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articles by Enrique Tomás Martínez Beltrán

Research paper thumbnail of COnVIDa: COVID-19 multidisciplinary data collection and dashboard

Since the first reported case in Wuhan in late 2019, COVID-19 has rapidly spread worldwide, drama... more Since the first reported case in Wuhan in late 2019, COVID-19 has rapidly spread worldwide, dramatically impacting the lives of millions of citizens. To deal with the severe crisis resulting from the pandemic, worldwide institutions have been forced to make decisions that profoundly affect the socio-economic realm. In this sense, researchers from diverse knowledge areas are investigating the behavior of the disease in a rush against time. In both cases, the lack of reliable data has been an obstacle to carry out such tasks with accuracy. To tackle this challenge, COnVIDa (https://convida.inf.um.es) has been designed and developed as a user-friendly tool that easily gathers rigorous multidisciplinary data related to the COVID-19 pandemic from different data sources. In particular, the pandemic expansion is analyzed with variables of health nature, but also social ones, mobility, etc. Besides, COnVIDa permits to smoothly join such data, compare and download them for further analysis. Due to the open-science nature of the project, COnVIDa is easily extensible to any other region of the planet. In this way, COnVIDa becomes a data facilitator for decision-making processes, as well as a catalyst for new scientific researches related to this pandemic.

Research paper thumbnail of Noise-based cyberattacks generating fake P300 waves in brain-computer interfaces

Cluster Computing, 2021

Most of the current Brain–Computer Interfaces (BCIs) application scenarios use electroencephalogr... more Most of the current Brain–Computer Interfaces (BCIs) application scenarios use electroencephalographic signals (EEG) containing the subject’s information. It means that if EEG were maliciously manipulated, the proper functioning of BCI frameworks could be at risk. Unfortunately, it happens in frameworks sensitive to noise-based cyberattacks, and more efforts are needed to measure the impact of these attacks. This work presents and analyzes the impact of four noise-based cyberattacks attempting to generate fake P300 waves in two different phases of a BCI framework. A set of experiments show that the greater the attacker’s knowledge regarding the P300 waves, processes, and data of the BCI framework, the higher the attack impact. In this sense, the attacker with less knowledge impacts 1% in the acquisition phase and 4% in the processing phase, while the attacker with the most knowledge impacts 22% and 74%, respectively.

Research paper thumbnail of Breaching Subjects’ Thoughts Privacy: A Study with Visual Stimuli and Brain-Computer Interfaces

Journal of Healthcare Engineering, 2021

Brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) started being used in clinical scenarios, reaching nowadays new ... more Brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) started being used in clinical scenarios, reaching nowadays new fields such as entertainment or learning. Using BCIs, neuronal activity can be monitored for various purposes, with the study of the central nervous system response to certain stimuli being one of them, being the case of evoked potentials. However, due to the sensitivity of these data, the transmissions must be protected, with blockchain being an interesting approach to ensure the integrity of the data. This work focuses on the visual sense, and its relationship with the P300 evoked potential, where several open challenges related to the privacy of subjects’ information and thoughts appear when using BCI. The first and most important challenge is whether it would be possible to extract sensitive information from evoked potentials. This aspect becomes even more challenging and dangerous if the stimuli are generated when the subject is not aware or conscious that they have occurred. There is an important gap in this regard in the literature, with only one work existing dealing with subliminal stimuli and BCI and having an unclear methodology and experiment setup. As a contribution of this paper, a series of experiments, five in total, have been created to study the impact of visual stimuli on the brain tangibly. These experiments have been applied to a heterogeneous group of ten subjects. The experiments show familiar visual stimuli and gradually reduce the sampling time of known images, from supraliminal to subliminal. The study showed that supraliminal visual stimuli produced P300 potentials about 50% of the time on average across all subjects. Reducing the sample time between images degraded the attack, while the impact of subliminal stimuli was not confirmed. Additionally, younger subjects generally presented a shorter response latency. This work corroborates that subjects’ sensitive data can be extracted using visual stimuli and P300.

