Richard Cross | University of Notre Dame (original) (raw)
Books by Richard Cross
Communicatio idiomatum: Reformation Christological Debates
Papers by Richard Cross
Christology and Metaphysics in the Seventeenth Century
This chapter describes the way in which Cajetan’s account of the Incarnation was developed in lat... more This chapter describes the way in which Cajetan’s account of the Incarnation was developed in later Dominican circles. It discusses the contributions of four theologians: Diego Álvarez (the first theologian to attempt a response to Suárez’s innovations), Giovanni Paolo Nazario, João Poinsot, and Jean-Baptiste Gonet. The question for these theologians lay in working out what kind of ground was required for categorial union relation held by Aquinas to exist between the human nature and the divine person. Their answer was that the relation is grounded simply on the immediate communication of the divine subsistence and existence to the human nature. One worry had by Suárez is that no action can be simply unitive, as the communication of the divine subsistence to the human nature seems to be. Nazario responded by attempting to give an account of such an action in terms of a created efflux mediating between action and passion. Poinsot maintains that subsistence might count as a mode; the ...
Theological Studies, 2017
According to the so-called “religio-ethical” model of disability accepted in some sense by Aquina... more According to the so-called “religio-ethical” model of disability accepted in some sense by Aquinas, disability is fundamentally a punishment for wrongdoing. Duns Scotus rejects this view and holds that disability could simply have been part of God’s plan, and that its presence could have been explained simply by virtue of God’s finding beauty in some of the bodily configurations of the disabled. I conclude by showing how Scotus’s view relates to the so-called “social” model of disability.
Speculum, 2019
The first of these, formed in the Latin patristic period and reaching a level of explicit themati... more The first of these, formed in the Latin patristic period and reaching a level of explicit thematization in the twelfth century, held that the soul could attain a loving union of wills with God, an unitas spiritus [i.e., unity of spirit] whose basic human analogue was to be found in the marriage embrace of the lovers portrayed in the Song of Songs. But in the thirteenth century, first among some of the women vernacular theologians, a second form of understandingmystical union began to emerge, a potentiallymore radical and possiblymore questionable understanding which emphasized a goal of “union without difference” . . .—the insistence that . . . there is some absolute identity between God and the soul.
Duns Scotus on God, 2018
Contents: Introduction. Part 1 The Existence of the One God: Theories of causation The existence ... more Contents: Introduction. Part 1 The Existence of the One God: Theories of causation The existence of a first being Perfect-being theology The knowledge and volition of a first being Divine infinity Divine simplicity Divine unicity Divine immutability and timelessness. Part 2 The Trinitarian Nature of the One God: The Trinity and scientific demonstration Internal divine productions The number of productions Divine persons The commonality of the divine essence Personal properties Persons and essence in the production of Son and Spirit Notional and essential acts The constitution of a divine person Anti-subordinationist strategies. Appendix Bibliography Indexes.
Choice Reviews Online, 2014
Preface Introduction: Institutions and Sources Part I: CONSOLIDATION Chapter 1. Anselm of Canterb... more Preface Introduction: Institutions and Sources Part I: CONSOLIDATION Chapter 1. Anselm of Canterbury (1033 - 1109) Chapter 2. From 1100 to 1200 Peter Abelard Gilbert of Poitiers Bernard of Clairvaux The Victorines Peter Lombard Part II: REVOLUTION Chapter 3. From 1200 to 1277 Robert Grosseteste William of Auvergne Alexander of Hales Albert the Great Bonaventure Roger Bacon The Paris Arts Faculty Chapter 4. Thomas Aquinas (c.1225 - 74) Part III: INNOVATION Chapter 5: From 1277 to 1300 Correctorium literature Henry of Ghent Peter Olivi Giles of Rome Godfrey of Fontaines Chapter 6. Duns Scotus (c.1266 - 1308) Part IV: SIMPLIFICATION Chapter 7. William of Ockham (c. 1287 - 1347) Chapter 8. From 1310 to 1350 Durand of St Pourcain (and Hervaeus Natalis) Peter Auriol Ockham's Oxonian contemporaries, followers, and opponents Nicholas of Autrecourt Epilogue. Retrospection: John Wyclif (c.1330 - 84) Glossary Bibliography Index
Harvard Theological Review, 2017
Medieval accounts of disability by and large (though not universally) defend what is now labeled ... more Medieval accounts of disability by and large (though not universally) defend what is now labeled the “religio-moral” construction of disability: seeing an individual's disability as a punishment for that individual's sin.1Unsurprisingly, such models are not much in favor among contemporary disability theorists for a number of reasons, among which we might include the unacceptable thought that an individual with disabilities somehow deserves those disabilities. Thomas Aquinas (1225–1274) accepts some version of this theory, but one rather different from the standard one (or at least, from what is now generally understood as the religio-moral model). Aquinas sees physical impairments—things that constitute a subclass of what he labels “bodily defects”—fundamentally as punishments for original sin. He is (generally) very careful to distance his account of defects from notions of individual punishment. (When he is not, it is because of pressure from Scriptural sources—though as ...
