Ahmed K A M A L Bolad | AL-Neelain University (original) (raw)

Papers by Ahmed K A M A L Bolad

Journal of Stem Cell Research & Therapy, Jul 6, 2013

Background: A functional single-chain fragment variable (scFv) recognizing the MCF-7 breast cance... more Background: A functional single-chain fragment variable (scFv) recognizing the MCF-7 breast cancer carcinoma cell line was constructed from the C3A8 hybridoma using phage display technology. Aim of Study: This study was conducted to evaluate the binding activity of scFv antibody recognise MCF-7 breast cancer cells carcinoma, the scfv antibody constructed and expressed in Escherichia coli periplasmic. Materials and Methods: The scFv coding sequence was cloned in frame with the pIII phage coat protein. The signal sequence included in the C terminus directed the expression of the scFv in the Escherichia coli periplasm. Following several rounds of biopanning, colonies that expressed a scFv that recognized MCF-7 cells in Western blots, ELISAs, and flow cytometry test were isolated. Results: A 750-bp scFv gene was successfully isolated. Cloning and two rounds of biopanning isolated the candidate with the highest activity (clone B7), as screened by ELISA. Following poly-acrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) of the purified product, a 32-kDa band was observed. A similar-sized band was observed following Western blot analysis with an E tag-specific antibody. Binding reactivity of scFv antibody with MCF cells was determined using indirect ELISA and compared with monoclonal antibodies' reactivity. Also, flow cytometry was useful in further characterization to the binding reactivity of scFv antibody with MCF-7 cells. Conclusions: The recombinant antibody technology used in this study is a rapid and effective approach that will aid in the development of the next generation of immunodiagnostic reagents.

The aim of this study was to assess the knowledge, attitude and skill of the nurses whom work at ... more The aim of this study was to assess the knowledge, attitude and skill of the nurses whom work at CCU and emergency department (EM) in 2012. The standardized administered questionnaire was used for data collection. The level of knowledge of 139 nurses working at the critical care units and emergency department at Public Teaching Hospitals in Khartoum ‫ﺤ‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ا‬

American journal of microbiology and immunology, 2017

American Journal of Microbiological Research, Jan 26, 2018

Background: Transfer Factor (TF) is an immune modulator which stimulates the cellular arm of the ... more Background: Transfer Factor (TF) is an immune modulator which stimulates the cellular arm of the immune system (killer lymphocytes), activates immune cytokine synthesis and regulates immune function [1]. TF is very effective in those diseases in which CMI plays a relevant role in protection and control of the disease, such as intracellular bacterial diseases (tuberculosis) [2]. TF are low molecular weight products from immune cells that are able to transmit the ability to express delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) and cell mediated immunity (CMI) from sensitized donors to non immune recipients [3]. Objectives: The aim of this experimental study is to determine the protective efficacy of transfer factor (TF) as immunotprotective for mice. Materials and methods: A total number of 82 mice were examined for their immunopotency and protective efficacy of Transfer factor (TF) against challenge dose of M. tuberculosis (10 7 CFU). A number of 20 mice were immunized with the attenuated strain of M. bovis, Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG). After 21 days of BCG spleens of 10 tuberculous mice were removed aseptically for the preparation of TF. To evaluate the effect of TF 3 groups of inbred BALB/c male mice were injected with TF and challenged with virulent M. tuberculosis, All mice with TF were tested for tuberculin skin test (TST) so as to determine susceptibility and resistance against tuberculosis, susceptible groups of mice were challenged with virulent M. tuberculosis.Followed by study of humoral response by immunization of a group of mice with immune sera and challenged with M. tuberculosis H37Rv strain. Followed by an experiment of group A and B for the susceptibility and resistance of the strains of mice. Results: After three weeks of observations the mice of experiment were tested for tuberculin skin test and the results were positive. Effectiveness determination of TF as protective efficacy was (83.3%). Humoral immunity response against M. tuberculosis showed negative reaction hence mortality rate was 100%, group B mice were resistant for BCG (Swiss white strain). Conclusions: The results indicated that administration of murine transfer factor (mTF) extracted and prepared from spleen of animal model (mice) as immunoprotective for challenged mice of M. tuberculosis (H37Rv) showed a better results enhanced immune response in respect to delayed type hypersensitivity, survival rate and mortality rate suggesting that efficacy of mTF as immunotherapy for tuberculosis.

