Hoda Abd El-Azim | National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries (original) (raw)

Papers by Hoda Abd El-Azim

Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Biology and Fisheries

Journal of Scientific Agriculture

Burullus Lagoon is one of the five Mediterranean Lagoons of Egypt which used for many purposes in... more Burullus Lagoon is one of the five Mediterranean Lagoons of Egypt which used for many purposes including fishing, recreation and contains many organisms. This investigation was aimed to assess the variation pattern in trace metals contamination in different sectors of Burullus Lagoon. Number of 34 representative water samples were collected and analyzed for 7 trace elements according to the standard method. Spatial distribution maps for these metals were created using ordinary Kriging method in ArcGIS. The obtained results indicated that the dissolved heavy metals in Burullus Lagoon were in the range of; Fe (10.55-48.6 µg/l), Pb (2.62-10.76 µg/l), Cu (0.80-48.21 µg/l), Zn (1.65-29.9 µg/l), Co (2.26-7.74 µg/l), Cr (nd-0.82 µg/l) and Cd (nd-9.91 µg/l). The Lagoon is receiving huge amounts of drainage water at the southern parts in comparison to the northern parts. It was also showed that, the highest mean concentrations of most dissolved trace metals take the following sequence: Weste...

The lakes’ fisheries play an important role in Egyptian economy. In 1980s, they provided more tha... more The lakes’ fisheries play an important role in Egyptian economy. In 1980s, they provided more than 50 % of harvested fish in Egypt but now their contribution to the Egypt fish production decreased to only 12.5% in 2012. Lake Timsah, one of the Suez Canal lakes, faced many challenges that lead to serious changes in its water and fish quality, fish production, as well as the catch composition. The present work investigated the impact of pollution, food availability, and excessive fishing mortality on the haffara production in lake Timsah. The distribution of four heavy metals (Pb, Zn, Ni, and Fe) was detected seasonally in water and in muscles, gills, and livers of Rhabdosargus haffara, during 2012 through 2013. Fe and Zn were presented by high values in liver, while Pb and Ni in gills. Generally, the lowest concentrations of all metals were found in muscles. The recorded crustacean organisms (the main food of haffara) decreased from 12 species and 32,079 organisms⁄m2 in 2012 to only ...

Trace metals, especially copper (Cu), are commonly occurring contaminants in harbors and marinas.... more Trace metals, especially copper (Cu), are commonly occurring contaminants in harbors and marinas. Copper– based antifouling coatings used on vessels hulls is one of the sources of copper to these environs. The present study estimates the dissolved copper emission from antifouling coatings used on vessel hulls in Suez Bay area and their relation to industrials and waste-water effluents. Data about the number of vessels and tonnage during 1998-2009 which obtained from the Suez Canal Authority site are used to estimate the copper loading from antifouling paints to the Suez Bay transit area. Seasonal surface water samples at six sites and also from the sewage and industrials effluents were collected from the Suez Bay area during 2009-2010. The results indicate, that, the annual loading of copper from all sources to the Suez Bay transit area is 42.47 ton/yr. The total account for copper emission from antifouling marine coatings is 35.175 ton/yr representing about 83% of the total loading...

Polymer Testing 83:106244, 2020

ponte Journal, 2020

To assess quality of Boukerdene Dam's water (raw water) and treated water at Sidi-Amar's treatmen... more To assess quality of Boukerdene Dam's water (raw water) and treated water at Sidi-Amar's treatment Station based on the Algerian standards and those established by the World Health Organization (WHO), analyses will carried out on different sampled belonging to the two areas. Studies of physicochemical and bacteriological parameters have focused on measure in situ pH, temperature and turbidity. Then the following parameters were analysed: the elements: NH 4+ , NO 2-, NO 3-, PO 4 3-,Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ , SO 4 2-, Cl-, HCO 3-, OM as well as metal trace metals Fe 2+, Al 3+. Generally, the conventional drinking water treatment processes employed at this water treatment plant shows an efficiency of OM removal arrives to 79.31%. Total Coliforms, fecal coliforms, fecal streptococci and sulfite-reducing anaerobes were determined. The obtained values will compared with the standard limits. The result of this study reveals that the physico-chemical parameters and bacteriological evidence is within the maximum permissible limit of WHO and the Algerian standards with some slight variations in some parameters. The dam water does not meet the bacteriological quality standards of the surface waters due to the presence of sulphito reductive anaerobic spores. The water analyzed at the exit of the Sidi-Amar treatment plant of Tipaza is of good quality thus demonstrating the effectiveness of the various stages applied at this station. Hence, water is safe and suitable for domestic, irrigation and drinking purposes.

Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Biology & Fisheries, 2019

Metal pollution in the marine coastal line environment is an important topical issue in the conte... more Metal pollution in the marine coastal line environment is an important topical issue in the context of ecological disturbance. The concentration of nine trace elements: Cu, Co, Ni, Cr, Mn, Zn, Cd, Pb, and Fe was determined in water, sediments and the green alga Ulva lactuca (L.), which collected from several sites at three main area (Suez Gulf, Aqaba Gulf and Suez Canal). The abundance of metal concentrations in algae samples was in the following order: Fe> Zn> Mn> Pb> Cu> Ni> Co> Cr> Cd, Fe> Mn>Zn> Pb> Cu> Ni> Co> Cr> Cd, and Fe> Mn>Zn> Cu> Pb> Ni> Co> Cr> Cd in Suez Gulf, Aqaba Gulf, and Suez Canal respectively. The variations at this order of abundance were according to the different in activities and metal sources in these different areas. The high uptake of metals in green alga Ulva lactuca suggested that this alga may be used as potential biomonitors for heavy metal pollution. The BCF value of metals in the algae/water was significantly higher than those of algae /sediments. The pollution indicator of Contamination Factor (BCF) was calculated to determine the degree of metal pollution in the marine coastline and the contribution of anthropogenic influence. Significant (p≤0.05) inter-elemental positive-correlations were observed between most studied metals, as well as negative-correlations between a few of them. Overall, the comparison of heavy metal contents with seawater and sediment samples in the Ulva species showed that U. lactuca is a suitable plant for biomonitoring studies.

Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Biology & Fisheries, 2019

Physico-chemical and microbiological characteristics of the water samples were analysed following... more Physico-chemical and microbiological characteristics of the water samples were analysed following the standard methods to evaluate the quality of drinking water from (Raw water, Water before treatment, Water after treatment, Tap water) at the Ain Zada Dam to Bordj Bou Arreridj (Algeria) were analyzed. The results revealed that the physico-chemical and hydrochemical characteristics: (Temperature, PH, Conductivity, TDS, Turbidity, Dissolved Oxygen, Dry Residue, Ammonium, Total Hardness, Calcium and Magnesium, Chloride, Bicarbonate, Alkalinity, TAC, Iron, Manganese and Aluminum were found within permissible limits for drinking water as prescribed by WHO especially tap and after treatment water. Pearson correlation analysis, conducted to evaluate the relationship of water quality parameters, revealed a significant positive relationship between Total hardness with each of DO, Nitrate, Chlorides, and temperature (0.979, 0.961, 0.941 and 0.973) and negative significance with most of other parameters. Calcium and Sodium were correlated positively with Sulfate (0.986, 0.602 respectively). The detection of Total coliform, total germ, E. coli, Fecal Streptococci and Clostridium Sulf-Red species was intended for human consumption suggests that Raw water and Water before treatment pose severe health risks to consumers and was found unsuitable for direct human consumption without treatment. The present study recommends mobilization of treatment interventions to protect the households from further possible consequences of using the water.

Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 2019

Adsorption is a fundamental process in the physicochemical treatment of wastewaters which industr... more Adsorption is a fundamental process in the physicochemical treatment of wastewaters which industries employ
to reduce hazardous organic and inorganic wastes in effluents. The main objective of this study is to find a
suitable application of the water-spray electric arc furnace (WS-EAF) slag which is a by-product of the steelmaking
process. This material was collected, crushed, milled and characterized in terms of chemical composition,
morphology and phases. The results showed that the main phases of the WS-EAF slag were magnetite
(Fe3O4), wustite (Fe0.94O), beta-calcium silicate (Ca2SiO4) and mayenite (Ca12Al14O33). Several parameters were
applied to evaluate the performance of WS-EAF slag for removal of Cd (II) and Mn(II) from aqueous solutions
and wastewaters. Adsorption kinetics of Cd and Mn ions has been discussed. The applicability of WS-EAF slag for
removal of other heavy metals (Zn, Fe, Ni, Pb and Co) from wastewaters has also been examined. The best
parameters to achieve 99.99 and 99.96 (%) removal for Cd and Mn ions from aqueous solutions were found to be
10 μm adsorbent particle size, 0.5 g adsorbent weight, 8 solution pH, 90 min contact time, and 10 mg/L initial
metal ions concentration at room temperature. Pseudo second-order model fits well with data of Cd and Mn
adsorption. The WS-EAF slag appears to be a promising material for removal of competitive heavy metals from
industrial wastewater via adsorption.

Le comité Scientifiques Deuxièmes (2èmes) Journées Sur l’Agroalimentaire 27-28 Novembre 2018.At: Faculté Des Sciences de la Nature et de la Vie Département Agroalimentaire. UNIVERSITÉ SAAD DAHLAB-BLIDA. ALGÉRIE, 2018

La plupart des ressources en eau, utilisées en Algérie pour nos divers besoins, proviennent des e... more La plupart des ressources en eau, utilisées en Algérie pour nos divers besoins, proviennent des eaux de surface ; les écoulements superficiels sont évalués à 12,4 milliards de m3/an. Les sources d'eau de surface sont beaucoup moins sûres que les sources d'eau souterraines en termes de qualité. Ces eaux demandent en règle générale un traitement afin de les rendre potables. Le choix de procédés et de dispositifs de traitement devrait reposer sur une évaluation de la nature et de la qualité de l'eau à traiter, même la qualité désirée (Bouziane, 2002). A travers ce travail, la problématique que doit poser est ce que l'eau (eau du barrage) destinée à la ville de Tipaza répond à la norme algérienne et internationale ? L'objectif de ce travail porte à la détermination de l'efficacité du traitement physico-chimique entre l'eau brute issu de barrage Boukourdane et l'eau traité au niveau de la station Sidi Amer. Les résultats des analyses durant la période allant de mois d'Avril jusqu'au mois de juin 2014, ont montré que l'eau brute du barrage est chaude et alcaline et son pH ne dépasse pas 8.5, la présence des faibles concentrations pour les paramètres indésirables tel que le fer et l'aluminium et les paramètres de pollution rependent aux normes de potabilité. MOTS-CLÉS : paramètres de pollution, eau, barrage, traitement, Boukourdane, Algérie. Abstract. Most of the water resources used in Algeria for our various needs comes from surface water; superficial flows are estimated at 12.4 billion m 3 year-1. Surface water sources are much less safe than groundwater sources in terms of quality. These waters generally require treatment to make them drinkable. The choice of treatment processes and devices should be based on an assessment of the nature and quality of the water to be treated, even the desired quality (Bouziane, 2002). Through this work, the problem that must ask is that the water (dam water) for the city of Tipaza meets the Algerian and international standards? The objective of this work is to determine the effectiveness of the physicochemical treatment between the raw water from the Boukourdane dam and the treated water at the Sidi Amer station. The results of the analyzes during the period from April to June 2014, showed that the raw water of the dam is hot and alkaline and its pH does not exceed 8.5, the presence of low concentrations for the parameters undesirable effects such as iron and aluminum, and pollution parameters depend on potability standards.

