Steven van Heuven | Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research (original) (raw)
Papers by Steven van Heuven
Paleoceanography, 2013
1] Past water column stratification can be assessed through comparison of the d 18 O of different... more 1] Past water column stratification can be assessed through comparison of the d 18 O of different planktonic foraminiferal species. The underlying assumption is that different species form their shells simultaneously, but at different depths in the water column. We evaluate this assumption using a sediment trap time-series of Neogloboquadrina pachyderma (s) and Globigerina bulloides from the NW North Atlantic. We determined fluxes, d 18 O and d 13 C of shells from two size fractions to assess size-related effects on shell chemistry and to better constrain the underlying causes of isotopic differences between foraminifera in deep-sea sediments. Our data indicate that in the subpolar North Atlantic differences in the seasonality of the shell flux, and not in depth habitat or test size, determine the interspecies Δd 18 O. N. pachyderma (s) preferentially forms from early spring to late summer, whereas the flux of G. bulloides peaks later in the season and is sustained until autumn. Likewise, seasonality influences large and small specimens differently, with large shells settling earlier in the season. The similarity of the seasonal d 18 O patterns between the two species indicates that they calcify in an overlapping depth zone close to the surface. However, their d 13 C patterns are markedly different (>1%). Both species have a seasonally variable offset from d 13 C DIC that appears to be governed primarily by temperature, with larger offsets associated with higher temperatures. The variable offset from d 13 C DIC implies that seasonality of the flux affects the fossil d 13 C signal, which has implications for reconstruction of the past oceanic carbon cycle.
Journal of Geophysical Research, 2012
ABSTRACT Concentrations of dissolved (<0.2 μm) Fe (DFe) in the Arctic shelf seas and in th... more ABSTRACT Concentrations of dissolved (<0.2 μm) Fe (DFe) in the Arctic shelf seas and in the surface waters of the central Arctic Ocean are presented. In the Barents and Kara seas, near-surface DFe minima indicate depletion of DFe by phytoplankton growth. Below the surface, lower DFe concentrations in the Kara Sea (˜0.4-0.6 nM) than in the Barents Sea (˜0.6-0.8 nM) likely reflect scavenging removal or biological depletion of DFe. Very high DFe concentrations (>10 nM) in the bottom waters of the Laptev Sea shelf may be attributed to either sediment resuspension, sinking of brine or regeneration of DFe in the lower layers. A significant correlation (R2 = 0.60) between salinity and DFe is observed. Using δ18O, salinity, nutrients and total alkalinity data, the main source for the high (>2 nM) DFe concentrations in the Amundsen and Makarov Basins is identified as (Eurasian) river water, transported with the Transpolar Drift (TPD). On the North American side of the TPD, the DFe concentrations are low (<0.8 nM) and variations are determined by the effects of sea-ice meltwater, biological depletion and remineralization and scavenging in halocline waters from the shelf. This distribution pattern of DFe is also supported by the ratio between unfiltered and dissolved Fe (high (>4) above the shelf and low (<4) off the shelf).
Observations along the southwestern Atlantic WOCE A17 line made during the Dutch GEOTRACES-NL pro... more Observations along the southwestern Atlantic WOCE A17 line made during the Dutch GEOTRACES-NL programme (2010 were compared with historical data from 1994 to quantify the changes in the anthropogenic component of the total pool of dissolved inorganic carbon ( C ant ). Application of the extended multilinear regression (eMLR) method shows that the C ant from 1994 to 2011 has largely remained confined to the upper 1000 dbar. The greatest changes occur in the upper 200 dbar in the Subantarctic Zone (SAZ), where a maximum increase of 37 µmol kg −1 is found. South Atlantic Central Water (SACW) experienced the highest rate of increase in C ant , at 0.99 ± 0.14 µmol kg −1 yr −1 , resulting in a maximum rate of decrease in pH of 0.0016 yr −1 . The highest rates of acidification relative to C ant , however, were found in Subantarctic Mode Water (SAMW) and Antarctic Intermediate Water (AAIW). The low buffering capacity of SAMW and AAIW combined with their relatively high rates of C ant increase of 0.53 ± 0.11 and 0.36 ± 0.06 µmol kg −1 yr −1 , respectively, has lead to rapid acidification in the SAZ, and will continue to do so whilst simultaneously reducing the chemical buffering capacity of this significant CO 2 sink.
Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 2014
Concentrations of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), total alkalinity (TA), nutrients, and oxygen ... more Concentrations of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), total alkalinity (TA), nutrients, and oxygen in subsurface waters of the central Arctic Ocean have been investigated for conceivable time trends over the last two decades. Data from six cruises that cover the Nansen, Amundsen, and Makarov Basins were included in this analysis. In waters deeper than 2000 m, no statistically significant trend could be observed for DIC, TA, phosphate, or nitrate, but a small rate of increase in apparent oxygen utilization (AOU) was noticeable. For the individual stations, differences in concentration of each property were computed between the mean concentrations in the Arctic Atlantic Water (AAW) or the upper Polar Deep Water (uPDW), i.e., between about 150 and 1400 m depth, and in the deep water (assumed invariable over time). In these shallower water layers, we observe significant above-zero time trends for DIC, in the range of 0.6-0.9 lmol kg 21 yr 21 (for AAW) and 0.4-0.6 mmol kg 21 yr 21 (for uPDW). No time trend in nutrients could be observed, indicating no change in the rate of organic matter mineralization within this depth range. Consequently, the buildup of DIC is attributed to increasing concentrations of anthropogenic carbon in the waters flowing into these depth layers of the Arctic Ocean. The resulting rate of increase of the column inventory of anthropogenic CO 2 is estimated to be between 0.6 and 0.9 mol C m 22 yr 21 , with distinct differences between basins.
ABSTRACT We use a 27 year long time series of repeated transient tracer observations to investiga... more ABSTRACT We use a 27 year long time series of repeated transient tracer observations to investigate the evolution of the ventilation time scales and the related content of anthropogenic carbon (Cant) in deep and bottom water in the Weddell Sea. This time series consists of chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) observations from 1984 to 2008 together with first combined CFC and sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) measurements from 2010/2011 along the Prime Meridian in the Antarctic Ocean and across the Weddell Sea. Applying the Transit Time Distribution (TTD) method we find that all deep water masses in the Weddell Sea have been continually growing older and getting less ventilated during the last 27 years. The decline of the ventilation rate of Weddell Sea Bottom Water (WSBW) and Weddell Sea Deep Water (WSDW) along the Prime Meridian is in the order of 15–21%; the Warm Deep Water (WDW) ventilation rate declined much faster by 33%. About 88–94% of the age increase in WSBW near its source regions (1.8–2.4 years per year) is explained by the age increase of WDW (4.5 years per year). As a consequence of the aging, the Cant increase in the deep and bottom water formed in the Weddell Sea slowed down by 14–21% over the period of observations.
Biogeosciences, 2010
Recent observations and modelling studies suggest that biogeochemical changes can mask atmospheri... more Recent observations and modelling studies suggest that biogeochemical changes can mask atmospheric CO 2 -induced pH decreases. Data collected by the Dutch monitoring authorities in different coastal systems (North Sea, Wadden Sea, Ems-Dollard, Eastern Scheldt and Scheldt estuary) since 1975 provide an excellent opportunity to test whether this is the case in the Dutch coastal zone. The time-series were analysed using Multi-Resolution Analysis (MRA) which resulted in the identification of systemdependent patterns on both seasonal and intra-annual time scales. The observed rates of pH change greatly exceed those expected from enhanced CO 2 uptake, thus suggesting that other biogeochemical processes, possibly related to changes in nutrient loading, can play a dominant role in ocean acidification.
Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 2007
1] New observations from the North Sea, a NW European shelf sea, show that between 2001 and 2005 ... more 1] New observations from the North Sea, a NW European shelf sea, show that between 2001 and 2005 the CO 2 partial pressure (pCO 2 ) in surface waters rose by 22 matm, thus faster than atmospheric pCO 2 , which in the same period rose approximately 11 matm. The surprisingly rapid decline in air-sea partial pressure difference (DpCO 2 ) is primarily a response to an elevated water column inventory of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), which, in turn, reflects mostly anthropogenic CO 2 input rather than natural interannual variability. The resulting decline in the buffering capacity of the inorganic carbonate system (increasing Revelle factor) sets up a theoretically predicted feedback loop whereby the invasion of anthropogenic CO 2 reduces the ocean's ability to uptake additional CO 2 . Model simulations for the North Atlantic Ocean and thermodynamic principles reveal that this feedback should be stronger, at present, in colder midlatitude and subpolar waters because of the lower present-day buffer capacity and elevated DIC levels driven either by northward advected surface water and/or excess local air-sea CO 2 uptake. This buffer capacity feedback mechanism helps to explain at least part of the observed trend of decreasing air-sea DpCO 2 over time as reported in several other recent North Atlantic studies.
Earth System Science Data, 2010
Data on carbon and carbon-relevant hydrographic and hydrochemical parameters from 188 previously ... more Data on carbon and carbon-relevant hydrographic and hydrochemical parameters from 188 previously non-publicly available cruise data sets in the Artic Mediterranean Seas (AMS), Atlantic Ocean and Southern Ocean have been retrieved and merged to a new database: CARINA (CARbon IN the Atlantic Ocean).
Accurate assessment of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) emissions and their redistribution am... more Accurate assessment of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) emissions and their redistribution among the atmosphere, ocean, and terrestrial biosphere is important to better understand the global carbon cycle, support the development of climate policies, and project future climate change. Here we describe data sets and a methodology to quantify all major components of the global carbon budget, including their uncertainties, based on the combination of a range of data, algorithms, statistics and model estimates and their interpretation by a broad scientific community. We discuss changes compared to previous estimates, consistency within and among components, alongside methodology and data limitations. CO 2 emissions from fossil-fuel combustion and cement production (E FF ) are based on energy statistics, while emissions from land-use change (E LUC ), mainly deforestation, are based on combined evidence from land-cover change data, fire activity associated with deforestation, and models. The global atmospheric CO 2 concentration is measured directly and its rate of growth (G ATM ) is computed from the annual changes in concentration. The mean ocean CO 2 sink (S OCEAN ) is based on observations from the 1990s, while the annual anomalies and trends are estimated with ocean models. The variability in S OCEAN is evaluated for the first time in this budget with data products based on surveys of ocean CO 2 measurements. The global residual terrestrial CO 2 sink (S LAND ) is estimated by the difference of the other terms of the global carbon budget and compared to results of independent dynamic global vegetation models forced by observed climate, CO 2 and land cover change (some including nitrogen-carbon interactions). All uncertainties are reported as ±1σ , reflecting the current capacity to characterise the annual estimates of each component of the global carbon budget. For the last decade available (2003)(2004)(2005)(2006)(2007)(2008)(2009)(2010)(2011)(2012), E FF was 8.6 ± 0.4 GtC yr −1 , E LUC 0.9 ± 0.5 GtC yr −1 , G ATM 4.3 ± 0.1 GtC yr −1 , S OCEAN 2.5 ± 0.5 GtC yr −1 , and S LAND 2.8 ± 0.8 GtC yr −1 . For year 2012 alone, E FF grew to 9.7 ± 0.5 GtC yr −1 , 2.2 % above 2011, reflecting a continued growing trend in these emissions, G ATM was 5.1 ± 0.2 GtC yr −1 , S OCEAN was 2.9 ± 0.5 GtC yr −1 , and assuming an E LUC of 1.0 ± 0.5 GtC yr −1 (based on the 2001-2010 average), S LAND was 2.7 ± 0.9 GtC yr −1 . G ATM was high in 2012 compared to the 2003-2012 average, almost entirely reflecting the high E FF . The global atmospheric CO 2 concentration reached 392.52 ± 0.10 ppm averaged over 2012. We estimate that E FF will increase by 2.1 % (1.1-3.1 %) to 9.9 ± 0.5 GtC in 2013, 61 % above emissions in 1990, based on projections of world gross domestic product and recent changes in the carbon intensity of the economy. With this projection, cumulative emissions of