Sudanese journal of dermatology, Jul 26, 2011

Background : Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection is usually acquired during the early years... more Background : Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection is usually acquired during the early years of life and persists for several years. Recent investigations pointed to a potential role of H. pylori infection of the upper gastrointestinal tract as a possible causative agent in chronic urticaria (CU). Objectives : This study is aiming at evaluating the relationship between H. pylori and chronic urticaria in Sudanese patients. Methods and patients : Fifty patients with idiopathic CU, twenty five of other skin disorder and ten healthy controls were enrolled estimated for serum H.pylori Immunoglobulin G (IgG) and A (IgA) antibodies levels using Enzyme Linked Immunsorbent Assay (ELISA). All the results were analyzed using the Microsoft Office Excel (Microsoft Office Excel for windows; 2003) and SPSS (SPSS for windows 17). Results and discussion : The IgG and IgA levels of control group were significantly lower compared with both patients with chronic urticaria (P = 0.001 for IgG) (P = 0.001 for IgA) and patients with other skin disorders (P = 0.011 for IgG) (P = 0.006 for IgA). Receiver Operating Characteristic curve (ROC curve) analysis revealed that the area under ROC curves of IgA is higher compared to IgG (0.80 0Vs 0.890). In conclusion the current study revealed that patients with H. pylori infection have an increased tendency to develop urticaria. H. pylori reactive IgA antibodies correlate best with the infection.

Background/Aims: The point mutations in 23S rRNA gene accounts for the majority of the clarithrom... more Background/Aims: The point mutations in 23S rRNA gene accounts for the majority of the clarithromycin resistance of Helicobacter pylori. This study aimed to investigate the association between the clarithromycin-resistance of H. pylori and the failure of primary H. pylori eradication therapy in Jeju Island. Methods: Between April 2011 and October 2012, 6,937 patients underwent endoscopy, and H. pylori infection was evaluated in 2,287 patients (33.0%). Total of 110 patients with H. pylori infection were treated with proton pump inhibitor (PPI)-based triple therapy. The result of eradication was evaluated with urea breath test, histology and PCR which were conducted 4 weeks from the last dose of medicine. Results: The patients who had point mutations were 33 (26.0%). A2142G and A2143G mutations were observed in 10 patients (7.9%) and 23 patients (18.1%). Among 110 patients treated with PPI-based triple therapy, the success rate of the eradication therapy was 52.7% (58/110) and 70.7% (58/82) by intention-to-treat and per-protocol analysis, respectively. Fifteen of the 24 patients who failed the eradication therapy showed point mutations; 1 patient (4.2%) showed A2142G mutation and 14 patients (58.3%) showed A2143G mutation. Patients with A2143G mutation H. pylori showed higher failure rate of 87.5%. Patients with A2142G mutation H. pylori showed similar failure rate compared to those of the patients with wild type H. pylori. Conclusions: In Jeju Island, the frequency of 23S rRNA point mutations is similar (26.0%) with other regions of Korea (15.8-31.3%). A2143G mutation is associated with the failure of H. pylori eradication.

How to Cite this Article: Faragalla AI, et al. Knowledge, Perceptions and Satisfaction towards Di... more How to Cite this Article: Faragalla AI, et al. Knowledge, Perceptions and Satisfaction towards Diode Laser as Adjunctive to Non-surgical Management of Periodontitis. Ann Med Health Sci Res. 2020;10: 1070-1073 . This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Com‐ mons Attribution‐NonCommercial‐ShareAlike 3.0 License, which allows others to remix, tweak, and build upon the work non‐commercially, as long as the author is credited and the new creations are licensed under the identical terms. Knowledge, Perceptions and Satisfaction towards Diode Laser as Adjunctive to Non-surgical Management of Periodontitis Amel I. Faragalla1*, Alhadi M. Awooda2, Ahmed K. Bolad3 and Ibrahim A. Ghandour4

Journal of Research in Medical and Dental Science, 2021

Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is Gram negative, spiral flagellated bacteria that infect approxi... more Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is Gram negative, spiral flagellated bacteria that infect approximately 50 percent or more of the world population (Goodman et al., 2001). It is one of the most common chronic bacterial infections that affect humans at any age, women are affected just as often as men (Brown, 2000). Approximately two third of world population is infected with H. pylori, initial infection typically occurs during childhood after oral ingestion and the bacterium persists for life in the host unless treated (Everhart, 2000). The prevalence of H. pylori is 30% in the developed countries, as opposed to >80% in most developing countries (Atherton et al., 2005). In Sudan, evidence about the prevalence of H. pylori infection is very patchy and there is only one study which showed high prevalence (80%) of H. pylori infection among patients with symptoms of gastritis, 56% with duodenal ulcer, while 60% with duodenitis and 16% in symptomless individuals (Elbagir et al., 2001). The prevalence of infection rises with age and correlates positively with low socioeconomic status during childhood (Malaty et al., 1994). Several risk factors including gender, age and lifestyle e.g. smoking, play a role in the variation of disease prevalence (Baik et al., 2012). H. pylori is the main causative agent of gastrointestinal diseases including chronic gastritis, peptic ulcer associated disorders, gastric and duodenal carcinomas leading to morbidity and mortality in humans (Black et al., 2004). Apart from its well-demonstrated role in gastroduodenal diseases, some have suggested a potential role of H. pylori infection in several extra-intestinal pathologies including haematological, cardiovascular,

