sisir Roy | National Institute of Advanced Studies (original) (raw)
Papers by sisir Roy
BRILL eBooks, Feb 28, 2024
Notions such as śūnyata, catuskoti, and Indra's net, which figure prominently in Buddhist... more Notions such as śūnyata, catuskoti, and Indra's net, which figure prominently in Buddhist philosophy, are difficult to readily accommodate within our ordinary thinking about everyday objects. Famous Buddhist scholar Nāgārjuna considered two levels of reality: one called conventional reality, and the other ultimate reality. Within this framework, śūnyata refers to the claim that at the ultimate level objects are devoid of essence or 'intrinsic properties' , but are interdependent by virtue of their relations to other objects. Catuskoti refers to the claim that four truth values, along with contradiction, are admissible in reasoning. Indra's net refers to the claim that every part of a whole is reflective of the whole. Here we present category theoretic constructions that are reminiscent of these Buddhist concepts. The universal mapping property definition of mathematical objects, wherein objects of a universe of discourse are defined not in terms of their content, but in terms of their relations to all objects of the universe is reminiscent of śūnyata. The objective logic of perception, with perception modeled as [a category of] two sequential processes (sensation followed by interpretation), and with its truth value object of four truth values, is reminiscent of the Buddhist logic of catuskoti. The category of categories, wherein every category has a subcategory of sets with zero structure within which every category can be modeled, is reminiscent of Indra's net. Our thorough elaboration of the parallels between Buddhist philosophy and category theory can facilitate better understanding of Buddhist philosophy, and bring out the broader philosophical import of category theory beyond mathematics.
This is an editorial piece for a special issue (SI) in Frontiers of Psychology on 'The Variet... more This is an editorial piece for a special issue (SI) in Frontiers of Psychology on 'The Varieties of Contemplative Experiences and Practices'. While diverse contemplative techniques are employed across a plethora of traditions around the world, contemplative research over the years has not reflected this variety. Despite exponential growth in contemplative research in recent decades, it has largely been dominated within a relatively narrow and inadequately-defined construct of contemplative practice (CP) under the umbrella term “mindfulness.” The aim of this SI was to provide an avenue for understanding contemplative experiences and practices from a more diverse and inclusive perspective. In this Editorial piece, summarising contributions to the SI, we propose that broadening the study of contemplative practices and experiences can help 1) the benefits of contemplative practices reach a wider audience, 2) bring more diversity and inclusivity into contemplative research, and 3...
Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology
How do we conceptualize things? What is the relation between concepts and percepts? These foundat... more How do we conceptualize things? What is the relation between concepts and percepts? These foundational questions of cognitive science have analogs within the mathematical experience of reflecting reality. The relationship between things and their mental representations is analogous to that between mathematical objects and their theories. Based on this comparison, we present a category theoretic account of acquiring mathematical knowledge as a simple analogy model of cognition. We show that the functorial calculus of abstracting concepts and interpreting theories provides a formalization of the interrelationships between physical stimuli and neural sensations, along with mental concepts and conscious percepts constituting cognition. Our investigation of the similarity between mathematics and cognition led us to argue against the contemporary compartmentalization of scientific knowledge and ordinary cognition, and make a case for the understanding of the basic science of knowing in terms of functorial calculus.
Quantum Reality and Theory of Śūnya, 2019
In modern physics, the properties like charge, spin, etc. of elementary entities like electron, p... more In modern physics, the properties like charge, spin, etc. of elementary entities like electron, proton, photon, etc. are considered to be “intrinsic properties” of the entity. Intrinsic properties are those properties that a thing possesses, irrespective of whether or not there are other contingent things. In Buddhist philosophy especially in Mādhyamik philosophy, no such concept of “intrinsic property” or svabhāva exists. The problem of origin of the universe baffled the scientists and philosophers for many centuries. Within the framework of general theory of relativity as discovered by Einstein, the origin and structure of the universe were discussed in a comprehensive manner. According to the recent formulation of cosmology (i.e., the origin and structure of the universe), the universe originates from the fluctuations of the quantum vacuum. Vacuum in modern physics is not exactly nothing but rather a “something called nothing,” meaning that it is replete with activity governed by the principle of quantum theory. From philosophical perspective, what is significant is the division of creative conceptions into those which assume that the universe arose from “nothingness” in the strong ontological meaning of the word vs. those which lead to the conclusion that it was originated from a certain “poorer” physical reality, usually called “quantum vacuum” or space-time endowed with fluctuation. This vacuum or ontologically speaking a substratum exists which is devoid of any matter but full of activities or full of potentialities. Special theory of relativity is based on two axioms, one of which is the speed of light taken as constant and maximum.
