Amit Agrawal | Narayana Medical College and Hospital (original) (raw)

Papers by Amit Agrawal

Oral and maxillofacial surgery, 2013

Dear Sir, We read the article "The relationship between head injury and facial trauma: a case-con... more Dear Sir, We read the article "The relationship between head injury and facial trauma: a case-control study" with great interest. In the present prospective study, the authors discuss their experience with the pattern of facial bone fractures and their correlation with intracranial injuries. The patients were categorized into concomitant maxillofacial and head injuries (the "study group") and patients with maxillofacial trauma without associated head injuries (the "control group").

Asian spine journal, 2013

Journal of clinical imaging science, 2013

Lateral meningocoele is a very rare disorder characterized by extensions of the dura and arachnoi... more Lateral meningocoele is a very rare disorder characterized by extensions of the dura and arachnoid through an enlarged neural foramen. We report a case of a 23-year-old female with deformity of spine who presented with low back pain and no neurological deficits. A whole spine magnetic resonance imaging showed multiple well-defined cystic masses involving dorsal, lumbar, and sacral spinal levels bilaterally, with dural ectasia and neural foraminal widening suggestive of bilateral multiple level lateral meningocoele. The patient is being managed conservatively and is on regular follow-up.

Indian journal of otolaryngology and head and neck surgery : official publication of the Association of Otolaryngologists of India, 2011

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) otorrhoea is an uncommon condition arising from defects in the tegmen a... more Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) otorrhoea is an uncommon condition arising from defects in the tegmen and middle cranial fossa. 33 year gentleman presented with post-mastoidectomy CSF otorrhoea of 5 year duration. Imaging finding were suggestive of fracture in the tegmen region. A combined middle cranial fossa/transmastoid was used to repair the defect. Defect was identified in the tegmen plate and it was closed with pedicled pericranial graft, laterally based pedicled temporalis muscle graft reinforced by bone dust and supported with intact mucosal flap. The leak stopped completely following surgery. The patient is doing well at follow up. Repair of these defects need careful analysis of imaging findings to understand pathological anatomy, and a well planned surgical approach to achieve meticulous repair.

Asian journal of neurosurgery, 2012

Cavernous angiomas or hemangiomas or cavernomas are benign, vascular malformations of the central... more Cavernous angiomas or hemangiomas or cavernomas are benign, vascular malformations of the central nervous system and classified as occult vascular brain lesions, usually present in adulthood. With the advent of computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging, these lesions are increasingly recognized in children. We report two cases of pediatric brain cavernomas where the children presented with recurrent seizures. Imaging findings were suggestive of giant cavernous hemangioma. The lesions were excised completely and the patients recovered well without deficits with good control of seizures.

Saudi journal of kidney diseases and transplantation : an official publication of the Saudi Center for Organ Transplantation, Saudi Arabia, 2012

We report an unusual case of simultaneous hemorrhage in intracranial aneurysms and in renal cyst ... more We report an unusual case of simultaneous hemorrhage in intracranial aneurysms and in renal cyst in a case of polycystic kidney disease. A 27-year-old gentleman presented with progressive headache and intermittent vomiting of one month duration. Initial computerized tomography (CT) scan and magnetic resonance imaging/angiography revealed a large mass lesion in the right temporal fossa. Over the previous 15 days, he developed progressive weakness in his left upper and lower limbs, and the headache worsened in severity. A repeat of CT scan showed an evidence of aneurysmal bleed and a large temporal lobe hematoma. The patient underwent urgent evacuation of the intracerebral of hematoma and excision of the redundant aneurysmal sac. The patient made excellent recovery in the post-operative period; however, for him, the pain abdomen was persisting. Detailed work-up with contrast-enhanced abdominal CT scan revealed bilateral multiple cysts in the kidneys with evidence of intracystic hemorrhage on the left side. An extensive search of the literature revealed that this kind of presentation has not been reported previously.

North American journal of medical sciences, 2012

Peroral extrusion of the distal end of a ventriculo-peritoneal shunt tube is the potentially haza... more Peroral extrusion of the distal end of a ventriculo-peritoneal shunt tube is the potentially hazardous end result of a bowel perforation with only few case reports in the literature. The distal end of the peritoneal catheter got fractured in a 4-year-old child and it protruded out through the mouth. The cranial incision was opened and the shunt divided below the chamber. The ventricular end and the chamber and distal end were removed through this incision. In the present successfully managed case we review the current strategies in the management of such a rare complication and discuss the possible pathogenesis of this entity.