Oxford Studies in Medieval Philosophy, Volume 3, 2015
Journal of Theological Studies, 2004
Communicatio idiomatum: Reformation Christological Debates
Christology and Metaphysics in the Seventeenth Century
This chapter describes the way in which Cajetan’s account of the Incarnation was developed in lat... more This chapter describes the way in which Cajetan’s account of the Incarnation was developed in later Dominican circles. It discusses the contributions of four theologians: Diego Álvarez (the first theologian to attempt a response to Suárez’s innovations), Giovanni Paolo Nazario, João Poinsot, and Jean-Baptiste Gonet. The question for these theologians lay in working out what kind of ground was required for categorial union relation held by Aquinas to exist between the human nature and the divine person. Their answer was that the relation is grounded simply on the immediate communication of the divine subsistence and existence to the human nature. One worry had by Suárez is that no action can be simply unitive, as the communication of the divine subsistence to the human nature seems to be. Nazario responded by attempting to give an account of such an action in terms of a created efflux mediating between action and passion. Poinsot maintains that subsistence might count as a mode; the ...
Theological Studies, 2017
According to the so-called “religio-ethical” model of disability accepted in some sense by Aquina... more According to the so-called “religio-ethical” model of disability accepted in some sense by Aquinas, disability is fundamentally a punishment for wrongdoing. Duns Scotus rejects this view and holds that disability could simply have been part of God’s plan, and that its presence could have been explained simply by virtue of God’s finding beauty in some of the bodily configurations of the disabled. I conclude by showing how Scotus’s view relates to the so-called “social” model of disability.
Speculum, 2019
The first of these, formed in the Latin patristic period and reaching a level of explicit themati... more The first of these, formed in the Latin patristic period and reaching a level of explicit thematization in the twelfth century, held that the soul could attain a loving union of wills with God, an unitas spiritus [i.e., unity of spirit] whose basic human analogue was to be found in the marriage embrace of the lovers portrayed in the Song of Songs. But in the thirteenth century, first among some of the women vernacular theologians, a second form of understandingmystical union began to emerge, a potentiallymore radical and possiblymore questionable understanding which emphasized a goal of “union without difference” . . .—the insistence that . . . there is some absolute identity between God and the soul.
Duns Scotus on God, 2018
Contents: Introduction. Part 1 The Existence of the One God: Theories of causation The existence ... more Contents: Introduction. Part 1 The Existence of the One God: Theories of causation The existence of a first being Perfect-being theology The knowledge and volition of a first being Divine infinity Divine simplicity Divine unicity Divine immutability and timelessness. Part 2 The Trinitarian Nature of the One God: The Trinity and scientific demonstration Internal divine productions The number of productions Divine persons The commonality of the divine essence Personal properties Persons and essence in the production of Son and Spirit Notional and essential acts The constitution of a divine person Anti-subordinationist strategies. Appendix Bibliography Indexes.