Decision Making and Modelling in Cognitive Science, 2016
Recently, series of experiments have been performed with human subjects where the law of addition... more Recently, series of experiments have been performed with human subjects where the law of addition of probabilities in classical probability theory has been shown to be invalid within the context of decision making in the cognitive domain. These results are classified into six different categories. The concept of quantum probability has been introduced to explain the data, but so far, no quantum mechanical framework has been proposed at the anatomical level of the brain. Quantum probability is used in the more abstract sense without considering the concept of elementary particles or the Planck constant, etc. In a sense, this concept of quantum probability can be used in any branch of knowledge. However, it is necessary to understand how it can be contextualized in the case of the neuronal architecture of the brain. It is worth mentioning that the non-commutative structure in the quantum paradigm has been shown to be valid in the visual architecture of human brain. The uncertainty relation similar to Heisenberg uncertainty relation has been found to operate in the visual cortex. This sheds new light on understanding the data found in the case of ambiguous figures within the above six categories.
Decision Making and Modelling in Cognitive Science, 2016
To understand the concept of quantum probability and its application to the cognitive domain, it ... more To understand the concept of quantum probability and its application to the cognitive domain, it is necessary to explain the basic concepts of quantum theory. Again, to understand the basic concepts of quantum theory one needs to understand the formalism of Hilbert space. There are several postulates in understanding quantum theory. These postulates are stated in this chapter in a simplistic manner without much mathematical rigor. Von Neumann introduced the projection postulate to understand the measurement process, and this postulate is discussed here in detail. Some experiments like Stern–Gerlach experiment play a crucial role in the development of this theory, a short description of which is given here for convenience. Since mathematical structure like Hilbert space is needed for the mathematical formulation based on these postulates, the various basic notions such as linear vector space, norm, inner product, etc. are defined here. The concept of observable is replaced by the self-adjoint operator in quantum theory. To make grasp those concepts, it is necessary to have some preliminary knowledge about the properties, especially those of self-adjoint operators which are elaborated here. Heisenberg’s uncertainty relationships in the context of unsharp observables are discussed. This may help in understanding the current status of research, as well as the developments of the problems related to cognitive science in a more realistic manner.
Decision Making and Modelling in Cognitive Science, 2016
Since the very inception of quantum theory, the corresponding logic for quantum entities has attr... more Since the very inception of quantum theory, the corresponding logic for quantum entities has attracted much attention. The logic underlying the quantum theory is shown to be non-Boolean in character. Boolean logic is a two/valued logic which is used for the description of everyday objects. Modern computers are based on this logic. The existence of an interference term for microscopic entities or quantum entities clearly indicates the existence of three-valued or non-Boolean logic. This is popularly known as quantum logic. It is mathematically shown that a set of propositions which satisfies the different axiomatic structures for the non-Boolean logic generates Hilbert space structures. The quantum probability associated with this type of quantum logic can be applied to decision-making problems in the cognitive domain. It is to be noted that, until now, no quantum mechanical framework is taken as a valid description of the anatomical structures and functions of the brain. This framework of quantum probability is very abstract and devoid of any material content. So it can be applied to any branch of knowledge like biology, social science, etc. Of course, it is necessary to understand the issue of contextualization, i.e., here, in the case of the brain.