Al-Basar International Journal of Ophthalmology, 2015

It is well known that about 90% of all cases of diabetes mellitus (DM) are type 2, which is chara... more It is well known that about 90% of all cases of diabetes mellitus (DM) are type 2, which is characteristic for adults aged above 40 years. Ten percent is represented by type 1 DM, typical for children and young. Adult's onset diabetes represent a heterogeneous mixture of type 1 and type 2 DM, often difficult to differentiate between, those patients may have actually latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADAs), where beta-cell destruction is less aggressive, leading to a slower development of insulin dependency. Studies indicated that antibodies against glutamic acid decarboxylase 65 (GAD 65) are good marker for diagnosis of autoimmune diabetes in adults who are not responding to oral hypoglycemic and may be at risk for getting complications namely increased risk of diabetic retinopathy. GAD 65 is mainly expressed in beta-cells of Langerhans but also in nonbeta-cells. GAD is an enzyme required for gama-aminobutyric acid (GABA) synthesis that acts as neurotransmitter in neurons of central nervous system and in pancreatic islets. GABA is probably involved in controlling the release of insulin from secretary granules.

Sudan journal of medical sciences, 2012

Background: Cytokines play a major role in protection against Mycobacterium tuberculosis infectio... more Background: Cytokines play a major role in protection against Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection and regulate the immune responses at a cellular level. Cytokine profile determines clinical outcome of the disease and responses to treatment as well. A T helper 1 (Th1) cytokine interferon gamma (IFN-U) is one of the most important cytokines which activate the macrophages to produce tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-V). Excessive production of TNF-V have been implicated in immunopathogenesis of tuberculosis. A T helper 2 (Th2) response leads to release of IL-4, and IL-10 promoting an anti-inflammatory macrophage response. Interleukin-4(IL-4), has been implicated to down-regulate IFN-U, and thus has a harmful effect on TB patients. IL10 cytokine has the capacity to inhibit Th1 activation and thus terminates cell mediated immune responses. Objective:The objective of the present study was to determine Th1 and Th2 cytokine profile in patients with tuberculosis to identify immunological marker for follow up of the disease activity, and to study the outcome of treatment. Methods: To examine this, blood samples were collected from newly diagnosed HIV negative pulmonary tuberculosis patients and from apparently healthy individuals as controls following an informed consent. Blood samples were as well collected at several intervals during the treatment with anti-tuberculosis drugs. Levels of IFN-U, TNF-V, IL-4 and IL-10 were measured pre and during treatment using commercial available enzyme-linked immune-sorbent assay (ELISA). Data were analyzed using SPSS 20. Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) Curve analysis has been carried out to assess their discriminative power and to determine cutoff values. Analysis has been carried out further by calculating other measures of diagnostic test accuracy. Results: The median serum level of IL-4 was 20 and 35 pg/ml higher in new cases (untreated patients) and in patients under treatment with oral anti-tuberculosis, respectively, compared with that of controls (p=001). Levels of TNF-were significantly increased in patients before and after the treatment than those in control (p=0.001). New cases had the highest median level (10pg/ml) followed by those under treatment group (6pg/ml). Levels for IFN-U were not statistically different between patients and controls (p=0.351). Median levels of IL10 were similar in both controls and new cases groups (35pg/ml), but lower in patients under treatment group (20pg/ml). Increase in levels of IL-4 during treatment showed that Th2 immune responses still present and may indicate active disease and thus IL4 cytokine may be a possible marker for the disease activity. Conclusion: serum levels of TNF-in TB patients is useful in the evaluation of the disease activity during therapy, not replacing clinical parameters of disease activity in TB. Similar to TNF-, IL-4 can also be used as marker for TB severity. On the other hand IL-4test can be used to diagnose TB in highly exposed suspects where a positive result is more likely to indicate TB.