Lancet, 2010

The contribution of various risk factors to the burden of stroke worldwide is unknown, particular... more The contribution of various risk factors to the burden of stroke worldwide is unknown, particularly in countries of low and middle income. We aimed to establish the association of known and emerging risk factors with stroke and its primary subtypes, assess the contribution of these risk factors to the burden of stroke, and explore the differences between risk factors for stroke and myocardial infarction.

Pediatric Neurosurgery, 2005

Primary benign sacral tumors are rare representing only 1-4% of solitary exostoses and constituti... more Primary benign sacral tumors are rare representing only 1-4% of solitary exostoses and constituting 4% of all solitary spinal tumor. The tumor usually comes to attention in childhood or adolescence. The treatment of symptomatic lesions is resection. We present here a case of a sacral osteochondroma with characteristic histological and radiological features in an adolescent presenting with radicular pain.

Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery, 2007

Despite their histologically benign nature, giant and &am... more Despite their histologically benign nature, giant and 'invasive' pituitary tumors are one of the most complex neurosurgical challenges. In the present article, we discuss the current approaches to the management of giant pituitary tumors. Giant non-functioning pituitary tumors are usually confined inferiorly by the sellar dura, superiorly by the elevated diaphragma sellae, and laterally by an intact medial wall of the cavernous sinus. If the anatomical extensions of the tumor are understood and a radical tumor resection is achieved, the visual and long-term outcome can be extremely rewarding. The goals of surgery are to make a pathologic diagnosis and since the majority of these tumors are endocrinologically silent, the second goal should be to decompress the neural tissue. With the increasing experience and better understanding of anatomy of these tumors, trans-sphenoidal approaches have now replaced craniotomy for the excision of these tumors.

Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery, 2008

Cushing reflex&am... more Cushing reflex' is characterized by the occurrence of hypertension, bradycardia and apnoea secondary to raised increased intracranial pressure (ICP), leading to pressure on and or stretch, or both, of the brainstem. With the wide availability of monitoring facilities and advancements in investigation techniques, observation of increased intracranial pressure resulting in haemodynamic instability and bradycardia has been increasingly recognized in relation to many neurosurgical conditions and procedures. The causes of bradycardia include space occupying lesion involving or compressing the brain parenchyma (subdural haematoma, tumours, hydrocephalus), neurosurgical procedures (neuroendoscopy, placement of extradural drains), epileptic and non-epileptic seizures, trigemino-cardiac reflex, cerebellar lesions, spinal lesions (neurogenic shock, autonomic dysreflexia) and many other rare causes (Ventricular catheter obstruction in cases of hydrocephalus, colloid cysts related acute neurogenic cardiac dysfunction, Ondine's curse syndrome, etc.). This highlights that bradycardia can be a warning sign in many neurosurgical conditions and Cushing's reflex is a protective and effective action of the brain for preserving an adequate cerebral perfusion pressure despite an increased intracranial pressure. Management of these patients include identification and treatment of the underlying cause of bradycardia, anti-cholinergics and if necessary cardiac pacing, nevertheless, other causes of haemodynamic changes (i.e. anesthetic drugs, tumor manipulation) should also be considered and managed accordingly. We believe that this knowledge and understanding will help to identify the patients' at risk and will also help in the management of neurosurgical patients with bradycardia.

Journal of emergencies, trauma, and shock, 2012

Background: Patients with head injury continue to improve over time and a minimum follow-up of si... more Background: Patients with head injury continue to improve over time and a minimum follow-up of six months is considered necessary to evaluate outcome. However, this may be difficult to assess due to lack of follow-up. It is also well known that operated patients who return for cranioplasty usually have the best outcome. Aims and Objectives: To assess the outcome following severe head injury using cranioplasty as a surrogate marker for good outcome. Materials and Methods: This was a retrospective study carried out from January 2009 to ...

APSP journal of case reports, 2012

Abstract Spontaneous intracerebral haemorrhage (SICH) is a rare occurrence in children, with diff... more Abstract Spontaneous intracerebral haemorrhage (SICH) is a rare occurrence in children, with different aetiological factors, clinical characteristics and prognosis. A 14 year male child had sudden onset of headache associated with multiple vomiting. Magnetic resonance imaging showed deep seated intracerebral haematoma. Haematoma was evacuated successfully and child recovered without deficits. A high index of suspicion is necessary for the diagnosis of spontaneous intracerebral haemorrhage in children.