Earth System Science Data, 2010
Water column data of carbon and carbon-relevant hydrographic and hydrochemical parameters from 18... more Water column data of carbon and carbon-relevant hydrographic and hydrochemical parameters from 188 cruises in the Arctic Mediterranean Seas, Atlantic and Southern Ocean have been retrieved and merged in a new data base: the CARINA (CARbon IN the Atlantic) Project. These data have gone through rigorous quality control (QC) procedures so as to improve the quality and consistency of the data as much as possible. Secondary quality control, which involved objective study of data in order to quantify systematic differences in the reported values, was performed for the pertinent parameters in the CARINA data base. Systematic biases in the data have been tentatively corrected in the data products. The products are three merged data files with measured, adjusted and interpolated data of all cruises for each of the three CARINA regions (Arctic Mediterranean Seas, Atlantic and Southern Ocean). Ninety-eight cruises were conducted in the "Atlantic" defined as the region south of the Greenland-Iceland-Scotland Ridge and north of about 30 • S. Here we report the details of the secondary QC which was done on the total dissolved inorganic carbon (TCO 2 ) data and the adjustments that were applied to yield the final data product in the Atlantic. Procedures of quality control -including crossover analysis between stations and inversion analysis of all crossover data -are briefly described. Adjustments were applied to TCO 2 measurements for 17 of the cruises in the Atlantic Ocean region. With these adjustments, the CARINA data base is consistent both internally as well as with GLODAP data, an oceanographic data set based on the WOCE Hydrographic Program in the 1990s, and is now suitable for accurate assessments of, for example, regional oceanic carbon inventories, uptake rates and model validation.
Paleoceanography, 2013
1] Past water column stratification can be assessed through comparison of the d 18 O of different... more 1] Past water column stratification can be assessed through comparison of the d 18 O of different planktonic foraminiferal species. The underlying assumption is that different species form their shells simultaneously, but at different depths in the water column. We evaluate this assumption using a sediment trap time-series of Neogloboquadrina pachyderma (s) and Globigerina bulloides from the NW North Atlantic. We determined fluxes, d 18 O and d 13 C of shells from two size fractions to assess size-related effects on shell chemistry and to better constrain the underlying causes of isotopic differences between foraminifera in deep-sea sediments. Our data indicate that in the subpolar North Atlantic differences in the seasonality of the shell flux, and not in depth habitat or test size, determine the interspecies Δd 18 O. N. pachyderma (s) preferentially forms from early spring to late summer, whereas the flux of G. bulloides peaks later in the season and is sustained until autumn. Likewise, seasonality influences large and small specimens differently, with large shells settling earlier in the season. The similarity of the seasonal d 18 O patterns between the two species indicates that they calcify in an overlapping depth zone close to the surface. However, their d 13 C patterns are markedly different (>1%). Both species have a seasonally variable offset from d 13 C DIC that appears to be governed primarily by temperature, with larger offsets associated with higher temperatures. The variable offset from d 13 C DIC implies that seasonality of the flux affects the fossil d 13 C signal, which has implications for reconstruction of the past oceanic carbon cycle.