Mathematics is about knowing. Mathematical knowledge is a record of knowing just as sentences, be... more Mathematics is about knowing. Mathematical knowledge is a record of knowing just as sentences, besides being descriptions of the things to which they refer to, exemplify rules of composition. The functorial calculus of acquiring mathematical knowledge resembles cognition, which involves physical stimuli, neural sensations, mental concepts, and conscious experience. Herein we build, on the foundational similarity between cognition and mathematics, a model of cognition. Using category theory we explicated the functorial calculus of going from given particulars to measurements of the given particulars, to conceptualization of the particulars based on their measured properties, to interpretations of the thus formed theories, and resulting in knowledge. This simple model system can be used to systematically address fundamental questions of cognitive science such as 'how do we know?' More immediately, our results argue against the contemporary compartmentalization of scientific kn...
Foundations of Physics Letters, 2001
The archetypical and phaseless vacuum magnetic flux density of O(3) electrodynamics, the B(3) fie... more The archetypical and phaseless vacuum magnetic flux density of O(3) electrodynamics, the B(3) field, is derived from the irreducible representation of the Einstein group and is shown to be accompanied by a vacuum energy density which depends directly on the square of the scalar curvature R of curved spacetime. The B(3) field and the vacuum energy density are obtained respectively
Foundations of Physics Letters, 2001
Recently, Bearden el al. developed a device which is known as a motionless electromagnetic genera... more Recently, Bearden el al. developed a device which is known as a motionless electromagnetic generator (MEG) and which produces a coefficient of performance (COP) far in excess of unity. The device has been independently replicated by Naudin. In this communication, the fundamental operational principle of the MEG is explained using a version of higher symmetry electrodynamics known as O(3) electrodynamics,
Understanding Space, Time and Causality, 2019
The Copenhagen interpretation According to modern physics, the world is made up from small bits o... more The Copenhagen interpretation According to modern physics, the world is made up from small bits of energy, called ‘quanta’. Each object in the world is a quantum system, made up of individual quanta acting together. In effect, this is like saying that the world and its objects are made up of interacting particles, except that quanta are not quite particles. The trouble is that quanta sometimes behave like particles, and they sometimes behave like waves. Broadly speaking, when we consider a quantum system evolving on its own, we describe its behaviour as though it were a system of waves. But, if we consider a quantum system interacting with something else, the interaction is described as though the quantum system were made up of uncertain particles. For example, if we consider a beam of light, it travels through space as though it were made up from waves. It gets bent or ‘refracted’ when it passes through regions of space where its speed changes; and this refraction gives rise to the colours of the rainbow, as different wavelengths of light get differently bent. But, if the same beam of light strikes the surface of a photo-electric metal, this light now behaves like a stream of particles, which strike against orbiting electrons in the metal atoms. Some electrons are thus knocked out of orbit, right out of the metal surface. The results are a build-up of electrical charge and a flow of electric current. This dual nature of quanta (acting sometimes like particles, sometimes like waves) has some strange implications. As a further example, suppose that a screen with two neighbouring slits is placed in between a source of light and a photographic plate. An illustration is given in figure 1 (overleaf). Next, suppose that just one quantum of light travels from the source, through the slits, to the photographic plate. This single quantum of light, which is called a ‘photon’, travels like a wave. From its source, the wave
Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research), Apr 13, 2017
Our conscious experiences are qualitative and unitary. The qualitative universals given in partic... more Our conscious experiences are qualitative and unitary. The qualitative universals given in particular experiences, i.e. qualia, combine into the seamless unity of our conscious experience. The problematics of quality and cohesion are not unique to consciousness studies. In mathematics, the study of qualities (e.g. shape) resulting from quantitative variations in cohesive spaces led to the axiomatization of cohesion and quality. Using the mathematical definition of quality, herein we model qualia space as a categorical product of qualities. Thus modeled qualia space is a codomain space wherein composite qualities (e.g. shape AND color) of conscious experiences can be valued. As part of characterizing the qualia space, we provide a detailed exemplification of the mathematics of quality and cohesion in terms of the categories of idempotents and reflexive graphs. More specifically, with qualities as commutative triangles formed of cohesion-preserving functors, first we calculate the product of commutative triangles. Next, we explicitly show that the category of idempotents is a quality type. Lastly, as part of showing that the category of reflexive graphs is cohesive, we characterize the adjointness between functors relating cohesive graphs to discrete sets. In conclusion, our category theoretic construction of qualia space is a formalization of the binding of qualitative features (colors and shapes) into the cohesive objects (colored-shapes) of conscious experiences. Compared to the feature-vector accounts of conscious experiences, our product-of-qualities account of consciousness is a substantial theoretical advance.