International journal of critical illness and injury science, 2012

Cochrane database of systematic reviews (Online), 2012

Leprosy causes nerve damage which may result in nerve function impairment and disability. Decompr... more Leprosy causes nerve damage which may result in nerve function impairment and disability. Decompressive surgery is used for treating nerve damage, although the effect is uncertain. This is an update of a review first published in 2009 and previously updated in 2010. To assess the effects of decompressive surgery on nerve damage in leprosy. We searched the Cochrane Neuromuscular Disease Group Specialized Register (15 October 2012), CENTRAL (2012, Issue 9 in The Cochrane Library), MEDLINE (January 1966 to October 2012), EMBASE (January 1980 to October 2012), AMED (January 1985 to October 2012), CINAHL Plus (January 1937 to October 2012) and LILACS (from January 1982 to October 2012). We checked reference lists of the studies identified, the Current Controlled Trials Register (www.controlled-trials.com) (1 November 2012), conference proceedings and contacted trial authors. Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and quasi-RCTs of decompressive surgery for nerve damage in leprosy. The primary outcome was improvement in sensory and motor nerve function after one year. Secondary outcomes were improvement in nerve function after two years, change in nerve pain and tenderness, and adverse events. Two authors independently extracted data and assessed trial quality. We contacted trial authors for additional information. We collected adverse effects information from the trials and non-randomised studies. We included two RCTs involving 88 participants. The trials were at high risk of bias. The trials examined the added benefit of surgery over prednisolone for treatment of nerve damage of less than six months duration. After two years' follow-up there was only very low quality evidence of no significant difference in nerve function improvement between participants treated with surgery plus prednisolone or with prednisolone alone. Adverse effects of decompressive surgery were not adequately described. Decompressive surgery is used for treating nerve damage in leprosy but the available evidence from RCTs is of very low quality and does not show a significant added benefit of surgery over steroid treatment alone. Well-designed RCTs are needed to establish the effectiveness of the combination of surgery and medical treatment compared to medical treatment alone.

Indian journal of psychiatry, 2012

Normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH) syndrome is a combination of progressive dementia, gait distu... more Normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH) syndrome is a combination of progressive dementia, gait disturbances and/or urinary incontinence, hydrocephalus, and normal intracranial pressure.[1, 2] NPH causes no more than 5% of cases of dementia and is often treatable.[2] A 57-year-old gentleman, a known case of schizophrenia for last 20 years on regular medication, started to develop difficulty in holding head, memory disturbances, difficulty in walking, and urinary incontinence for last 2 years. There was no history of trauma or fever. ...

Chinese journal of cancer research = Chung-kuo yen cheng yen chiu, 2012

Epithelioidhemangioendothelioma is a rare vascular tumor of bone, and rarely these lesions can pr... more Epithelioidhemangioendothelioma is a rare vascular tumor of bone, and rarely these lesions can present as unique and extremely aggressive tumor. We report a case of highly aggressive epithelioidhemangioendothelioma and discuss the imaging findings. CT brain plain study revealed a poorly-defined, mixed density expansile and lytic lesion involving the occipital bone with extension to the left side with poorly defined trabecula formation. There was significant but irregular enhancement after intravenous administration of contrast material and also marked bone destruction. Microscopic examination of the fine needle aspiration cytology showed a tumor composed of vascular channels lined by plump endothelial cells, which had enlarged hyperchromatic nuclei. In view of the extensive infiltration the patient was submitted for the radiotherapy.

Intramedullary spinal epidermoid cysts are benign ectopic embryological growths with reported inc... more Intramedullary spinal epidermoid cysts are benign ectopic embryological growths with reported incidence of less than 1% of intramedullary tumors. In this case we report an unusual cervical intramedullary epidermid with liquid contents. A 40-year-old patient presented with progressive weakness of all four limbs of four months duration, bowel and bladder disturbances of two days duration, pain and paresthesias in all four limbs.

Abstract Cranioplasty is a common, but formidable surgical procedure for neurosurgeons, in patien... more Abstract Cranioplasty is a common, but formidable surgical procedure for neurosurgeons, in patients with scalp and/or calvarial defects. This procedure can be simple or complex.

ABSTRACT Fever in patients with severe head injury is a commonly-encountered diagnostic and manag... more ABSTRACT Fever in patients with severe head injury is a commonly-encountered diagnostic and management problem. Neurogenic fever (NF) is a non-infectious source of fever in the patient with head injury and, if untreated, can cause damage to the brain in many ways. Until recently, NF was thought to be a relatively rare consequence of traumatic brain injury (TBI), but other studies have reported that four to 37 percent of TBI survivors experience this sequela.