Journal of Geophysical Research, 2012
ABSTRACT Concentrations of dissolved (<0.2 μm) Fe (DFe) in the Arctic shelf seas and in th... more ABSTRACT Concentrations of dissolved (<0.2 μm) Fe (DFe) in the Arctic shelf seas and in the surface waters of the central Arctic Ocean are presented. In the Barents and Kara seas, near-surface DFe minima indicate depletion of DFe by phytoplankton growth. Below the surface, lower DFe concentrations in the Kara Sea (˜0.4-0.6 nM) than in the Barents Sea (˜0.6-0.8 nM) likely reflect scavenging removal or biological depletion of DFe. Very high DFe concentrations (>10 nM) in the bottom waters of the Laptev Sea shelf may be attributed to either sediment resuspension, sinking of brine or regeneration of DFe in the lower layers. A significant correlation (R2 = 0.60) between salinity and DFe is observed. Using δ18O, salinity, nutrients and total alkalinity data, the main source for the high (>2 nM) DFe concentrations in the Amundsen and Makarov Basins is identified as (Eurasian) river water, transported with the Transpolar Drift (TPD). On the North American side of the TPD, the DFe concentrations are low (<0.8 nM) and variations are determined by the effects of sea-ice meltwater, biological depletion and remineralization and scavenging in halocline waters from the shelf. This distribution pattern of DFe is also supported by the ratio between unfiltered and dissolved Fe (high (>4) above the shelf and low (<4) off the shelf).
Observations along the southwestern Atlantic WOCE A17 line made during the Dutch GEOTRACES-NL pro... more Observations along the southwestern Atlantic WOCE A17 line made during the Dutch GEOTRACES-NL programme (2010 were compared with historical data from 1994 to quantify the changes in the anthropogenic component of the total pool of dissolved inorganic carbon ( C ant ). Application of the extended multilinear regression (eMLR) method shows that the C ant from 1994 to 2011 has largely remained confined to the upper 1000 dbar. The greatest changes occur in the upper 200 dbar in the Subantarctic Zone (SAZ), where a maximum increase of 37 µmol kg −1 is found. South Atlantic Central Water (SACW) experienced the highest rate of increase in C ant , at 0.99 ± 0.14 µmol kg −1 yr −1 , resulting in a maximum rate of decrease in pH of 0.0016 yr −1 . The highest rates of acidification relative to C ant , however, were found in Subantarctic Mode Water (SAMW) and Antarctic Intermediate Water (AAIW). The low buffering capacity of SAMW and AAIW combined with their relatively high rates of C ant increase of 0.53 ± 0.11 and 0.36 ± 0.06 µmol kg −1 yr −1 , respectively, has lead to rapid acidification in the SAZ, and will continue to do so whilst simultaneously reducing the chemical buffering capacity of this significant CO 2 sink.
Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 2014
Concentrations of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), total alkalinity (TA), nutrients, and oxygen ... more Concentrations of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), total alkalinity (TA), nutrients, and oxygen in subsurface waters of the central Arctic Ocean have been investigated for conceivable time trends over the last two decades. Data from six cruises that cover the Nansen, Amundsen, and Makarov Basins were included in this analysis. In waters deeper than 2000 m, no statistically significant trend could be observed for DIC, TA, phosphate, or nitrate, but a small rate of increase in apparent oxygen utilization (AOU) was noticeable. For the individual stations, differences in concentration of each property were computed between the mean concentrations in the Arctic Atlantic Water (AAW) or the upper Polar Deep Water (uPDW), i.e., between about 150 and 1400 m depth, and in the deep water (assumed invariable over time). In these shallower water layers, we observe significant above-zero time trends for DIC, in the range of 0.6-0.9 lmol kg 21 yr 21 (for AAW) and 0.4-0.6 mmol kg 21 yr 21 (for uPDW). No time trend in nutrients could be observed, indicating no change in the rate of organic matter mineralization within this depth range. Consequently, the buildup of DIC is attributed to increasing concentrations of anthropogenic carbon in the waters flowing into these depth layers of the Arctic Ocean. The resulting rate of increase of the column inventory of anthropogenic CO 2 is estimated to be between 0.6 and 0.9 mol C m 22 yr 21 , with distinct differences between basins.
