Yukinori Kawae | Nagoya University (original) (raw)

Papers by Yukinori Kawae

Journal of Geography, 2011

The constructions of Giza pyramids were architectural landscape projects. Old Kingdom monarchs ma... more The constructions of Giza pyramids were architectural landscape projects. Old Kingdom monarchs made effective use of Eocene limestone bedrocks, called Moqattam and Maddi Formation.

西アジア考古学会, 2009

Ancient Egypt Research Associates, led by archaeologist Mark Lehner has established the Giza Lase... more Ancient Egypt Research Associates, led by archaeologist Mark Lehner has established the Giza Laser Scanning Survey (GLSS) team with a Japanese consortium in order to record gain 3D data of monuments at Giza, Egypt that represents reality more than a 2D map of traditional line drawings can. The aim of the project was to produce multipurpose “raw data”. For our first pilot investigation, we conducted a 3D survey of the monument of queen Khentkawes [I] who probably reigned over Egypt at the end of the Fourth dynasty.
Khentkawes’s tomb is the last huge monument built on the Giza plateau after the massive construction activities during the reigns of Khufu, Khafre, and Menkaure. The tomb appears as a unique “sarcophagus-shaped” tomb having two steps which is different from a conventional mastaba or a pyramid. Previous main archaeological works were undertaken by an Egyptian archaeologist Selim Hassan, and later a study from an architectural viewpoint by Vito Maragioglio and Celeste Rinaldi. In addition to the 3D laser scanning investigation, we discuss unexamined archaeological features such as the location of quarries, trenches on the rocks, and mortar used in building construction.

Conference Presentations by Yukinori Kawae

The Seventh Old Kingdom Art and Archaeology Conference, 2018

TV MAN 3D G3DS generate 3D SFM/MVS niques for creating 3D including image data collection of the ... more TV MAN 3D G3DS generate 3D SFM/MVS niques for creating 3D including image data collection of the top of the pyramid, 3D PEAKIT image

Studies on the great pyramid of King Khufu (2509- 2483 BCE ±25) in Egypt are numerous, but only a... more Studies on the great pyramid of King Khufu (2509- 2483 BCE ±25) in Egypt are numerous, but only a few surveys, which are the basis of any hypotheses on the construction of a pyramid, have been conducted. In particular, since no observation of the core of the pyramid has been made, theories about the structure are still hypothetical. In 2013, a Japanese TV production company had the opportunity to climb the northeast corner of the pyramid to shoot a crevice that led to an open space (named “cave”) inside the pyramid, located about 80m from the ground. The authors are fortunate to be allowed to use this video footage for academic research. We employed a “structure from motion” (SfM) technique using Microsoft Photosynth to reconstruct the 3D point cloud of the surface of the cave. Twenty minutes of footage was split into thirty thousand image frames, out of which we selected three hundred images shot using several smooth motions of the camera and used these for the SfM process. SfM tracks the “feature points” in the image sequence to estimate the camera motion and then triangulates these feature points to produce the point clouds. As a result, the static feature points from the overall surface of the cave were effectively collected and reconstructed as point clouds, whereas inconsistent points from a moving person are automatically eliminated through the SfM process. Thus we have produced, albeit in a small area, the first record of the actual structure of the great pyramid’s core. The production of a 3D model from existing video footage is a rather new methodology in the field of archaeology. This set of techniques can be applied to not only academic investigation but also to the restoration and conservation of damaged heritage and artifacts.

Since the 1980’s, Ancient Egypt Research Associates Inc. (AERA) led by Dr. Mark Lehner has produc... more Since the 1980’s, Ancient Egypt Research Associates Inc. (AERA) led by Dr. Mark Lehner has produced detailed archaeological mappings of the whole Giza plateau in Egypt. In 2006, AERA collaborated with a Japanese consortium to establish the Giza Laser Scanning Survey (GLSS) for the production of detailed 3D models of monuments at Giza for scholarly and scientific studies, recording the current restorations, and monitoring the monuments long term. The GLSS team eventually achieved the production of a 3D model of the tomb of Queen Khentkawes [I] who may have reigned over Egypt around 4,500 BCE. In 2008 according to the request of Dr. Zahi Hawass, the secretary general of Egypt’s Supreme Council of Antiquities, AERA formed the Saqqara Laser Scanning Survey (SLSS) team from mainly the GLSS members but additionally recruited 3D laser specialists from DEVELO Solutions of Osaka, Japan in order to conduct of the laser scanning of Egypt’ s oldest pyramid and first gigantic stone monument for archaeological detailed 3D documentation. The laser survey is part of the salvage archaeology and restoration of the Step Pyramid in the face of threats from centuries of erosion and the fragility of the stone and clay body of the pyramid. The SLSS survey of the Step Pyramid helps commemorate 2008 as the “Japan-Egypt Year of Science.”