Asian Journal of Environment & Ecology, 2018

The adsorption mechanism of Cd, Fe, and Ni, ions on natural (clinoptilolite) zeolites, a regional... more The adsorption mechanism of Cd, Fe, and Ni, ions on natural (clinoptilolite) zeolites, a regional low-cost natural available adsorbent was studied in a batch adsorption system. The effect of several parameters such as contact time, zeolite dose, particle size, the effect of pH, and initial concentration of metal ions in the adsorption process was estimated. The optimum adsorption was found to occur at pH 6.0, adsorbent dose 1.0 g/L, and initial concentration 2, 20 and 10 mg/L for Cd, Fe, and Ni, respectively. The adsorption efficiency also increases with decreasing particle size of zeolites and the effect of retention time on adsorption ratio shows that 80% of the Cd, Fe, and Ni, are adsorbed by zeolite during first 120 minutes. Under these optimum conditions, the removal efficiency was 78.8, 89.1, and 65.5% of Cd +2 , Fe +3 and Ni +2 , ions, respectively. Sorption data have Original Research Article Abd El-Azim and Mourad; AJEE, 7(1): 1-13, 2018; Article no.AJEE.41004 2 been interpreted in terms of Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. The adsorption efficiency of heavy metals in industrial wastewater as application mode was also investigated using zeolites and these results showed that natural zeolites hold great potential to remove cationic heavy metal species from industrial wastewater and confirms the potential use of zeolite for the removal of heavy metals from industrial wastewater via adsorption. It was concluded that zeolite is very promising for the removal of metal ions from aqueous solution and hence we encourage the utilization of zeolites in environmental applications.

Proceedings of 3rd International Conference on Integrated Environmental Management for Sustainable Development, 2018

Mugilid species are of great importance in the Egyptian fisheries and themost preferred eaten fis... more Mugilid species are of great importance in the Egyptian fisheries and themost preferred eaten fishes after Tilapia for
Egyptian. Many factors are affected the health of fish and its production from which the heavy metals pollution is
the most dangerous one. In the Gulf of Suez, metal pollution is considered as one of the most principal
environmental and public health problems. The concentrations of four heavy metals (Copper, Zinc, Cadmium and
Lead) in water and sediments in northern Suez Gulf and their accumulation in Liza carinata organs (muscle and
liver)were investigated at four season (Spring 2014 – winter 2015). At the same time themugilid production and the
growth rate of Liza carinata were studied to show the impact of metal pollution on it. The results revealed that the
average metal concentrations in sediment in all seasons was in the order Zn>Pb>Cu> Cd, while in water samples
the metals occurred in the order Zn, Cu, Pb and Cd. According to the L. carinata’s muscles the heavy metals
concentrations were as same as in water (Zn, Cu, Pb and Cd). The concentrations of all the heavy metals studied
weremuch higher in liver than inmuscles that indicate the greater rate of bioaccumulation in liver and these values
were below the established standard for aquatic environment byWHO and FAO. Also, the results indicated that the
mugilid production decreased as the human and industry activities increased and expanded along the Gulf of Suez.
Aswell as the growth rate and the maximumsize attained by L. carinata in the northern Suez Gulfwere less than the
other fishing grounds in the Gulf and Bitter lakes because the northern of the Gulf is themost affected area by these
activities.

CATRINA, 2018

This work is devoted to assessing the sources and pollution levels of nine heavy metals (Fe, Mn, ... more This work is devoted to assessing the sources and pollution levels of nine heavy metals (Fe, Mn, Cu, Ni, Zn, Cr, Co, Pb, and Cd) in Timsah Lake water with respect to its effect on surrounding waters. Heavy metals were measured by applying solvent extraction to 12 water samples collected, from inshore and offshore stations of Timsah Lake including the western lagoon and Suez Canal. The environmental parameter for the study area was also, measured. From the results, it appeared that heavy metals in water follow the order: Fe> Zn > Pb > Cu > Mn > Co > Cr > Cd > Ni and their concentrations are significantly high in the north and western edges of the lake more than the middle. Stations 5, 7, 9, and 12 (at the bridge near the western lagoon) had the highest levels of most studied metals, these stations characterized by a huge amount of agriculture, the domestic, and industrial pollutant. While Fe and Cu had their highest levels (15.34 and 145µg/L) at station 6 in fronts of Abo Halos drain and Villas and cabins including Tourism activities. The lowest levels of studied metals were in stations that lie away from the sources of pollution and its effects.

