James IGWE | National Biotechnology Development Agency,Nabda (original) (raw)

Papers by James IGWE

Bacteriological analysis of well water in Korey village, Zaria was necessitated as a result of th... more Bacteriological analysis of well water in Korey village, Zaria was necessitated as a result of the fact that well water is fast gaining prominence as an alternative source of drinking water in Korey village, Zaria. 18 wells water samples were analyzed in Korey village using standard microbiological method. The result showed that all the wells were contaminated with coliform organisms. Wells 1 and 2 had the highest counts of 2400 MPN/100mLs and wells 6, 14 and 17 had the lowest counts of 10 MPN/100mls per water samples. The mean count was 432.2 MPN/100mLs of water samples. This indicates that the wells in Korey village had a high number of coliforms. The incident of the predominant feacal contaminant isolates ranged from 100% (18/18) for Escherichia coli, 66.7% (12/18) for Enterobacter aerogenes and 22.2% (4/18) for Enterobacter cloacae in the percentages of 58.33%, 25% and 16.67% respectively. It was observed that wells from Korey Village contained indicator organisms at high levels which exceed the World Health Organization standard of zero (0) MPN/100mls of water sample. It showed that drinking water from these wells could lead to serious health hazards. Hence, immediate intervention, treatment and sanitation are recommended to reduce the risk of waterborn diseases.

The emergence of multidrug resistance in clinical E. coli has been associated significantly with ... more The emergence of multidrug resistance in clinical E. coli has been associated significantly with plasmid mediated genes in carriers; which is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in developing countries. This study aim to determine the antibiotics susceptibility pattern of E. coli isolates claimed to be multidrug resistance using disc diffusion method, determine the presences of transferable resistance plasmids through conjugation and evaluate the medical significance of plasmid encoding E. coli and drug resistance. The result showed that majority of the multidrug resistance in clinical microorganism was as a result of the acquisition of plasmid-carrying antibiotic-resistance genes, acquired through conjugal transfer of plasmids which has greatly contributed to the rapid spread of antibiotic resistance among E. coli isolates which will lead to complication in therapy and limited treatment options, increase in mortality rate, high economic burden and longer hospital stays. We therefore recommend that the sale of antibiotics over the counter should be banned; restriction of antibiotics misuse and reduction of the use of antibiotics in animal feeds may play a role in decreasing the emergence of resistant bacterial strains.

The antibacterial efficiency of cold water and hot water, ethanol and methanol extracts of Ocimum... more The antibacterial efficiency of cold water and hot water, ethanol and methanol extracts of Ocimum gratissimum, Vernonia amygdalina and Aframomum melegueta on Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi and Klebsiella pneumoniae were evaluated by disc diffusion technique. The cold water extract of V. amygdalina and A. melegueta slightly inhibited the growth of S. typhi and E. coli with inhibition zone diameter of 15 mm and 12 mm respectively. The hot water extract of O. gratissimum, V. amygdalina and A. melegueta moderately inhibited the growth of S. typhi and E. coli with inhibition zone diameter of 15 mm to 20 mm. While the ethanolic and methanolic extract of O. gratissimum, V. amygdalina and A. melegueta profoundly inhibited the growth of S. typhi and E. coli with inhibition zone diameter between 12 mm to 23 mm. The growths of K. pneumoniae were not inhibited by all the extracts of O. gratissimum, V. amygdalina and A. melegueta. This revealed that O. gratissimum, V. amygdalina and A. melegueta have antimicrobial activity on E. coli and S. typhi and probably could be used to control infections associated with these organisms.