Field reports by Yukinori Kawae

In 2015, in collaboration with the Czech Institute of Egyptology, we, a Japanese consortium, init... more In 2015, in collaboration with the Czech Institute of Egyptology, we, a Japanese consortium, initiated the
Abusir 3D Survey (A-3DS) for the 3D documentation of the site’s pyramids, which have not been updated since the time of the architectural investigations of Vito Maragioglio and Celeste Rinaldi in the 1960s to the 1970s. The first season of our project focused on the exterior of Neferirkare’s pyramid, the largest pyramid at Abusir. By developing a strategic mathematical 3D survey plan, step-by-step 3D documentation to suit specific archaeological needs, and producing a new display method for the 3D data, we successfully measured the dimensions of the pyramid in a cost-effective way.

1. Excavations The Khentkawes Town (KKT) by Mark Lehner, Mohsen Kamel, and Ana Tavares 2. Arc... more 1. Excavations
The Khentkawes Town (KKT) by Mark Lehner, Mohsen Kamel, and Ana Tavares

2. Archaeological Science
An Introduction to Archaeological Science at Giza by Mary Anne Murray
2008 KKT Human Osteology by Jessica Kaiser

3. Saqqara Laser Scanning Survey by Yukinori Kawae, Kosuke Sato, Hiroyuki Kamei, Tomoaki Nakano, and Ichiroh Kanaya

A PDF of this publication is available at: http://www.aeraweb.org/publications/gop/

"Giza Plateau Mapping Project Season 2009". Giza Occasional Papers. Ancient Egypt Research Associates (AERA), Boston, 2011, 2011

1. Introduction: Season 2009 Overview and How We Construct the Record by Mark Lehner, Mohsen Kame... more 1. Introduction: Season 2009 Overview and How We Construct the Record by Mark Lehner, Mohsen Kamel, and Ana Tavares

2. Excavations: Khentkawes Town
KKT-E: Valley Complex for Khentkawes I by Mark Lehner
KKT-E: The Mystery of the “Lower Buried Building” by Daniel Jones
KKT-E: SLR Elevation View (Foldout 2) by Mark Lehner
KKT-E: Notes and Reconstructions (Foldout 3) by Mark Lehner
KKT-N: Building E 2009 Introduction by Mark Lehner
KKT-N: Building E and the Adjacent Khentkawes Causeway by Lisa Yeomans and Hanan Mahmoud
KKT-AI: Between Khentkawes Town and the Menkaure Valley Temple by Mark Lehner

3. Excavations: the Heit el-Ghurab Site
Excavation in the Northwest Territory: Terra Incognita of the HeG Site by Mark Lehner
Why We Excavate Where We Do: The Western Compound and the Chute by Richard Redding
Excavations in the Western Compound, 2009 by James Taylor
Excavations in the Chute Area, 2009 by Ashraf Abd el-Aziz
Bakery or Brewery in House Unit 1? by Mark Lehner
Soccer Field West, House Unit 1, 2009 by Freya Sadarangani and Yukinori Kawae

4. Specialist Reports
Archaeological Science 2009: Eye on the RAB, Mind on Questions and Hypotheses by Mark Lehner
Archaeological Science 2009 by Mary Anne Murray
Khentkawes Town 2009: Pottery Overview by Anna Wodziñska
Human Osteology 2009 by Jessica Kaiser
Gifts for the Gods: Votive Dog Mummies at Giza by Jessica Kaiser

5. Sub-Project
Coordinate Systems and Archaeological Grids Used at Giza by Ana Tavares

A PDF of this publication is available at: http://www.aeraweb.org/publications/gop/

1. Excavations The Khentkawes Town (KKT) North of the Wall of the Crow (WCN) Wall of the Crow ... more 1. Excavations
The Khentkawes Town (KKT)
North of the Wall of the Crow (WCN)
Wall of the Crow Northeast (WCNE)
WCES Burial Excavations
The Backhoe Trenches (BHT, BBHT1, BBHT2)
BBHT1 (Biggest Backhoe Trench)
Main Street East (MSE): Clues to the Pedestal Mystery
The Northwestern Bakeries of EOG
EOG/BHT
BB: The Royal Administrative Building (RAB)
Summary of BB Excavations, 2006 and 2007 by Freya Sadarangani
Area AA and The Pedestal Building
Area AA Preliminary Phasing by James Taylor
House Unit 1 by Yukinori Kawae