Sudan journal of medical sciences, 2012

Background : Gluten sensitive enteropathy (celiac disease (CD)) has a strong association with dia... more Background : Gluten sensitive enteropathy (celiac disease (CD)) has a strong association with diabetes mellitus (type 1DM). Since, 2-3% of CD patients have selective IgA deficiency, the majority of the available tests may fail to show the auto-antibodies (the IgA endomysial antibody (EMA). To prevent such a false negativity, a new Enzyme Linked Immune Sorbent Assay (ELISA) test has been introduced to detect both IgG and IgA antibodies reactive with tissue transglutaminase (tTG), an autoantigen in CD patients. Objectives : This study has been conducted to detect celiac disease among Sudanese patients with type 1 autoimmune diabetes using anti-tissue transglutinamase antibodies as a diagnostic tool. Patients and Methods : Samples were collected from sixty nine randomly selected patients (38 males and 31 females) and their age ranged between 3-22 years with DM type 1 who were attending the outpatient clinics in Gabir Abu Eliz diabetic Center and Omdurman Pediatric Emergency Hospital. B...

Dentistry: Case Report, Dec 8, 2017

Background: the relationship between neuropsychiatric manifestations and systemic lupus erythemat... more Background: the relationship between neuropsychiatric manifestations and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) reactive autoantibodies is controversial and was not investigated before in Sudanese psychiatric patients. Aim: to determine the association between psychiatric manifestations and several SLE reactive autoantibodies regardless of the presence of other SLE manifestations. Material and Methods: the study involved a test group of one hundred psychiatric patients and age/gender matched control group of one hundred apparently healthy subjects. Antinuclear antibodies (ANA), anti-double stranded DNA (anti-dsDNA) antibodies and ANA profile3 concentrations were measured for each studied subject using ELISA method. The association between various SLE reactive antibodies and psychiatric illnesses were assessed using Mid-P extract test. P < 0.05 was considered significant. Results: all subjects in the control group were ANA and dsDNA negative, however, only one (1%) was positive for an...

Background: ABO blood group antigens with carbohydrate molecules are found on the surface of eryt... more Background: ABO blood group antigens with carbohydrate molecules are found on the surface of erythrocytes, phagocytes, lymphocytes and certain epithelial tissues including urothelium, which may influence to human susceptibility for infectious diseases. Many bacteria cross-react with ABO blood groups antibodies, the Isohaemagglutinins may have an important protective role against cross-reacting bacteria.Objective: The aims of present study were to determine the ABO blood groups and susceptibility to Urinary tract infection (UTI), and to determine the relationship between ABO blood group antigens and the type of bacteria that cause urinary tract infections. Materials and Methods : ABO blood grouping was performed by poly clonal ABO Antisera, and the distribution of ABO Blood groups for 50 children with urinary tract infection (UTI) with positive urine culture (Patients group) were compared with the ABO blood group distribution for 50 uninfected UTI children (control group). Patients were matched one-to-one with control of the same age, sex and origin. Questionnaires were filled out from two groups regarding to their ages, sexes, blood group types, Geographical origin and the type of Uropathogen was filled out for each patient. The blood groups of patients were compared with bacteria types isolated from cultures, ages, sexes and Geographical origin. Data were analyzed by IBM SPSS v20, Fisher exact test. The level of statistical significance was set at 5% (p< 0.05). Results: The distribution of blood groups was as follows: blood group O was 41%.28%, 23% and 8% for Blood group A, B, and AB respectively. Escherichia coli (E.coli) was the major cause of UTI in the studied group (60% of the patient), followed by Klebsiella (18%). The other types of bacteria were less frequent. There was a significant difference found in the distribution of the types of bacteria among the four blood groups (p=0.049). However, urinary tract pathogens had no significant correlation with sex and age, origin. No significant found in the distribution of blood group between two (patients and control) groups. Blood group A was much less infected with E.coli (25%) than those with the other three blood groups (AB was 80%. 69.2%, 70% for B and O respectively). Conclusion: This study extends and confirmed previous studies in Sudan regarding correlation between UTI and ABO blood groups. However, the current study in contrast with other studies and this could be due to differences in genetic makeup and epidemiological settings. In conclusion the current study finds that E.coli is the most common known cause of UTI in children. Blood group A showed less chance to get UTI by E.coli infection in children. This could be due to protectively with anti B Isohaemagglutinins, or antigen A (it self which present in urotheilum, or both protective factor. Key words: ABO blood group ,carbohydrate , susceptibility , Isohaemagglutinins cross-reacting bacteria , urinary tract infections, children , Klebsiella , Escherichia coli (E.coli)

Journal of Stem Cell Research & Therapy, Jul 6, 2013

American journal of microbiology and immunology, 2017

American Journal of Microbiological Research, Jan 26, 2018

Sudanese journal of dermatology, Jul 26, 2011

Journal of Research in Medical and Dental Science, 2021

Al-Basar International Journal of Ophthalmology, 2015

Sudan journal of medical sciences, 2012

Dentistry: Case Report, Dec 8, 2017