Oral and maxillofacial surgery, 2013

Dear Sir, We read the article "The relationship between head injury and facial trauma: a case-con... more Dear Sir, We read the article "The relationship between head injury and facial trauma: a case-control study" with great interest. In the present prospective study, the authors discuss their experience with the pattern of facial bone fractures and their correlation with intracranial injuries. The patients were categorized into concomitant maxillofacial and head injuries (the "study group") and patients with maxillofacial trauma without associated head injuries (the "control group").

Asian spine journal, 2013

Journal of clinical imaging science, 2013

Lateral meningocoele is a very rare disorder characterized by extensions of the dura and arachnoi... more Lateral meningocoele is a very rare disorder characterized by extensions of the dura and arachnoid through an enlarged neural foramen. We report a case of a 23-year-old female with deformity of spine who presented with low back pain and no neurological deficits. A whole spine magnetic resonance imaging showed multiple well-defined cystic masses involving dorsal, lumbar, and sacral spinal levels bilaterally, with dural ectasia and neural foraminal widening suggestive of bilateral multiple level lateral meningocoele. The patient is being managed conservatively and is on regular follow-up.

Indian journal of otolaryngology and head and neck surgery : official publication of the Association of Otolaryngologists of India, 2011

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) otorrhoea is an uncommon condition arising from defects in the tegmen a... more Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) otorrhoea is an uncommon condition arising from defects in the tegmen and middle cranial fossa. 33 year gentleman presented with post-mastoidectomy CSF otorrhoea of 5 year duration. Imaging finding were suggestive of fracture in the tegmen region. A combined middle cranial fossa/transmastoid was used to repair the defect. Defect was identified in the tegmen plate and it was closed with pedicled pericranial graft, laterally based pedicled temporalis muscle graft reinforced by bone dust and supported with intact mucosal flap. The leak stopped completely following surgery. The patient is doing well at follow up. Repair of these defects need careful analysis of imaging findings to understand pathological anatomy, and a well planned surgical approach to achieve meticulous repair.

Asian journal of neurosurgery, 2012

Cavernous angiomas or hemangiomas or cavernomas are benign, vascular malformations of the central... more Cavernous angiomas or hemangiomas or cavernomas are benign, vascular malformations of the central nervous system and classified as occult vascular brain lesions, usually present in adulthood. With the advent of computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging, these lesions are increasingly recognized in children. We report two cases of pediatric brain cavernomas where the children presented with recurrent seizures. Imaging findings were suggestive of giant cavernous hemangioma. The lesions were excised completely and the patients recovered well without deficits with good control of seizures.

Saudi journal of kidney diseases and transplantation : an official publication of the Saudi Center for Organ Transplantation, Saudi Arabia, 2012

We report an unusual case of simultaneous hemorrhage in intracranial aneurysms and in renal cyst ... more We report an unusual case of simultaneous hemorrhage in intracranial aneurysms and in renal cyst in a case of polycystic kidney disease. A 27-year-old gentleman presented with progressive headache and intermittent vomiting of one month duration. Initial computerized tomography (CT) scan and magnetic resonance imaging/angiography revealed a large mass lesion in the right temporal fossa. Over the previous 15 days, he developed progressive weakness in his left upper and lower limbs, and the headache worsened in severity. A repeat of CT scan showed an evidence of aneurysmal bleed and a large temporal lobe hematoma. The patient underwent urgent evacuation of the intracerebral of hematoma and excision of the redundant aneurysmal sac. The patient made excellent recovery in the post-operative period; however, for him, the pain abdomen was persisting. Detailed work-up with contrast-enhanced abdominal CT scan revealed bilateral multiple cysts in the kidneys with evidence of intracystic hemorrhage on the left side. An extensive search of the literature revealed that this kind of presentation has not been reported previously.

North American journal of medical sciences, 2012

Peroral extrusion of the distal end of a ventriculo-peritoneal shunt tube is the potentially haza... more Peroral extrusion of the distal end of a ventriculo-peritoneal shunt tube is the potentially hazardous end result of a bowel perforation with only few case reports in the literature. The distal end of the peritoneal catheter got fractured in a 4-year-old child and it protruded out through the mouth. The cranial incision was opened and the shunt divided below the chamber. The ventricular end and the chamber and distal end were removed through this incision. In the present successfully managed case we review the current strategies in the management of such a rare complication and discuss the possible pathogenesis of this entity.