2. Capital Zone Walk-About 2006: Spot Heights on the Third Millennium Landscape by Mark Lehner

3. 2006 Geophysical Season at Giza: A Ground-Penetrating Radar Study by Glen Dash

4. Giza Geomorphological Report by Judith Bunbury, Catherine Lutley, and Angus Graham

5. Giza Laser Scanning Project by Yukinori Kawae

A PDF of this publication is available at: http://www.aeraweb.org/publications/gop/

Giza Occasional Paper 4, 2009

"In the central part of the area west of the soccer field (SFW), within the complex of walls and ... more "In the central part of the area west of the soccer field (SFW), within the complex of walls and chambers that we call the Western Town, we provisionally distinguished three large rectangular units by the thickness of the outer walls (from 60 cm to 1 m) and the length (up to 22 m) of these walls (fig. 6). These units could be houses, although the boundaries are not clear except, perhaps, in the case of House Unit 3.

Before our 2006–2007 excavations in the northwest part of SFW we assumed House Unit 1 spanned an area of at least 11.5 m north-south × 16 m east-west. However, we did not know the western or northern boundaries. A series of chambers on the east are filled with ash in which we see circular patterns that could be vats and granite pieces that could be grinding stones. We called this complex, 9.5 m north-south × 5 m east-west, the “bakery” (Kamel et al. 2004; Gesell et al. 2004; Lehner, Kamel, and Tavares 2009: 34)."

Giza Occasional Paper 4, 2009

"In 2007 an Egyptian construction company under the supervision of Egypt’s Supreme Council of Ant... more "In 2007 an Egyptian construction company under the supervision of Egypt’s Supreme Council of Antiquities (SCA) began to restore both the interior and exterior of Egypt’s oldest pyramid, the Step Pyramid at Saqqara, built around 2,700 BC for the 3rd Dynasty king with the Horus name Netjerykhet, more frequently called Djoser.

Prior to this restoration work, a French architect, Dr. Bruno Deslandes, carried out three-dimensional surveys and radar investigations of parts of the step pyramid. The restoration of monuments is necessary in site manage- ment, but subtle archaeological features can vanish with restoration. It is therefore imperative to record the present state of the monument in as detailed a manner as possible before any restoration work is carried out.

In 2006, Ancient Egypt Research Associates, led by Dr. Mark Lehner, collaborated with Tokyo Institute of Technology, Gangoji Institute, Osaka University, and Tohoku University of Art and Design to establish the Giza Laser Scanning Survey (GLSS). The team eventually produced a detailed three-dimensional model of the tomb of Queen Khentkawes [I] at Giza and also of the Worker’s Cemetery located above AERA’s HeG site.

Those projects prompted Dr. Zahi Hawass, the Secretary General of the SCA, to request the GLSS teamtake over Dr. Bruno’s work for comprehensive three-di- mensional documentation as quickly as possible before the restoration program was completed. For this pur- pose, the Saqqara Laser Scanning Survey (SLSS) team was formed largely from GLSS members, with the additional recruitment of three-dimensional laser specialists from DEVELO Solutions of Osaka, Japan.

Previous archaeological work on the survey area was mainly undertaken by Cecil M. Firth and James E. Quibell with Jean-Phillippe Lauer, who comprehensively studied and restored the Step Pyramid complex for more than 70 years.1 According to Lauer, ancient builders started with a mastaba that they enlarged twice, beginning with a four- step pyramid that was raised to the final six-step version. Their works are indisputably seen as seminal studies on the foundations of pyramids. However, Lauer’s theories are based on his own stylized plans and sections, which do not present the actual state of the monument. The aim of the SLSS was to produce a detailed three-dimensional model of the Step Pyramid as it really is today.

From May 25 to July 19, 2008, the SLSS team investi- gated the Step Pyramid using two types of unique laser scanners: the “Zoser Scanner,” a custom-designed por- table scanner developed by DEVELO Solutions, and two of Topcon’s latest GLS-1000 laser scanners. This joint SCA- American-Japanese project has produced a three-dimen- sional map of every millimeter of the Step Pyramid."