Papers by Enrique Tomás Martínez Beltrán

Research paper thumbnail of Decentralized Federated Learning: Fundamentals, State-of-the-art, Frameworks, Trends, and Challenges

Cornell University - arXiv, Nov 15, 2022

Research paper thumbnail of SAFECAR: A Brain–Computer Interface and intelligent framework to detect drivers’ distractions

Expert Systems with Applications

Research paper thumbnail of COnVIDa: COVID-19 multidisciplinary data collection and dashboard

Journal of Biomedical Informatics

Research paper thumbnail of Noise-based cyberattacks generating fake P300 waves in brain–computer interfaces

Cluster Computing

Most of the current Brain–Computer Interfaces (BCIs) application scenarios use electroencephalogr... more Most of the current Brain–Computer Interfaces (BCIs) application scenarios use electroencephalographic signals (EEG) containing the subject’s information. It means that if EEG were maliciously manipulated, the proper functioning of BCI frameworks could be at risk. Unfortunately, it happens in frameworks sensitive to noise-based cyberattacks, and more efforts are needed to measure the impact of these attacks. This work presents and analyzes the impact of four noise-based cyberattacks attempting to generate fake P300 waves in two different phases of a BCI framework. A set of experiments show that the greater the attacker’s knowledge regarding the P300 waves, processes, and data of the BCI framework, the higher the attack impact. In this sense, the attacker with less knowledge impacts 1% in the acquisition phase and 4% in the processing phase, while the attacker with the most knowledge impacts 22% and 74%, respectively.

Research paper thumbnail of SecBrain: A Framework to Detect Cyberattacks Revealing Sensitive Data in Brain-Computer Interfaces

Advances in Malware and Data-Driven Network Security, 2021

In recent years, the growth of brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) has been remarkable in specific a... more In recent years, the growth of brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) has been remarkable in specific application fields, such as the medical sector or the entertainment industry. Most of these fields use evoked potentials, like P300, to obtain neural data able to handle prostheses or achieve greater immersion experience in videogames. The natural use of BCI involves the management of sensitive users' information as behaviors, emotions, or thoughts. In this context, new security breaches in BCI are offering cybercriminals the possibility of collecting sensitive data and affecting subjects' physical integrity, which are critical issues. For all these reasons, the fact of applying efficient cybersecurity mechanisms has become a main challenge. To improve this challenge, this chapter proposes a framework able to detect cyberattacks affecting one of the most typical scenarios of BCI, the generation of P300 through visual stimuli. A pool of experiments demonstrates the performance of the proposed framework.

Research paper thumbnail of COnVIDa: COVID-19 multidisciplinary data collection and dashboard

Since the first reported case in Wuhan in late 2019, COVID-19 has rapidly spread worldwide, drama... more Since the first reported case in Wuhan in late 2019, COVID-19 has rapidly spread worldwide, dramatically impacting the lives of millions of citizens. To deal with the severe crisis resulting from the pandemic, worldwide institutions have been forced to make decisions that profoundly affect the socio-economic realm. In this sense, researchers from diverse knowledge areas are investigating the behavior of the disease in a rush against time. In both cases, the lack of reliable data has been an obstacle to carry out such tasks with accuracy. To tackle this challenge, COnVIDa (https://convida.inf.um.es) has been designed and developed as a user-friendly tool that easily gathers rigorous multidisciplinary data related to the COVID-19 pandemic from different data sources. In particular, the pandemic expansion is analyzed with variables of health nature, but also social ones, mobility, etc. Besides, COnVIDa permits to smoothly join such data, compare and download them for further analysis. Due to the open-science nature of the project, COnVIDa is easily extensible to any other region of the planet. In this way, COnVIDa becomes a data facilitator for decision-making processes, as well as a catalyst for new scientific researches related to this pandemic.

Research paper thumbnail of Noise-based cyberattacks generating fake P300 waves in brain-computer interfaces

Cluster Computing, 2021

Most of the current Brain–Computer Interfaces (BCIs) application scenarios use electroencephalogr... more Most of the current Brain–Computer Interfaces (BCIs) application scenarios use electroencephalographic signals (EEG) containing the subject’s information. It means that if EEG were maliciously manipulated, the proper functioning of BCI frameworks could be at risk. Unfortunately, it happens in frameworks sensitive to noise-based cyberattacks, and more efforts are needed to measure the impact of these attacks. This work presents and analyzes the impact of four noise-based cyberattacks attempting to generate fake P300 waves in two different phases of a BCI framework. A set of experiments show that the greater the attacker’s knowledge regarding the P300 waves, processes, and data of the BCI framework, the higher the attack impact. In this sense, the attacker with less knowledge impacts 1% in the acquisition phase and 4% in the processing phase, while the attacker with the most knowledge impacts 22% and 74%, respectively.