Choice Reviews Online, 2014
Preface Introduction: Institutions and Sources Part I: CONSOLIDATION Chapter 1. Anselm of Canterb... more Preface Introduction: Institutions and Sources Part I: CONSOLIDATION Chapter 1. Anselm of Canterbury (1033 - 1109) Chapter 2. From 1100 to 1200 Peter Abelard Gilbert of Poitiers Bernard of Clairvaux The Victorines Peter Lombard Part II: REVOLUTION Chapter 3. From 1200 to 1277 Robert Grosseteste William of Auvergne Alexander of Hales Albert the Great Bonaventure Roger Bacon The Paris Arts Faculty Chapter 4. Thomas Aquinas (c.1225 - 74) Part III: INNOVATION Chapter 5: From 1277 to 1300 Correctorium literature Henry of Ghent Peter Olivi Giles of Rome Godfrey of Fontaines Chapter 6. Duns Scotus (c.1266 - 1308) Part IV: SIMPLIFICATION Chapter 7. William of Ockham (c. 1287 - 1347) Chapter 8. From 1310 to 1350 Durand of St Pourcain (and Hervaeus Natalis) Peter Auriol Ockham's Oxonian contemporaries, followers, and opponents Nicholas of Autrecourt Epilogue. Retrospection: John Wyclif (c.1330 - 84) Glossary Bibliography Index
Harvard Theological Review, 2017
Medieval accounts of disability by and large (though not universally) defend what is now labeled ... more Medieval accounts of disability by and large (though not universally) defend what is now labeled the “religio-moral” construction of disability: seeing an individual's disability as a punishment for that individual's sin.1Unsurprisingly, such models are not much in favor among contemporary disability theorists for a number of reasons, among which we might include the unacceptable thought that an individual with disabilities somehow deserves those disabilities. Thomas Aquinas (1225–1274) accepts some version of this theory, but one rather different from the standard one (or at least, from what is now generally understood as the religio-moral model). Aquinas sees physical impairments—things that constitute a subclass of what he labels “bodily defects”—fundamentally as punishments for original sin. He is (generally) very careful to distance his account of defects from notions of individual punishment. (When he is not, it is because of pressure from Scriptural sources—though as ...
Oxford Studies in Medieval Philosophy, Volume 3, 2015
Journal of Theological Studies, 2004
Duns Scotus’s Theory of Cognition, 2014
The Metaphysics of the Incarnation, 2002
The period from Thomas Aquinas to Duns Scotus is one of the richest in the history of Christian t... more The period from Thomas Aquinas to Duns Scotus is one of the richest in the history of Christian theology. This book aims to provide a thorough examination of the doctrine in this era, making explicit its philosophical and theological foundations. Medieval theologians believed that there were good reasons for supposing that Christ's human nature was individual. In the light of this, Part 1 discusses how the various thinkers held that an individual nature could be united to a divine person. Part 2 shows how one divine person could be incarnate without any other. Part 3 deals with questions of Christological predication, and Part 4 shows how an individual nature is to be distinguished from a person. The work begins with a full account of the metaphysics presupposed in the medieval accounts, and concludes with observations relating medieval accounts to modern Christology.
Medieval Philosophy & Theology, 2003
Medieval Philosophy and Theology, 1998
Faith and Philosophy, 2005
Duns Scotus’s Theory of Cognition, 2014
The first part of the book offers a new narrative of the fourth-century Trinitarian controversies... more The first part of the book offers a new narrative of the fourth-century Trinitarian controversies. It takes forward modern revisionary scholarship, showing the slow emergence of the theologies that came to constitute pro-Nicene orthodoxy. Ancient heresiological categories, such as ‘Arian’ and ‘Neo-Arian’, are avoided while the unity of ‘Nicene’ theologies is not assumed. The second part offers a new account of the unity in diversity of late fourth-century pro-Nicene theologies. In particular it is argued that the Nicene-Constantinopolitan creed and the statements of unity and plurality in the Trinity, to be found in all pro-Nicene theologians and in Theodosius’ anti-heretical legislation, were intended to be understood in the context of a broad set of theological practices and assumptions. An account of the basic strategies that ground pro-Nicene theology is offered, focusing on common epistemological concerns, a common notion of purification and sanctification, and a common aesthet...
Medieval Philosophy and Theology, 2003
This is an account of the interactions of metaphysics and Christology in the seventeenth century,... more This is an account of the interactions of metaphysics and Christology in the seventeenth century, covering Catholic, Lutheran, and Reformed thought.
Forthcoming in the Marilyn Adams memorial volume
Forthcoming in the T and T Clark handbook to Christology
Conference, 11-13 February 2021 Cognitive Issues in the Long Scotist Tradition Organizers: Daniel... more Conference, 11-13 February 2021
Cognitive Issues in the Long Scotist Tradition
Organizers: Daniel Heider and Claus A. Andersen, both University of South Bohemia (České Budějovice, Czech Republic)
Confirmed speakers: Richard Cross, Roberto Hofmeister Pich, Giorgio Pini, Jorge Secada