Detection of extended spectrum β-lactamases was carried out by double disc diffusion test methods... more Detection of extended spectrum β-lactamases was carried out by double disc diffusion test methods. Identification of organisms was done using appropriate microbiological technique. Antibiotics susceptibility test was carried out Mueller-Hinton agar using the disc diffusion method. Ofloxacin and cefoxitin were 100% active against E. coli, followed by sulphamathroxazole with 80% activity. While ofloxacin was 100% active against K. pneumoniae, followed by cefoxitin and tetracycline with 80% activity. Amikacin and ciprofloxacin showed the highest resistance against E. coli and K. pneumoniae. This resistance is associated with extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBL) production which was detected in K. pneumoniae and E. coli. ESBL production was observed in 80% of Gramnegative bacilli. This present study suggested that clinical microbiology laboratories should take into account the changing epidemiology of ESBL producers in order to establish a proper treatment procedure.

Acridine orange has been associated with chemical mutagenic compound that can cause an increase i... more Acridine orange has been associated with chemical mutagenic compound that can cause an increase in the frequency of mutations. Its mutagenic influence varies with its potency because of its ability to penetrate the cell, its reactivity with DNA and its general toxicity. This study evaluates the extent to which acridine orange influence microbial resistance to antibiotic. Of 20 sensitive isolates of E. coli and P. mirabilis used, 100% of the isolates were resistant to ampicillin-sulbactam, 80% to amoxicillin, 20% to cefalexin and non (0%) were resistant to ciprofloxacin, nitrofurantoin, ofloxacin, chloramphenicol, ceftriazone and gentamicin. 70% of the E. coli and 80% of P. mirabilis were resistant to cefuroxime, 90% of the E. coli and 100% of P. mirabilis were resistant to ceftazidine, 50% of the E. coli and 80% of P. mirabilis to ampicillin, 80% of the E. coli and 100% of P. mirabilis to amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, 20% of the E. coli and 80% of P. mirabilis to tetracycline, 30% of the E. coli and 50% of P. mirabilis to nalidixic acid respectively after incubation at 370C for 72hrs in acridine dye and overnight broth culture at the ratio of 5:1. At p< 0.01, acridine orange shows a significant mutagenic antibiotic resistant property to microorganism.
Keywords: Acridine orange, antibiotic resistance, chemical mutagen

Bacteriological analysis of well water in Korey village, Zaria was necessitated as a result of th... more Bacteriological analysis of well water in Korey village, Zaria was necessitated as a result of the fact that well water is fast gaining prominence as an alternative source of drinking water in Korey village, Zaria. 18 wells water samples were analyzed in Korey village using standard microbiological method. The result showed that all the wells were contaminated with coliform organisms. Wells 1 and 2 had the highest counts of 2400 MPN/100mLs and wells 6, 14 and 17 had the lowest counts of 10 MPN/100mls per water samples. The mean count was 432.2 MPN/100mLs of water samples. This indicates that the wells in Korey village had a high number of coliforms. The incident of the predominant feacal contaminant isolates ranged from 100% (18/18) for Escherichia coli, 66.7% (12/18) for Enterobacter aerogenes and 22.2% (4/18) for Enterobacter cloacae in the percentages of 58.33%, 25% and 16.67% respectively. It was observed that wells from Korey Village contained indicator organisms at high levels which exceed the World Health Organization standard of zero (0) MPN/100mls of water sample. It showed that drinking water from these wells could lead to serious health hazards. Hence, immediate intervention, treatment and sanitation are recommended to reduce the risk of waterborn diseases.

The emergence of multidrug resistance in clinical E. coli has been associated significantly with ... more The emergence of multidrug resistance in clinical E. coli has been associated significantly with plasmid mediated genes in carriers; which is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in developing countries. This study aim to determine the antibiotics susceptibility pattern of E. coli isolates claimed to be multidrug resistance using disc diffusion method, determine the presences of transferable resistance plasmids through conjugation and evaluate the medical significance of plasmid encoding E. coli and drug resistance. The result showed that majority of the multidrug resistance in clinical microorganism was as a result of the acquisition of plasmid-carrying antibiotic-resistance genes, acquired through conjugal transfer of plasmids which has greatly contributed to the rapid spread of antibiotic resistance among E. coli isolates which will lead to complication in therapy and limited treatment options, increase in mortality rate, high economic burden and longer hospital stays. We therefore recommend that the sale of antibiotics over the counter should be banned; restriction of antibiotics misuse and reduction of the use of antibiotics in animal feeds may play a role in decreasing the emergence of resistant bacterial strains.