Frontiers Research Topics
arXiv (Cornell University), Jun 24, 2022
Recent observational evidence in extra galactic astronomy, the interpretation of the nature of qu... more Recent observational evidence in extra galactic astronomy, the interpretation of the nature of quasar redshift continues to be research interest. Spectrum observation of high redshift quasar is young in nature. Observational evidence discuss on physical interpretation of redshift periodicity with statistical confirmation. Karlsson observed redshift periodicity at integer multiples of 0.089 in log scale and Burbidge observed redshift periodicity integer multiple of 0.061 in linear scale .Data analysis is important in order to form correct interpretations of the observed phenomena. Since Singular value decomposition (SVD) based periodicity estimation is known to be superior for noisy data sets, especially when the data contains multiple harmonics and overtones, mainly irregular in nature, we have chosen it to be our primary tool for analysis of the quasar-galaxy pair redshift data. Kernel density estimation has been performed for estimating the bin width as proper computation of this quantity is crucial for the correctness of the analysis and prevention of over smoothing of the data.We observed fundamental periodicity to be an integer multiple of 0.063 and 0.0604 using method1 and method2 in the transformed quasar redshift data with 95% confidence interval in linear scale. Our results clearly establish that redshift is quantized for quasar-galaxy pair data and its histogram exhibits periodic peak(s). At last briefly discussed on physical interpretation of quantized redshift for quasar and galaxy.Hoyle Narlikar theory of gravity explain the Mystery in recent observation.
Frontiers in Neuroscience
BRILL eBooks, Feb 28, 2024
Notions such as śūnyata, catuskoti, and Indra's net, which figure prominently in Buddhist... more Notions such as śūnyata, catuskoti, and Indra's net, which figure prominently in Buddhist philosophy, are difficult to readily accommodate within our ordinary thinking about everyday objects. Famous Buddhist scholar Nāgārjuna considered two levels of reality: one called conventional reality, and the other ultimate reality. Within this framework, śūnyata refers to the claim that at the ultimate level objects are devoid of essence or 'intrinsic properties' , but are interdependent by virtue of their relations to other objects. Catuskoti refers to the claim that four truth values, along with contradiction, are admissible in reasoning. Indra's net refers to the claim that every part of a whole is reflective of the whole. Here we present category theoretic constructions that are reminiscent of these Buddhist concepts. The universal mapping property definition of mathematical objects, wherein objects of a universe of discourse are defined not in terms of their content, but in terms of their relations to all objects of the universe is reminiscent of śūnyata. The objective logic of perception, with perception modeled as [a category of] two sequential processes (sensation followed by interpretation), and with its truth value object of four truth values, is reminiscent of the Buddhist logic of catuskoti. The category of categories, wherein every category has a subcategory of sets with zero structure within which every category can be modeled, is reminiscent of Indra's net. Our thorough elaboration of the parallels between Buddhist philosophy and category theory can facilitate better understanding of Buddhist philosophy, and bring out the broader philosophical import of category theory beyond mathematics.
This is an editorial piece for a special issue (SI) in Frontiers of Psychology on 'The Variet... more This is an editorial piece for a special issue (SI) in Frontiers of Psychology on 'The Varieties of Contemplative Experiences and Practices'. While diverse contemplative techniques are employed across a plethora of traditions around the world, contemplative research over the years has not reflected this variety. Despite exponential growth in contemplative research in recent decades, it has largely been dominated within a relatively narrow and inadequately-defined construct of contemplative practice (CP) under the umbrella term “mindfulness.” The aim of this SI was to provide an avenue for understanding contemplative experiences and practices from a more diverse and inclusive perspective. In this Editorial piece, summarising contributions to the SI, we propose that broadening the study of contemplative practices and experiences can help 1) the benefits of contemplative practices reach a wider audience, 2) bring more diversity and inclusivity into contemplative research, and 3...
Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology
How do we conceptualize things? What is the relation between concepts and percepts? These foundat... more How do we conceptualize things? What is the relation between concepts and percepts? These foundational questions of cognitive science have analogs within the mathematical experience of reflecting reality. The relationship between things and their mental representations is analogous to that between mathematical objects and their theories. Based on this comparison, we present a category theoretic account of acquiring mathematical knowledge as a simple analogy model of cognition. We show that the functorial calculus of abstracting concepts and interpreting theories provides a formalization of the interrelationships between physical stimuli and neural sensations, along with mental concepts and conscious percepts constituting cognition. Our investigation of the similarity between mathematics and cognition led us to argue against the contemporary compartmentalization of scientific knowledge and ordinary cognition, and make a case for the understanding of the basic science of knowing in terms of functorial calculus.
Quantum Reality and Theory of Śūnya, 2019
In modern physics, the properties like charge, spin, etc. of elementary entities like electron, p... more In modern physics, the properties like charge, spin, etc. of elementary entities like electron, proton, photon, etc. are considered to be “intrinsic properties” of the entity. Intrinsic properties are those properties that a thing possesses, irrespective of whether or not there are other contingent things. In Buddhist philosophy especially in Mādhyamik philosophy, no such concept of “intrinsic property” or svabhāva exists. The problem of origin of the universe baffled the scientists and philosophers for many centuries. Within the framework of general theory of relativity as discovered by Einstein, the origin and structure of the universe were discussed in a comprehensive manner. According to the recent formulation of cosmology (i.e., the origin and structure of the universe), the universe originates from the fluctuations of the quantum vacuum. Vacuum in modern physics is not exactly nothing but rather a “something called nothing,” meaning that it is replete with activity governed by the principle of quantum theory. From philosophical perspective, what is significant is the division of creative conceptions into those which assume that the universe arose from “nothingness” in the strong ontological meaning of the word vs. those which lead to the conclusion that it was originated from a certain “poorer” physical reality, usually called “quantum vacuum” or space-time endowed with fluctuation. This vacuum or ontologically speaking a substratum exists which is devoid of any matter but full of activities or full of potentialities. Special theory of relativity is based on two axioms, one of which is the speed of light taken as constant and maximum.
Decision Making and Modelling in Cognitive Science, 2016
Recently, series of experiments have been performed with human subjects where the law of addition... more Recently, series of experiments have been performed with human subjects where the law of addition of probabilities in classical probability theory has been shown to be invalid within the context of decision making in the cognitive domain. These results are classified into six different categories. The concept of quantum probability has been introduced to explain the data, but so far, no quantum mechanical framework has been proposed at the anatomical level of the brain. Quantum probability is used in the more abstract sense without considering the concept of elementary particles or the Planck constant, etc. In a sense, this concept of quantum probability can be used in any branch of knowledge. However, it is necessary to understand how it can be contextualized in the case of the neuronal architecture of the brain. It is worth mentioning that the non-commutative structure in the quantum paradigm has been shown to be valid in the visual architecture of human brain. The uncertainty relation similar to Heisenberg uncertainty relation has been found to operate in the visual cortex. This sheds new light on understanding the data found in the case of ambiguous figures within the above six categories.
Decision Making and Modelling in Cognitive Science, 2016
To understand the concept of quantum probability and its application to the cognitive domain, it ... more To understand the concept of quantum probability and its application to the cognitive domain, it is necessary to explain the basic concepts of quantum theory. Again, to understand the basic concepts of quantum theory one needs to understand the formalism of Hilbert space. There are several postulates in understanding quantum theory. These postulates are stated in this chapter in a simplistic manner without much mathematical rigor. Von Neumann introduced the projection postulate to understand the measurement process, and this postulate is discussed here in detail. Some experiments like Stern–Gerlach experiment play a crucial role in the development of this theory, a short description of which is given here for convenience. Since mathematical structure like Hilbert space is needed for the mathematical formulation based on these postulates, the various basic notions such as linear vector space, norm, inner product, etc. are defined here. The concept of observable is replaced by the self-adjoint operator in quantum theory. To make grasp those concepts, it is necessary to have some preliminary knowledge about the properties, especially those of self-adjoint operators which are elaborated here. Heisenberg’s uncertainty relationships in the context of unsharp observables are discussed. This may help in understanding the current status of research, as well as the developments of the problems related to cognitive science in a more realistic manner.