Journal of Scientific Agriculture, 2017

Annals of Marine Science, 2017

Pollution, fi shing effort and food availability are the main factors affecting the fi sh product... more Pollution, fi shing effort and food availability are the main factors affecting the fi sh production
from natural resources. Bitter lakes are one of the important lakes in Egypt that produce a number of
commercial species with mean annual fi sh production of 5000 ton. Recently a dramatic decline in this
production is recorded and we try to fi nd the main reasons for this. Water quality of the Bitter lakes and
trace elements in the water and fi sh tissues were investigated during 2013. Five different sampling sites
covering the whole course of the Bitter lakes were selected and pH, water temperature and salinity were
measured. The cations Ca, Mg, Na, and K concentrations in sample water as well as the heavy metals Cu,
Cr, Mn, Pb, and Cd in water and its residues in the tissues of Pomadasysstridens were determined. The
crustacean communities as one of the main food items for P. stridens were studied in the chosen fi ve
sites. Density and diversity of marine crustaceans depend not only on the state of pollution but also on the
type of substrates and different predators. The distribution of the crustaceans in the Bitter lakes varied
widely within the different stations and seasons. A production model was applied to estimate some target
reference points for the rational exploitation of P. stridens in Bitter lakes. The obtained results revealed
that, the production depleting of this species is due to the overfi shing and pollution that affect the food
availability and the estimated precautionary target reference points advised the reduction of fi shing effort
by about 40-55% as well as the treatment of pollution resources along the lakes.

Environ Sci Pollut Res, 2016

The lakes' fisheries play an important role in Egyptian economy. In 1980s, they provided more tha... more The lakes' fisheries play an important role in Egyptian economy. In 1980s, they provided more than 50 % of harvested fish in Egypt but now their contribution to the Egypt fish production decreased to only 12.5 % in 2012. Lake Timsah, one of the Suez Canal lakes, faced many challenges that lead to serious changes in its water and fish quality, fish production, as well as the catch composition. The present work investigated the impact of pollution, food availability, and excessive fishing mortality on the haffara production in lake Timsah. The distribution of four heavy metals (Pb, Zn, Ni, and Fe) was detected seasonally in water and in muscles, gills, and livers of Rhabdosargus haffara, during 2012 through 2013. Fe and Zn were presented by high values in liver, while Pb and Ni in gills. Generally, the lowest concentrations of all metals were found in muscles. The recorded crustacean organisms (the main food of haffara) decreased from 12 species and 32,079 organisms⁄m 2 in 2012 to only 7 species and 7290 organisms⁄m 2 in 2013 while the amphipods completely disappeared. This serious change was due to the severe pollution in the lake. A logistic surplus production model was fitted to the catch per unit effort indices, to estimate the maximum sustainable yield and the optimum level of fishing effort. The results revealed that haffara stock at lake Timsah is overfished, and the estimated precautionary target reference points advised the reduction of fishing effort by about 30-50 %.

Journal of Geography, Environment and Earth Science International, 2016

The Egyptian northern Deltaic lakes including Burullus Lake suffer from pollution of intensive ag... more The Egyptian northern Deltaic lakes including Burullus Lake suffer from pollution of intensive agri culture, domestic and industrial activities. The objective of this research was to evaluate water and sediment quality in Burullus Lake based on certain physical and chemical characteristics. Mapping the spatial distribution of these parameters will be done using ordinary Kriging method to reveal the link with potential pollution sources. Geo-referenced water and sediments samples were collected from 34 and 37 representative sites in the lake, respectively. The obtained results indicated that the quality of both water and sediments in receiving drainage water of the southern parts of the lake were relatively inferior compared to that of the northern parts. So we recommended that wastewater from different drains should be treated before being drained into the Lake.

