -1 ), Cr (0.546 mg kg -1 ), Zn (1.893 mg kg -1 ) and Pb (2.652 mg kg -1 ) as compared to other parts of each vegetable. High concentrations of heavy metals as analyzed in the present analysis of different parts of the vegetables might be related to their concentration in the soils irrigated with industrial waste water.

Pak. J. Bot, Jan 1, 2007

The purpose of the present study was to examine the physico-chemical characteristics of Moringa o... more The purpose of the present study was to examine the physico-chemical characteristics of Moringa oleifera seeds and seed oil from a wild provenance of Pakistan. The Moringa seeds harvested from the forests of Kohat district of NWFP exhibited an oil yield of 34.80%. Protein, fiber, moisture and ash contents were 31.65, 7.54, 8.90 and 6.53%, respectively. The extracted M. oleifera seed oil revealed an iodine value of 68.63; refractive index (40°C), 1.4571; density (24°C), 0.9032 g cm -3 ; saponification value, 181.4; unsaponifiable matter, 0.74%; acidity (as oleic acid) 0.81% and color (1-in. cell) 1.28 R + 31.00 Y. Determinations of oxidation parameters like induction period (Rancimat 20 L/h, 120°C), specific extinctions at 232 and 270 nm, peroxide-and p-anisidine values demonstrated a good oxidative stability of the investigated M. oleifera oil. Tocopherols (α, γ and δ) contents of the oil amounted to 140.5, 63.18 and 61.70 mg kg -1 , respectively and were reduced considerably after degumming. The major sterol components of the oil were β-sitosterol (46.16%), campesterol (17.59%), stigmasterol (18.80%) and Δ 5 , avenasterol (9.26%). The wild M. oleifera seed oil was found to contain oleic acid up to 73.22%, followed by palmitic, stearic, behenic and arachidic acids 6.45, 5.50, 6.16 and 4.08%, respectively and fell in the category of high-oleic oils. The results of different quality attributes of M. oleifera oil from a wild provenance of Pakistan reveal that it could be employed for edible and commercial applications.

Asian Journal of …, Jan 1, 2005

African Journal of …, Jan 1, 2010

Industrial & Engineering Chemistry …, Jan 1, 2009

Asian Journal of Plant …, Jan 1, 2005

African Journal of …, Jan 1, 2011

Energy Conversion and …, Jan 1, 2011

Biomass and Bioenergy

Milo seed oil

Grasas y Aceites, Jan 1, 2006

The aim of the present study was to investigate the composition of M.oleifera seed oil from droug... more The aim of the present study was to investigate the composition of M.oleifera seed oil from drought and irrigated regions of Pakistan. The hexane-extracted oil content of M.oleifera seeds harvested from one drought (Layyah) and two irrigated regions (Rahim Yar Khan, Jhang) of Punjab, Pakistan was found to be 30. 36 and 35.26, 38.37% respectively. Results of physical and chemical parameters of the extracted oils were as follows: iodine value, 65.86 and 70.50, 67.86; refractive index (40°C), 1.4570 and 1.4582,1.4581; density (24°C), 0.9059 and 0.9069, 0.9002 mg mL -1 ; saponification value, Values are mean ± SD of three oils from each region, analyzed individually in triplicate. M.o-LYH, M.oleifera samples harvested from Layyah M.o-JHG, M.oleifera samples harvested from Jhang M.o-RYN, M.oleifera samples harvested from Rahim Yar Khan

Utilization of palm based material to produce bio-energy and bio-chemical has gain prime attentio... more Utilization of palm based material to produce bio-energy and bio-chemical has gain prime attention recently due to environmental concern and sustainability issues of the environment. Malaysia is one of the largest producers of palm oil product which is used ...