Decision Making and Modelling in Cognitive Science, 2016
Since the very inception of quantum theory, the corresponding logic for quantum entities has attr... more Since the very inception of quantum theory, the corresponding logic for quantum entities has attracted much attention. The logic underlying the quantum theory is shown to be non-Boolean in character. Boolean logic is a two/valued logic which is used for the description of everyday objects. Modern computers are based on this logic. The existence of an interference term for microscopic entities or quantum entities clearly indicates the existence of three-valued or non-Boolean logic. This is popularly known as quantum logic. It is mathematically shown that a set of propositions which satisfies the different axiomatic structures for the non-Boolean logic generates Hilbert space structures. The quantum probability associated with this type of quantum logic can be applied to decision-making problems in the cognitive domain. It is to be noted that, until now, no quantum mechanical framework is taken as a valid description of the anatomical structures and functions of the brain. This framework of quantum probability is very abstract and devoid of any material content. So it can be applied to any branch of knowledge like biology, social science, etc. Of course, it is necessary to understand the issue of contextualization, i.e., here, in the case of the brain.
Mathematics is about knowing. Mathematical knowledge is a record of knowing just as sentences, be... more Mathematics is about knowing. Mathematical knowledge is a record of knowing just as sentences, besides being descriptions of the things to which they refer to, exemplify rules of composition. The functorial calculus of acquiring mathematical knowledge resembles cognition, which involves physical stimuli, neural sensations, mental concepts, and conscious experience. Herein we build, on the foundational similarity between cognition and mathematics, a model of cognition. Using category theory we explicated the functorial calculus of going from given particulars to measurements of the given particulars, to conceptualization of the particulars based on their measured properties, to interpretations of the thus formed theories, and resulting in knowledge. This simple model system can be used to systematically address fundamental questions of cognitive science such as 'how do we know?' More immediately, our results argue against the contemporary compartmentalization of scientific kn...
Foundations of Physics Letters, 2001
The archetypical and phaseless vacuum magnetic flux density of O(3) electrodynamics, the B(3) fie... more The archetypical and phaseless vacuum magnetic flux density of O(3) electrodynamics, the B(3) field, is derived from the irreducible representation of the Einstein group and is shown to be accompanied by a vacuum energy density which depends directly on the square of the scalar curvature R of curved spacetime. The B(3) field and the vacuum energy density are obtained respectively
Foundations of Physics Letters, 2001
Recently, Bearden el al. developed a device which is known as a motionless electromagnetic genera... more Recently, Bearden el al. developed a device which is known as a motionless electromagnetic generator (MEG) and which produces a coefficient of performance (COP) far in excess of unity. The device has been independently replicated by Naudin. In this communication, the fundamental operational principle of the MEG is explained using a version of higher symmetry electrodynamics known as O(3) electrodynamics,
Understanding Space, Time and Causality, 2019
The Copenhagen interpretation According to modern physics, the world is made up from small bits o... more The Copenhagen interpretation According to modern physics, the world is made up from small bits of energy, called ‘quanta’. Each object in the world is a quantum system, made up of individual quanta acting together. In effect, this is like saying that the world and its objects are made up of interacting particles, except that quanta are not quite particles. The trouble is that quanta sometimes behave like particles, and they sometimes behave like waves. Broadly speaking, when we consider a quantum system evolving on its own, we describe its behaviour as though it were a system of waves. But, if we consider a quantum system interacting with something else, the interaction is described as though the quantum system were made up of uncertain particles. For example, if we consider a beam of light, it travels through space as though it were made up from waves. It gets bent or ‘refracted’ when it passes through regions of space where its speed changes; and this refraction gives rise to the colours of the rainbow, as different wavelengths of light get differently bent. But, if the same beam of light strikes the surface of a photo-electric metal, this light now behaves like a stream of particles, which strike against orbiting electrons in the metal atoms. Some electrons are thus knocked out of orbit, right out of the metal surface. The results are a build-up of electrical charge and a flow of electric current. This dual nature of quanta (acting sometimes like particles, sometimes like waves) has some strange implications. As a further example, suppose that a screen with two neighbouring slits is placed in between a source of light and a photographic plate. An illustration is given in figure 1 (overleaf). Next, suppose that just one quantum of light travels from the source, through the slits, to the photographic plate. This single quantum of light, which is called a ‘photon’, travels like a wave. From its source, the wave
Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research), Apr 13, 2017
Our conscious experiences are qualitative and unitary. The qualitative universals given in partic... more Our conscious experiences are qualitative and unitary. The qualitative universals given in particular experiences, i.e. qualia, combine into the seamless unity of our conscious experience. The problematics of quality and cohesion are not unique to consciousness studies. In mathematics, the study of qualities (e.g. shape) resulting from quantitative variations in cohesive spaces led to the axiomatization of cohesion and quality. Using the mathematical definition of quality, herein we model qualia space as a categorical product of qualities. Thus modeled qualia space is a codomain space wherein composite qualities (e.g. shape AND color) of conscious experiences can be valued. As part of characterizing the qualia space, we provide a detailed exemplification of the mathematics of quality and cohesion in terms of the categories of idempotents and reflexive graphs. More specifically, with qualities as commutative triangles formed of cohesion-preserving functors, first we calculate the product of commutative triangles. Next, we explicitly show that the category of idempotents is a quality type. Lastly, as part of showing that the category of reflexive graphs is cohesive, we characterize the adjointness between functors relating cohesive graphs to discrete sets. In conclusion, our category theoretic construction of qualia space is a formalization of the binding of qualitative features (colors and shapes) into the cohesive objects (colored-shapes) of conscious experiences. Compared to the feature-vector accounts of conscious experiences, our product-of-qualities account of consciousness is a substantial theoretical advance.
Frontiers Research Topics
arXiv (Cornell University), Jun 24, 2022
Recent observational evidence in extra galactic astronomy, the interpretation of the nature of qu... more Recent observational evidence in extra galactic astronomy, the interpretation of the nature of quasar redshift continues to be research interest. Spectrum observation of high redshift quasar is young in nature. Observational evidence discuss on physical interpretation of redshift periodicity with statistical confirmation. Karlsson observed redshift periodicity at integer multiples of 0.089 in log scale and Burbidge observed redshift periodicity integer multiple of 0.061 in linear scale .Data analysis is important in order to form correct interpretations of the observed phenomena. Since Singular value decomposition (SVD) based periodicity estimation is known to be superior for noisy data sets, especially when the data contains multiple harmonics and overtones, mainly irregular in nature, we have chosen it to be our primary tool for analysis of the quasar-galaxy pair redshift data. Kernel density estimation has been performed for estimating the bin width as proper computation of this quantity is crucial for the correctness of the analysis and prevention of over smoothing of the data.We observed fundamental periodicity to be an integer multiple of 0.063 and 0.0604 using method1 and method2 in the transformed quasar redshift data with 95% confidence interval in linear scale. Our results clearly establish that redshift is quantized for quasar-galaxy pair data and its histogram exhibits periodic peak(s). At last briefly discussed on physical interpretation of quantized redshift for quasar and galaxy.Hoyle Narlikar theory of gravity explain the Mystery in recent observation.
Frontiers in Neuroscience
The relevance of conciousness has been discussed by many prominent scientists since the very ince... more The relevance of conciousness has been discussed by many prominent scientists since the very inception of quantum theory in early twentieth century. Sciemtists tried to understand the role of consciousness especially in the measurement process and it raises lot of debate among the community. The main challenge is how to include consciousness in the formulation of quantum theory. One of the main reasons is the sciensts do not have clear idea about the definition of consciousness. Usually they discuss about the functionality of consciousness. We emphasize Indian philosophy especially Advaita Vedanta and Kashmiri Saivism may shed new light to understand the role of consciousness in measurement process. I.