Giza Occasional Paper 3, 2009

"At the end of the 2006 season, AERA collaborated with a Japanese consortium from Tokyo Institute... more "At the end of the 2006 season, AERA collaborated with a Japanese consortium from Tokyo Institute of Technology, the Gangoji Institute, Osaka University, and the Tohoku University of Art and Design to launch the Giza Laser Scanning Survey (GLSS). By using two laser scanners and one laser range finder, the team led by Prof. Hiroyuki Kamei investigated the tomb of Queen Khentkawes.1 This monument appears to be a giant mastaba or step pyramid- like tomb, composed of two parts; a base 45.5 × 46.50 m in length and 10.0 m high that was formed by cutting into the natural limestone rock, and a superstructure rising in seven courses of limestone blocks to a height of 7.5 m

The Khentkawes tomb is located in the southeast of the Giza Plateau, roughly between the Central Field of the Giza cemeteries and the Central Wadi which once served as a route for hauling non-local materials required for the building of the three main pyramids at Giza (Color Plate 43.2). North of the monument and adjacent to it are rock- cut tombs dug into the southern edge of the Moqattam Formation. Of these tombs, only the mastaba built by Bunefer at the northeast corner of the tomb is attested as a contemporary of Khentkawes (Porter, Moss, Burney, and Malek 1994: 256, Plan XXIII). The associated settle- ment is attached to the east of the monument and extends in a linear fashion to the east and ends in the south as an L-shape. To the south of these buildings is the cause- way and the Valley Temple of Menkaure. To the west is the large horseshoe-shaped quarry of Khufu where some rock-cut tombs dating to Khafre’s reign have been identi- fied. The limestone bedrock base of Khentkawes’s tomb once formed a part of this quarry.

This last colossal monument on the Giza Plateau was built in the limited physical space that remained after the massive construction activities of the early and middle 4th Dynasty. The topographical restraint and beneficial location could be the key to understanding the way in which the Khentkawes tomb was constructed. Egyptian archaeologist Selim Hassan (1943) previously undertook archaeological work on the unusual tomb of Khentkawes and its associated settlement in 1932–1933, but did not ac- curately map the excavated areas or systematically publish details of the cultural remains found in the settlement. In Maragioglio and Rinaldi’s comprehensive L’architettura delle Piramidi Memfite series (1967), the tomb of Queen Khentkawes was fully studied from an architectural view- point. Their plans and east–west and north–south sections of the tomb are the only ones, to date, showing the ar- chitectural elements with measurements. Although these drawings were schematic rather than exact copies, they produced both exterior and interior views of the elements of the tomb (Maragioglio and Rinaldi 1967)."

Giza Occasional Paper 2, 2006

Newsletter by Yukinori Kawae

• PEAKIT Punches Up 3D Laser Scanning, Adds Accurate Surface Relief • AERA Honored at the Shan... more • PEAKIT Punches Up 3D Laser Scanning, Adds Accurate Surface Relief
• AERA Honored at the Shanghai Archaeology Forum: Lost City of the Pyramids Named 1 of 10 Major Discoveries in the World
• Returning to the Field: Plans and Preparations for 2014 Excavations
• Silo Building Complex (SBC) 2014: Areas to Dig, Stories to Tell
• Piecing the Story Together, One Clay Sealing Fragment at a Time
• An Ancient Egyptian Insect Repellent
• A Small Clay Label, a Bundle of Linen, and an Ancient Economic Network
• Securing AERA’s Legacy: The Data Curation Project
• AUC-AERA Archaeological Field Training: Launching in January 2015
• AERA Struts Its Stuff at Archaeology Fair
• George Link Memorial Fountain Completed

AERAGRAM, 2007

Article about the 3D laser scanning survey of Khentkawes's tomb at Giza

AERAGRAM, 2004

Last spring we purchased a Nikon Stereoscopic Zoom SMZ800 microscope with an attachment for photo... more Last spring we purchased a Nikon Stereoscopic Zoom SMZ800 microscope with an attachment for photomicroscopy (photography through the microscope lens). Team member Yukinori Kawae, pictured above, quickly stepped into the role of project photomicroscopist.

Books by Yukinori Kawae

「ナイル川の東は生の世界、西が死の世界」。まことしやかに語られるこの説は誤りだった。四五〇〇年前、あの巨大建築物をつくった労働者と家族はそのすぐ横に住んでいた。最新の発掘データを元に「どのように... more 「ナイル川の東は生の世界、西が死の世界」。まことしやかに語られるこの説は誤りだった。四五〇〇年前、あの巨大建築物をつくった労働者と家族はそのすぐ横に住んでいた。最新の発掘データを元に「どのように作ったのか」、「なぜ作ったのか」に加えて、ピラミッドを建てた「人間」に焦点を当てた古代エジプト研究の最前線。

Journal of Geography, 2011

The constructions of Giza pyramids were architectural landscape projects. Old Kingdom monarchs ma... more The constructions of Giza pyramids were architectural landscape projects. Old Kingdom monarchs made effective use of Eocene limestone bedrocks, called Moqattam and Maddi Formation.