Research paper thumbnail of Breaching Subjects’ Thoughts Privacy: A Study with Visual Stimuli and Brain-Computer Interfaces

Journal of Healthcare Engineering, 2021

Brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) started being used in clinical scenarios, reaching nowadays new ... more Brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) started being used in clinical scenarios, reaching nowadays new fields such as entertainment or learning. Using BCIs, neuronal activity can be monitored for various purposes, with the study of the central nervous system response to certain stimuli being one of them, being the case of evoked potentials. However, due to the sensitivity of these data, the transmissions must be protected, with blockchain being an interesting approach to ensure the integrity of the data. This work focuses on the visual sense, and its relationship with the P300 evoked potential, where several open challenges related to the privacy of subjects’ information and thoughts appear when using BCI. The first and most important challenge is whether it would be possible to extract sensitive information from evoked potentials. This aspect becomes even more challenging and dangerous if the stimuli are generated when the subject is not aware or conscious that they have occurred. There is an important gap in this regard in the literature, with only one work existing dealing with subliminal stimuli and BCI and having an unclear methodology and experiment setup. As a contribution of this paper, a series of experiments, five in total, have been created to study the impact of visual stimuli on the brain tangibly. These experiments have been applied to a heterogeneous group of ten subjects. The experiments show familiar visual stimuli and gradually reduce the sampling time of known images, from supraliminal to subliminal. The study showed that supraliminal visual stimuli produced P300 potentials about 50% of the time on average across all subjects. Reducing the sample time between images degraded the attack, while the impact of subliminal stimuli was not confirmed. Additionally, younger subjects generally presented a shorter response latency. This work corroborates that subjects’ sensitive data can be extracted using visual stimuli and P300.

Research paper thumbnail of Decentralized Federated Learning: Fundamentals, State-of-the-art, Frameworks, Trends, and Challenges

Cornell University - arXiv, Nov 15, 2022

Research paper thumbnail of SAFECAR: A Brain–Computer Interface and intelligent framework to detect drivers’ distractions

Expert Systems with Applications

Research paper thumbnail of COnVIDa: COVID-19 multidisciplinary data collection and dashboard

Journal of Biomedical Informatics

Research paper thumbnail of Noise-based cyberattacks generating fake P300 waves in brain–computer interfaces

Cluster Computing

Most of the current Brain–Computer Interfaces (BCIs) application scenarios use electroencephalogr... more Most of the current Brain–Computer Interfaces (BCIs) application scenarios use electroencephalographic signals (EEG) containing the subject’s information. It means that if EEG were maliciously manipulated, the proper functioning of BCI frameworks could be at risk. Unfortunately, it happens in frameworks sensitive to noise-based cyberattacks, and more efforts are needed to measure the impact of these attacks. This work presents and analyzes the impact of four noise-based cyberattacks attempting to generate fake P300 waves in two different phases of a BCI framework. A set of experiments show that the greater the attacker’s knowledge regarding the P300 waves, processes, and data of the BCI framework, the higher the attack impact. In this sense, the attacker with less knowledge impacts 1% in the acquisition phase and 4% in the processing phase, while the attacker with the most knowledge impacts 22% and 74%, respectively.

Research paper thumbnail of SecBrain: A Framework to Detect Cyberattacks Revealing Sensitive Data in Brain-Computer Interfaces

Advances in Malware and Data-Driven Network Security, 2021

In recent years, the growth of brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) has been remarkable in specific a... more In recent years, the growth of brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) has been remarkable in specific application fields, such as the medical sector or the entertainment industry. Most of these fields use evoked potentials, like P300, to obtain neural data able to handle prostheses or achieve greater immersion experience in videogames. The natural use of BCI involves the management of sensitive users' information as behaviors, emotions, or thoughts. In this context, new security breaches in BCI are offering cybercriminals the possibility of collecting sensitive data and affecting subjects' physical integrity, which are critical issues. For all these reasons, the fact of applying efficient cybersecurity mechanisms has become a main challenge. To improve this challenge, this chapter proposes a framework able to detect cyberattacks affecting one of the most typical scenarios of BCI, the generation of P300 through visual stimuli. A pool of experiments demonstrates the performance of the proposed framework.