The antibacterial efficiency of cold water and hot water, ethanol and methanol extracts of Ocimum... more The antibacterial efficiency of cold water and hot water, ethanol and methanol extracts of Ocimum gratissimum, Vernonia amygdalina and Aframomum melegueta on Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi and Klebsiella pneumoniae were evaluated by disc diffusion technique. The cold water extract of V. amygdalina and A. melegueta slightly inhibited the growth of S. typhi and E. coli with inhibition zone diameter of 15 mm and 12 mm respectively. The hot water extract of O. gratissimum, V. amygdalina and A. melegueta moderately inhibited the growth of S. typhi and E. coli with inhibition zone diameter of 15 mm to 20 mm. While the ethanolic and methanolic extract of O. gratissimum, V. amygdalina and A. melegueta profoundly inhibited the growth of S. typhi and E. coli with inhibition zone diameter between 12 mm to 23 mm. The growths of K. pneumoniae were not inhibited by all the extracts of O. gratissimum, V. amygdalina and A. melegueta. This revealed that O. gratissimum, V. amygdalina and A. melegueta have antimicrobial activity on E. coli and S. typhi and probably could be used to control infections associated with these organisms.

Detection of extended spectrum β-lactamases was carried out by double disc diffusion test methods... more Detection of extended spectrum β-lactamases was carried out by double disc diffusion test methods. Identification of organisms was done using appropriate microbiological technique. Antibiotics susceptibility test was carried out Mueller-Hinton agar using the disc diffusion method. Ofloxacin and cefoxitin were 100% active against E. coli, followed by sulphamathroxazole with 80% activity. While ofloxacin was 100% active against K. pneumoniae, followed by cefoxitin and tetracycline with 80% activity. Amikacin and ciprofloxacin showed the highest resistance against E. coli and K. pneumoniae. This resistance is associated with extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBL) production which was detected in K. pneumoniae and E. coli. ESBL production was observed in 80% of Gramnegative bacilli. This present study suggested that clinical microbiology laboratories should take into account the changing epidemiology of ESBL producers in order to establish a proper treatment procedure.

Acridine orange has been associated with chemical mutagenic compound that can cause an increase i... more Acridine orange has been associated with chemical mutagenic compound that can cause an increase in the frequency of mutations. Its mutagenic influence varies with its potency because of its ability to penetrate the cell, its reactivity with DNA and its general toxicity. This study evaluates the extent to which acridine orange influence microbial resistance to antibiotic. Of 20 sensitive isolates of E. coli and P. mirabilis used, 100% of the isolates were resistant to ampicillin-sulbactam, 80% to amoxicillin, 20% to cefalexin and non (0%) were resistant to ciprofloxacin, nitrofurantoin, ofloxacin, chloramphenicol, ceftriazone and gentamicin. 70% of the E. coli and 80% of P. mirabilis were resistant to cefuroxime, 90% of the E. coli and 100% of P. mirabilis were resistant to ceftazidine, 50% of the E. coli and 80% of P. mirabilis to ampicillin, 80% of the E. coli and 100% of P. mirabilis to amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, 20% of the E. coli and 80% of P. mirabilis to tetracycline, 30% of the E. coli and 50% of P. mirabilis to nalidixic acid respectively after incubation at 370C for 72hrs in acridine dye and overnight broth culture at the ratio of 5:1. At p< 0.01, acridine orange shows a significant mutagenic antibiotic resistant property to microorganism.
Keywords: Acridine orange, antibiotic resistance, chemical mutagen