西アジア考古学会, 2009

Ancient Egypt Research Associates, led by archaeologist Mark Lehner has established the Giza Lase... more Ancient Egypt Research Associates, led by archaeologist Mark Lehner has established the Giza Laser Scanning Survey (GLSS) team with a Japanese consortium in order to record gain 3D data of monuments at Giza, Egypt that represents reality more than a 2D map of traditional line drawings can. The aim of the project was to produce multipurpose “raw data”. For our first pilot investigation, we conducted a 3D survey of the monument of queen Khentkawes [I] who probably reigned over Egypt at the end of the Fourth dynasty.
Khentkawes’s tomb is the last huge monument built on the Giza plateau after the massive construction activities during the reigns of Khufu, Khafre, and Menkaure. The tomb appears as a unique “sarcophagus-shaped” tomb having two steps which is different from a conventional mastaba or a pyramid. Previous main archaeological works were undertaken by an Egyptian archaeologist Selim Hassan, and later a study from an architectural viewpoint by Vito Maragioglio and Celeste Rinaldi. In addition to the 3D laser scanning investigation, we discuss unexamined archaeological features such as the location of quarries, trenches on the rocks, and mortar used in building construction.

The Seventh Old Kingdom Art and Archaeology Conference, 2018

TV MAN 3D G3DS generate 3D SFM/MVS niques for creating 3D including image data collection of the ... more TV MAN 3D G3DS generate 3D SFM/MVS niques for creating 3D including image data collection of the top of the pyramid, 3D PEAKIT image

Studies on the great pyramid of King Khufu (2509- 2483 BCE ±25) in Egypt are numerous, but only a... more Studies on the great pyramid of King Khufu (2509- 2483 BCE ±25) in Egypt are numerous, but only a few surveys, which are the basis of any hypotheses on the construction of a pyramid, have been conducted. In particular, since no observation of the core of the pyramid has been made, theories about the structure are still hypothetical. In 2013, a Japanese TV production company had the opportunity to climb the northeast corner of the pyramid to shoot a crevice that led to an open space (named “cave”) inside the pyramid, located about 80m from the ground. The authors are fortunate to be allowed to use this video footage for academic research. We employed a “structure from motion” (SfM) technique using Microsoft Photosynth to reconstruct the 3D point cloud of the surface of the cave. Twenty minutes of footage was split into thirty thousand image frames, out of which we selected three hundred images shot using several smooth motions of the camera and used these for the SfM process. SfM tracks the “feature points” in the image sequence to estimate the camera motion and then triangulates these feature points to produce the point clouds. As a result, the static feature points from the overall surface of the cave were effectively collected and reconstructed as point clouds, whereas inconsistent points from a moving person are automatically eliminated through the SfM process. Thus we have produced, albeit in a small area, the first record of the actual structure of the great pyramid’s core. The production of a 3D model from existing video footage is a rather new methodology in the field of archaeology. This set of techniques can be applied to not only academic investigation but also to the restoration and conservation of damaged heritage and artifacts.

Since the 1980’s, Ancient Egypt Research Associates Inc. (AERA) led by Dr. Mark Lehner has produc... more Since the 1980’s, Ancient Egypt Research Associates Inc. (AERA) led by Dr. Mark Lehner has produced detailed archaeological mappings of the whole Giza plateau in Egypt. In 2006, AERA collaborated with a Japanese consortium to establish the Giza Laser Scanning Survey (GLSS) for the production of detailed 3D models of monuments at Giza for scholarly and scientific studies, recording the current restorations, and monitoring the monuments long term. The GLSS team eventually achieved the production of a 3D model of the tomb of Queen Khentkawes [I] who may have reigned over Egypt around 4,500 BCE. In 2008 according to the request of Dr. Zahi Hawass, the secretary general of Egypt’s Supreme Council of Antiquities, AERA formed the Saqqara Laser Scanning Survey (SLSS) team from mainly the GLSS members but additionally recruited 3D laser specialists from DEVELO Solutions of Osaka, Japan in order to conduct of the laser scanning of Egypt’ s oldest pyramid and first gigantic stone monument for archaeological detailed 3D documentation. The laser survey is part of the salvage archaeology and restoration of the Step Pyramid in the face of threats from centuries of erosion and the fragility of the stone and clay body of the pyramid. The SLSS survey of the Step Pyramid helps commemorate 2008 as the “Japan-Egypt Year of Science.”