Journal of Geoscience and Environment Protection, 2015

Contamination with heavy metals is one of the most serious problems in the aquatic environments. ... more Contamination with heavy metals is one of the most serious problems in the aquatic environments. In Egypt, Manzala Lake is suffering from this problem. The objective of this work was to assess heavy metals pollutants and their spatial distribution in Manzala Lake using GIS technique. Geo-referenced water and sediment samples were randomly collected from the lake. The detected heavy metals were: Fe, Pb, Cu, Cd, Cr, Zn and Co. The obtained results indicated that the highest concentrations of heavy metals were observed in the northeastern and the southern parts of the lake nearby drains. This could be attributed to industrial, agricultural and municipal wastes coming through the drains especially Bahr El-Baqar drain and the industrial wastes coming from Port Said drains. From the geo-accumulation index, it was noticed that the lake is more polluted with cadmium and lead in the hydrosoils samples. All metals in water are within the EPA standard limit except for cadmium. Geostatistics provides effective methods to quantify the contaminated waters and sediments which support decision-making about redevelopment scenarios or remediation techniques.

e g y p t i a n j o u r n a l of b a s i c and ap p l i e d s c i e n c e s, 2014

Fish Bioaccumulation Monitoring a b s t r a c t The concentrations of heavy metals (Cu, Zn, Pb, C... more Fish Bioaccumulation Monitoring a b s t r a c t The concentrations of heavy metals (Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, Fe and Mn) were measured in the liver, gills and muscles of fourteen benthic and pelagic fish species collected from three main landing areas (Shalateen, Hurghada and Suez) in the Egyptian Red Sea. The levels of heavy metals varied significantly among fish species and organs. As expected, muscles always possessed the lowest concentrations of all metals. In most studied fish, the liver was the target organ for Cu, Zn and Fe accumulation. Pb and Mn, however, exhibited their highest concentrations in the gills. Different species of fish showed inter-specific variation of metals, as well as variations between fish from the same species. These differences were discussed for the contribution of potential factors that affected metals' uptake, like age, geographical distribution and species' specific factors. Generally, recorded metal concentrations were within the range or below the levels in similar species from global studies. The concentration of metals in the present fish muscles were accepted by the international legislation limits and are safe for human consumption.