Lancet, 2010

The contribution of various risk factors to the burden of stroke worldwide is unknown, particular... more The contribution of various risk factors to the burden of stroke worldwide is unknown, particularly in countries of low and middle income. We aimed to establish the association of known and emerging risk factors with stroke and its primary subtypes, assess the contribution of these risk factors to the burden of stroke, and explore the differences between risk factors for stroke and myocardial infarction.

Pediatric Neurosurgery, 2005

Primary benign sacral tumors are rare representing only 1-4% of solitary exostoses and constituti... more Primary benign sacral tumors are rare representing only 1-4% of solitary exostoses and constituting 4% of all solitary spinal tumor. The tumor usually comes to attention in childhood or adolescence. The treatment of symptomatic lesions is resection. We present here a case of a sacral osteochondroma with characteristic histological and radiological features in an adolescent presenting with radicular pain.

Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery, 2007

Despite their histologically benign nature, giant and &am... more Despite their histologically benign nature, giant and 'invasive' pituitary tumors are one of the most complex neurosurgical challenges. In the present article, we discuss the current approaches to the management of giant pituitary tumors. Giant non-functioning pituitary tumors are usually confined inferiorly by the sellar dura, superiorly by the elevated diaphragma sellae, and laterally by an intact medial wall of the cavernous sinus. If the anatomical extensions of the tumor are understood and a radical tumor resection is achieved, the visual and long-term outcome can be extremely rewarding. The goals of surgery are to make a pathologic diagnosis and since the majority of these tumors are endocrinologically silent, the second goal should be to decompress the neural tissue. With the increasing experience and better understanding of anatomy of these tumors, trans-sphenoidal approaches have now replaced craniotomy for the excision of these tumors.

Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery, 2008

Cushing reflex&am... more Cushing reflex' is characterized by the occurrence of hypertension, bradycardia and apnoea secondary to raised increased intracranial pressure (ICP), leading to pressure on and or stretch, or both, of the brainstem. With the wide availability of monitoring facilities and advancements in investigation techniques, observation of increased intracranial pressure resulting in haemodynamic instability and bradycardia has been increasingly recognized in relation to many neurosurgical conditions and procedures. The causes of bradycardia include space occupying lesion involving or compressing the brain parenchyma (subdural haematoma, tumours, hydrocephalus), neurosurgical procedures (neuroendoscopy, placement of extradural drains), epileptic and non-epileptic seizures, trigemino-cardiac reflex, cerebellar lesions, spinal lesions (neurogenic shock, autonomic dysreflexia) and many other rare causes (Ventricular catheter obstruction in cases of hydrocephalus, colloid cysts related acute neurogenic cardiac dysfunction, Ondine's curse syndrome, etc.). This highlights that bradycardia can be a warning sign in many neurosurgical conditions and Cushing's reflex is a protective and effective action of the brain for preserving an adequate cerebral perfusion pressure despite an increased intracranial pressure. Management of these patients include identification and treatment of the underlying cause of bradycardia, anti-cholinergics and if necessary cardiac pacing, nevertheless, other causes of haemodynamic changes (i.e. anesthetic drugs, tumor manipulation) should also be considered and managed accordingly. We believe that this knowledge and understanding will help to identify the patients' at risk and will also help in the management of neurosurgical patients with bradycardia.

Journal of emergencies, trauma, and shock, 2012

Background: Patients with head injury continue to improve over time and a minimum follow-up of si... more Background: Patients with head injury continue to improve over time and a minimum follow-up of six months is considered necessary to evaluate outcome. However, this may be difficult to assess due to lack of follow-up. It is also well known that operated patients who return for cranioplasty usually have the best outcome. Aims and Objectives: To assess the outcome following severe head injury using cranioplasty as a surrogate marker for good outcome. Materials and Methods: This was a retrospective study carried out from January 2009 to ...

APSP journal of case reports, 2012

Abstract Spontaneous intracerebral haemorrhage (SICH) is a rare occurrence in children, with diff... more Abstract Spontaneous intracerebral haemorrhage (SICH) is a rare occurrence in children, with different aetiological factors, clinical characteristics and prognosis. A 14 year male child had sudden onset of headache associated with multiple vomiting. Magnetic resonance imaging showed deep seated intracerebral haematoma. Haematoma was evacuated successfully and child recovered without deficits. A high index of suspicion is necessary for the diagnosis of spontaneous intracerebral haemorrhage in children.