In 2015, in collaboration with the Czech Institute of Egyptology, we, a Japanese consortium, init... more In 2015, in collaboration with the Czech Institute of Egyptology, we, a Japanese consortium, initiated the
Abusir 3D Survey (A-3DS) for the 3D documentation of the site’s pyramids, which have not been updated since the time of the architectural investigations of Vito Maragioglio and Celeste Rinaldi in the 1960s to the 1970s. The first season of our project focused on the exterior of Neferirkare’s pyramid, the largest pyramid at Abusir. By developing a strategic mathematical 3D survey plan, step-by-step 3D documentation to suit specific archaeological needs, and producing a new display method for the 3D data, we successfully measured the dimensions of the pyramid in a cost-effective way.

1. Excavations The Khentkawes Town (KKT) by Mark Lehner, Mohsen Kamel, and Ana Tavares 2. Arc... more 1. Excavations
The Khentkawes Town (KKT) by Mark Lehner, Mohsen Kamel, and Ana Tavares

2. Archaeological Science
An Introduction to Archaeological Science at Giza by Mary Anne Murray
2008 KKT Human Osteology by Jessica Kaiser

3. Saqqara Laser Scanning Survey by Yukinori Kawae, Kosuke Sato, Hiroyuki Kamei, Tomoaki Nakano, and Ichiroh Kanaya

A PDF of this publication is available at: http://www.aeraweb.org/publications/gop/

"Giza Plateau Mapping Project Season 2009". Giza Occasional Papers. Ancient Egypt Research Associates (AERA), Boston, 2011, 2011

1. Introduction: Season 2009 Overview and How We Construct the Record by Mark Lehner, Mohsen Kame... more 1. Introduction: Season 2009 Overview and How We Construct the Record by Mark Lehner, Mohsen Kamel, and Ana Tavares

2. Excavations: Khentkawes Town
KKT-E: Valley Complex for Khentkawes I by Mark Lehner
KKT-E: The Mystery of the “Lower Buried Building” by Daniel Jones
KKT-E: SLR Elevation View (Foldout 2) by Mark Lehner
KKT-E: Notes and Reconstructions (Foldout 3) by Mark Lehner
KKT-N: Building E 2009 Introduction by Mark Lehner
KKT-N: Building E and the Adjacent Khentkawes Causeway by Lisa Yeomans and Hanan Mahmoud
KKT-AI: Between Khentkawes Town and the Menkaure Valley Temple by Mark Lehner

3. Excavations: the Heit el-Ghurab Site
Excavation in the Northwest Territory: Terra Incognita of the HeG Site by Mark Lehner
Why We Excavate Where We Do: The Western Compound and the Chute by Richard Redding
Excavations in the Western Compound, 2009 by James Taylor
Excavations in the Chute Area, 2009 by Ashraf Abd el-Aziz
Bakery or Brewery in House Unit 1? by Mark Lehner
Soccer Field West, House Unit 1, 2009 by Freya Sadarangani and Yukinori Kawae

4. Specialist Reports
Archaeological Science 2009: Eye on the RAB, Mind on Questions and Hypotheses by Mark Lehner
Archaeological Science 2009 by Mary Anne Murray
Khentkawes Town 2009: Pottery Overview by Anna Wodziñska
Human Osteology 2009 by Jessica Kaiser
Gifts for the Gods: Votive Dog Mummies at Giza by Jessica Kaiser

5. Sub-Project
Coordinate Systems and Archaeological Grids Used at Giza by Ana Tavares

A PDF of this publication is available at: http://www.aeraweb.org/publications/gop/

1. Excavations The Khentkawes Town (KKT) North of the Wall of the Crow (WCN) Wall of the Crow ... more 1. Excavations
The Khentkawes Town (KKT)
North of the Wall of the Crow (WCN)
Wall of the Crow Northeast (WCNE)
WCES Burial Excavations
The Backhoe Trenches (BHT, BBHT1, BBHT2)
BBHT1 (Biggest Backhoe Trench)
Main Street East (MSE): Clues to the Pedestal Mystery
The Northwestern Bakeries of EOG
EOG/BHT
BB: The Royal Administrative Building (RAB)
Summary of BB Excavations, 2006 and 2007 by Freya Sadarangani
Area AA and The Pedestal Building
Area AA Preliminary Phasing by James Taylor
House Unit 1 by Yukinori Kawae