Nusantara Bioscience , 2013

Ammar MSA, Ashour F, Abdelazim H. 2013. Coral disease distribution at Ras Mohammed and the Gulf o... more Ammar MSA, Ashour F, Abdelazim H. 2013. Coral disease distribution at Ras Mohammed and the Gulf of Aqaba, Red Sea, Egypt. Nusantara Bioscience 5: 35-43. Six sites along the Gulf of Aqaba and Ras Mohammed, Red Sea, Egypt were studied for coral disease distribution relative to environmental stress. These sites are (i) South Taba, (ii) South Nuweiba, (iii) Canyon, (iv) Eel Garden (at Dahab), (v) Shark Observatory and (vi) Yolanda. Number of coral diseases ranges from 6 diseases at site 4 (Eeel Garden) to 12 diseases at site 3 (Canyon). The site having the lowest number of coral diseases (site 4) is characterized by the highest percentage cover of coral diseases (24%). The coral disease atramentous necrosis attained the highest percentage cover in all sites (5, 5, 6, 6, 2 and 3%) in sites 1-6 respectively. A total of 16 diseases were reported being distributed in the following order in sites 1-6: 9, 9, 12, 6, 8 and 7 respectively. The coral disease atramentous necrosis is the most widely distributed one being found in all 6 sites followed by dark spots disease and ulcerative white spots being reported in 5 sites. The disease that is least distributed is the white tips being reported in site 5 only. The most commonly distributed disease (atramentous necrosis) infected six corals in site 1, two corals in site 2, nine corals in site 3, two corals in site 4, five corals in site 5 and five corals in site 6. However, the least commonly distributed disease (white tips) infected only two corals (Acropora humilis and Millepora dichotoma). Site 1, having Cyphastrea serialia being infected with highest number of diseases is characterized by the maximum metal concentrations of Zn, Cd, Pb and Ni in water and highest metal concentrations for Cu, Zn and Pb in sediments. Site 2, having M. dichotoma being infected with the highest number of diseases, is characterized by the highest Cu concentration in water. Site 4, having fewer number of coral diseases and highest percentage disease cover attained the highest levels of Cd and Ni in sediments. Abstrak. Ammar MSA, Ashour F, Abdelazim H. 2013. Distribusi penyakit karang di Ras Mohammed dan Teluk Aqaba, Laut Merah, Mesir. Nusantara Bioscience 5: 35-43. Enam situs di sepanjang Teluk Aqaba dan Ras Mohammed, Laut Merah, Mesir dipelajari untuk mengetahui distribusi relatif penyakit karang terhadap tekanan lingkungan. Lokasi yang diteliti adalah (i) South Taba, (ii) South Nuweiba, (iii) Canyon, (iv) Eel Garden (di Dahab), (v) Shark Observatory dan (vi) Yolanda. Jumlah penyakit karang berkisar dari 6 penyakit di lokasi 4 (Eeel Garden) hingga 12 penyakit di lokasi 3 (Canyon). Lokasi yang memiliki jumlah penyakit karang terendah (lokasi 4) ditandai dengan persentase penutupan penyakit karang tertinggi (24%). Penyakit karang nekrosis atramentous mencapai persentase penutupan tertinggi di semua lokasi (5, 5, 6, 6, 2 dan 3%) secara berturut-turut dari lokasi 1-6. Sebanyak 16 penyakit dilaporkan terdistribusi dengan urutan dari lokasi 1-6 secara berturut-turut sebagai berikut: 9, 9, 12, 6, 8 dan 7. Penyakit karang nekrosis atramentous merupakan penyakit yang paling luas distribusinya yang ditemukan di semua ke-6 lokasi, diikuti oleh penyakit bintik-bintik gelap dan bintik-bintik putih ulseratif yang dilaporkan pada 5 lokasi. Penyakit yang paling sempit distribusinya adalah pucuk putih yang dilaporkan dalam 5 lokasi. Penyakit yang paling luas distribusinya (nekrosis atramentous) menginfeksi enam terumbu karang di lokasi 1, dua karang di lokasi 2, sembilan karang di lokasi 3, dua karang di lokasi 4, lima karang di lokasi 5 dan lima karang di lokasi 6. Namun, penyakit yang paling sempit distribusinya (pucuk putih) hanya menginfeksi dua karang (Acropora humilis dan Millepora dichotoma). Lokasi 1, terdapat Cyphastrea serialia yang terinfeksi penyakit dengan jumlah paling tinggi ditandai dengan konsentrasi maksimum logam Zn, Cd, Pb dan Ni dalam air dan konsentrasi logam tertinggi untuk Cu, Zn dan Pb dalam sedimen. Lokasi 2, terdapat M. dichotoma yang terinfeksi penyakit dengan jumlah tertinggi, ditandai dengan konsentrasi Cu tertinggi dalam air. Lokasi 4, memiliki lebih sedikit jumlah penyakit karang dan persentase penutup penyakit tertinggi mencapai tingkat tertinggi Cd dan Ni dalam sedimen.

Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Biology and Fisheries

Journal of Scientific Agriculture

Polymer Testing 83:106244, 2020

ponte Journal, 2020

Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Biology & Fisheries, 2019

Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 2019

Asian Journal of Environment & Ecology, 2018

Proceedings of 3rd International Conference on Integrated Environmental Management for Sustainable Development, 2018

CATRINA, 2018

Journal of Scientific Agriculture, 2017

Annals of Marine Science, 2017

Environ Sci Pollut Res, 2016

Journal of Geography, Environment and Earth Science International, 2016

Journal of Geoscience and Environment Protection, 2015

e g y p t i a n j o u r n a l of b a s i c and ap p l i e d s c i e n c e s, 2014

Nusantara Bioscience , 2013

Lap Lambert publishing, Germany, 2013