International journal of critical illness and injury science, 2012

Cochrane database of systematic reviews (Online), 2012

Leprosy causes nerve damage which may result in nerve function impairment and disability. Decompr... more Leprosy causes nerve damage which may result in nerve function impairment and disability. Decompressive surgery is used for treating nerve damage, although the effect is uncertain. This is an update of a review first published in 2009 and previously updated in 2010. To assess the effects of decompressive surgery on nerve damage in leprosy. We searched the Cochrane Neuromuscular Disease Group Specialized Register (15 October 2012), CENTRAL (2012, Issue 9 in The Cochrane Library), MEDLINE (January 1966 to October 2012), EMBASE (January 1980 to October 2012), AMED (January 1985 to October 2012), CINAHL Plus (January 1937 to October 2012) and LILACS (from January 1982 to October 2012). We checked reference lists of the studies identified, the Current Controlled Trials Register (www.controlled-trials.com) (1 November 2012), conference proceedings and contacted trial authors. Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and quasi-RCTs of decompressive surgery for nerve damage in leprosy. The primary outcome was improvement in sensory and motor nerve function after one year. Secondary outcomes were improvement in nerve function after two years, change in nerve pain and tenderness, and adverse events. Two authors independently extracted data and assessed trial quality. We contacted trial authors for additional information. We collected adverse effects information from the trials and non-randomised studies. We included two RCTs involving 88 participants. The trials were at high risk of bias. The trials examined the added benefit of surgery over prednisolone for treatment of nerve damage of less than six months duration. After two years' follow-up there was only very low quality evidence of no significant difference in nerve function improvement between participants treated with surgery plus prednisolone or with prednisolone alone. Adverse effects of decompressive surgery were not adequately described. Decompressive surgery is used for treating nerve damage in leprosy but the available evidence from RCTs is of very low quality and does not show a significant added benefit of surgery over steroid treatment alone. Well-designed RCTs are needed to establish the effectiveness of the combination of surgery and medical treatment compared to medical treatment alone.

Indian journal of psychiatry, 2012

Normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH) syndrome is a combination of progressive dementia, gait distu... more Normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH) syndrome is a combination of progressive dementia, gait disturbances and/or urinary incontinence, hydrocephalus, and normal intracranial pressure.[1, 2] NPH causes no more than 5% of cases of dementia and is often treatable.[2] A 57-year-old gentleman, a known case of schizophrenia for last 20 years on regular medication, started to develop difficulty in holding head, memory disturbances, difficulty in walking, and urinary incontinence for last 2 years. There was no history of trauma or fever. ...

Chinese journal of cancer research = Chung-kuo yen cheng yen chiu, 2012

Epithelioidhemangioendothelioma is a rare vascular tumor of bone, and rarely these lesions can pr... more Epithelioidhemangioendothelioma is a rare vascular tumor of bone, and rarely these lesions can present as unique and extremely aggressive tumor. We report a case of highly aggressive epithelioidhemangioendothelioma and discuss the imaging findings. CT brain plain study revealed a poorly-defined, mixed density expansile and lytic lesion involving the occipital bone with extension to the left side with poorly defined trabecula formation. There was significant but irregular enhancement after intravenous administration of contrast material and also marked bone destruction. Microscopic examination of the fine needle aspiration cytology showed a tumor composed of vascular channels lined by plump endothelial cells, which had enlarged hyperchromatic nuclei. In view of the extensive infiltration the patient was submitted for the radiotherapy.

Intramedullary spinal epidermoid cysts are benign ectopic embryological growths with reported inc... more Intramedullary spinal epidermoid cysts are benign ectopic embryological growths with reported incidence of less than 1% of intramedullary tumors. In this case we report an unusual cervical intramedullary epidermid with liquid contents. A 40-year-old patient presented with progressive weakness of all four limbs of four months duration, bowel and bladder disturbances of two days duration, pain and paresthesias in all four limbs.

Abstract Cranioplasty is a common, but formidable surgical procedure for neurosurgeons, in patien... more Abstract Cranioplasty is a common, but formidable surgical procedure for neurosurgeons, in patients with scalp and/or calvarial defects. This procedure can be simple or complex.

ABSTRACT Fever in patients with severe head injury is a commonly-encountered diagnostic and manag... more ABSTRACT Fever in patients with severe head injury is a commonly-encountered diagnostic and management problem. Neurogenic fever (NF) is a non-infectious source of fever in the patient with head injury and, if untreated, can cause damage to the brain in many ways. Until recently, NF was thought to be a relatively rare consequence of traumatic brain injury (TBI), but other studies have reported that four to 37 percent of TBI survivors experience this sequela.