2. Capital Zone Walk-About 2006: Spot Heights on the Third Millennium Landscape by Mark Lehner

3. 2006 Geophysical Season at Giza: A Ground-Penetrating Radar Study by Glen Dash

4. Giza Geomorphological Report by Judith Bunbury, Catherine Lutley, and Angus Graham

5. Giza Laser Scanning Project by Yukinori Kawae

A PDF of this publication is available at: http://www.aeraweb.org/publications/gop/

Giza Occasional Paper 4, 2009

"In the central part of the area west of the soccer field (SFW), within the complex of walls and ... more "In the central part of the area west of the soccer field (SFW), within the complex of walls and chambers that we call the Western Town, we provisionally distinguished three large rectangular units by the thickness of the outer walls (from 60 cm to 1 m) and the length (up to 22 m) of these walls (fig. 6). These units could be houses, although the boundaries are not clear except, perhaps, in the case of House Unit 3.

Before our 2006–2007 excavations in the northwest part of SFW we assumed House Unit 1 spanned an area of at least 11.5 m north-south × 16 m east-west. However, we did not know the western or northern boundaries. A series of chambers on the east are filled with ash in which we see circular patterns that could be vats and granite pieces that could be grinding stones. We called this complex, 9.5 m north-south × 5 m east-west, the “bakery” (Kamel et al. 2004; Gesell et al. 2004; Lehner, Kamel, and Tavares 2009: 34)."

Giza Occasional Paper 4, 2009

"In 2007 an Egyptian construction company under the supervision of Egypt’s Supreme Council of Ant... more "In 2007 an Egyptian construction company under the supervision of Egypt’s Supreme Council of Antiquities (SCA) began to restore both the interior and exterior of Egypt’s oldest pyramid, the Step Pyramid at Saqqara, built around 2,700 BC for the 3rd Dynasty king with the Horus name Netjerykhet, more frequently called Djoser.

Prior to this restoration work, a French architect, Dr. Bruno Deslandes, carried out three-dimensional surveys and radar investigations of parts of the step pyramid. The restoration of monuments is necessary in site manage- ment, but subtle archaeological features can vanish with restoration. It is therefore imperative to record the present state of the monument in as detailed a manner as possible before any restoration work is carried out.

In 2006, Ancient Egypt Research Associates, led by Dr. Mark Lehner, collaborated with Tokyo Institute of Technology, Gangoji Institute, Osaka University, and Tohoku University of Art and Design to establish the Giza Laser Scanning Survey (GLSS). The team eventually produced a detailed three-dimensional model of the tomb of Queen Khentkawes [I] at Giza and also of the Worker’s Cemetery located above AERA’s HeG site.

Those projects prompted Dr. Zahi Hawass, the Secretary General of the SCA, to request the GLSS teamtake over Dr. Bruno’s work for comprehensive three-di- mensional documentation as quickly as possible before the restoration program was completed. For this pur- pose, the Saqqara Laser Scanning Survey (SLSS) team was formed largely from GLSS members, with the additional recruitment of three-dimensional laser specialists from DEVELO Solutions of Osaka, Japan.

Previous archaeological work on the survey area was mainly undertaken by Cecil M. Firth and James E. Quibell with Jean-Phillippe Lauer, who comprehensively studied and restored the Step Pyramid complex for more than 70 years.1 According to Lauer, ancient builders started with a mastaba that they enlarged twice, beginning with a four- step pyramid that was raised to the final six-step version. Their works are indisputably seen as seminal studies on the foundations of pyramids. However, Lauer’s theories are based on his own stylized plans and sections, which do not present the actual state of the monument. The aim of the SLSS was to produce a detailed three-dimensional model of the Step Pyramid as it really is today.

From May 25 to July 19, 2008, the SLSS team investi- gated the Step Pyramid using two types of unique laser scanners: the “Zoser Scanner,” a custom-designed por- table scanner developed by DEVELO Solutions, and two of Topcon’s latest GLS-1000 laser scanners. This joint SCA- American-Japanese project has produced a three-dimen- sional map of every millimeter of the Step Pyramid."

Giza Occasional Paper 3, 2009

"At the end of the 2006 season, AERA collaborated with a Japanese consortium from Tokyo Institute... more "At the end of the 2006 season, AERA collaborated with a Japanese consortium from Tokyo Institute of Technology, the Gangoji Institute, Osaka University, and the Tohoku University of Art and Design to launch the Giza Laser Scanning Survey (GLSS). By using two laser scanners and one laser range finder, the team led by Prof. Hiroyuki Kamei investigated the tomb of Queen Khentkawes.1 This monument appears to be a giant mastaba or step pyramid- like tomb, composed of two parts; a base 45.5 × 46.50 m in length and 10.0 m high that was formed by cutting into the natural limestone rock, and a superstructure rising in seven courses of limestone blocks to a height of 7.5 m

The Khentkawes tomb is located in the southeast of the Giza Plateau, roughly between the Central Field of the Giza cemeteries and the Central Wadi which once served as a route for hauling non-local materials required for the building of the three main pyramids at Giza (Color Plate 43.2). North of the monument and adjacent to it are rock- cut tombs dug into the southern edge of the Moqattam Formation. Of these tombs, only the mastaba built by Bunefer at the northeast corner of the tomb is attested as a contemporary of Khentkawes (Porter, Moss, Burney, and Malek 1994: 256, Plan XXIII). The associated settle- ment is attached to the east of the monument and extends in a linear fashion to the east and ends in the south as an L-shape. To the south of these buildings is the cause- way and the Valley Temple of Menkaure. To the west is the large horseshoe-shaped quarry of Khufu where some rock-cut tombs dating to Khafre’s reign have been identi- fied. The limestone bedrock base of Khentkawes’s tomb once formed a part of this quarry.

This last colossal monument on the Giza Plateau was built in the limited physical space that remained after the massive construction activities of the early and middle 4th Dynasty. The topographical restraint and beneficial location could be the key to understanding the way in which the Khentkawes tomb was constructed. Egyptian archaeologist Selim Hassan (1943) previously undertook archaeological work on the unusual tomb of Khentkawes and its associated settlement in 1932–1933, but did not ac- curately map the excavated areas or systematically publish details of the cultural remains found in the settlement. In Maragioglio and Rinaldi’s comprehensive L’architettura delle Piramidi Memfite series (1967), the tomb of Queen Khentkawes was fully studied from an architectural view- point. Their plans and east–west and north–south sections of the tomb are the only ones, to date, showing the ar- chitectural elements with measurements. Although these drawings were schematic rather than exact copies, they produced both exterior and interior views of the elements of the tomb (Maragioglio and Rinaldi 1967)."

Giza Occasional Paper 2, 2006

• PEAKIT Punches Up 3D Laser Scanning, Adds Accurate Surface Relief • AERA Honored at the Shan... more • PEAKIT Punches Up 3D Laser Scanning, Adds Accurate Surface Relief
• AERA Honored at the Shanghai Archaeology Forum: Lost City of the Pyramids Named 1 of 10 Major Discoveries in the World
• Returning to the Field: Plans and Preparations for 2014 Excavations
• Silo Building Complex (SBC) 2014: Areas to Dig, Stories to Tell
• Piecing the Story Together, One Clay Sealing Fragment at a Time
• An Ancient Egyptian Insect Repellent
• A Small Clay Label, a Bundle of Linen, and an Ancient Economic Network
• Securing AERA’s Legacy: The Data Curation Project
• AUC-AERA Archaeological Field Training: Launching in January 2015
• AERA Struts Its Stuff at Archaeology Fair
• George Link Memorial Fountain Completed

AERAGRAM, 2007

Article about the 3D laser scanning survey of Khentkawes's tomb at Giza

AERAGRAM, 2004

Last spring we purchased a Nikon Stereoscopic Zoom SMZ800 microscope with an attachment for photo... more Last spring we purchased a Nikon Stereoscopic Zoom SMZ800 microscope with an attachment for photomicroscopy (photography through the microscope lens). Team member Yukinori Kawae, pictured above, quickly stepped into the role of project photomicroscopist.

「ナイル川の東は生の世界、西が死の世界」。まことしやかに語られるこの説は誤りだった。四五〇〇年前、あの巨大建築物をつくった労働者と家族はそのすぐ横に住んでいた。最新の発掘データを元に「どのように... more 「ナイル川の東は生の世界、西が死の世界」。まことしやかに語られるこの説は誤りだった。四五〇〇年前、あの巨大建築物をつくった労働者と家族はそのすぐ横に住んでいた。最新の発掘データを元に「どのように作ったのか」、「なぜ作ったのか」に加えて、ピラミッドを建てた「人間」に焦点を当てた古代エジプト研究の最前線。