ABSTRACT We use a 27 year long time series of repeated transient tracer observations to investiga... more ABSTRACT We use a 27 year long time series of repeated transient tracer observations to investigate the evolution of the ventilation time scales and the related content of anthropogenic carbon (Cant) in deep and bottom water in the Weddell Sea. This time series consists of chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) observations from 1984 to 2008 together with first combined CFC and sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) measurements from 2010/2011 along the Prime Meridian in the Antarctic Ocean and across the Weddell Sea. Applying the Transit Time Distribution (TTD) method we find that all deep water masses in the Weddell Sea have been continually growing older and getting less ventilated during the last 27 years. The decline of the ventilation rate of Weddell Sea Bottom Water (WSBW) and Weddell Sea Deep Water (WSDW) along the Prime Meridian is in the order of 15–21%; the Warm Deep Water (WDW) ventilation rate declined much faster by 33%. About 88–94% of the age increase in WSBW near its source regions (1.8–2.4 years per year) is explained by the age increase of WDW (4.5 years per year). As a consequence of the aging, the Cant increase in the deep and bottom water formed in the Weddell Sea slowed down by 14–21% over the period of observations.
Biogeosciences, 2010
Recent observations and modelling studies suggest that biogeochemical changes can mask atmospheri... more Recent observations and modelling studies suggest that biogeochemical changes can mask atmospheric CO 2 -induced pH decreases. Data collected by the Dutch monitoring authorities in different coastal systems (North Sea, Wadden Sea, Ems-Dollard, Eastern Scheldt and Scheldt estuary) since 1975 provide an excellent opportunity to test whether this is the case in the Dutch coastal zone. The time-series were analysed using Multi-Resolution Analysis (MRA) which resulted in the identification of systemdependent patterns on both seasonal and intra-annual time scales. The observed rates of pH change greatly exceed those expected from enhanced CO 2 uptake, thus suggesting that other biogeochemical processes, possibly related to changes in nutrient loading, can play a dominant role in ocean acidification.
Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 2007
1] New observations from the North Sea, a NW European shelf sea, show that between 2001 and 2005 ... more 1] New observations from the North Sea, a NW European shelf sea, show that between 2001 and 2005 the CO 2 partial pressure (pCO 2 ) in surface waters rose by 22 matm, thus faster than atmospheric pCO 2 , which in the same period rose approximately 11 matm. The surprisingly rapid decline in air-sea partial pressure difference (DpCO 2 ) is primarily a response to an elevated water column inventory of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), which, in turn, reflects mostly anthropogenic CO 2 input rather than natural interannual variability. The resulting decline in the buffering capacity of the inorganic carbonate system (increasing Revelle factor) sets up a theoretically predicted feedback loop whereby the invasion of anthropogenic CO 2 reduces the ocean's ability to uptake additional CO 2 . Model simulations for the North Atlantic Ocean and thermodynamic principles reveal that this feedback should be stronger, at present, in colder midlatitude and subpolar waters because of the lower present-day buffer capacity and elevated DIC levels driven either by northward advected surface water and/or excess local air-sea CO 2 uptake. This buffer capacity feedback mechanism helps to explain at least part of the observed trend of decreasing air-sea DpCO 2 over time as reported in several other recent North Atlantic studies.
Earth System Science Data, 2010
Data on carbon and carbon-relevant hydrographic and hydrochemical parameters from 188 previously ... more Data on carbon and carbon-relevant hydrographic and hydrochemical parameters from 188 previously non-publicly available cruise data sets in the Artic Mediterranean Seas (AMS), Atlantic Ocean and Southern Ocean have been retrieved and merged to a new database: CARINA (CARbon IN the Atlantic Ocean).
Accurate assessment of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) emissions and their redistribution am... more Accurate assessment of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) emissions and their redistribution among the atmosphere, ocean, and terrestrial biosphere is important to better understand the global carbon cycle, support the development of climate policies, and project future climate change. Here we describe data sets and a methodology to quantify all major components of the global carbon budget, including their uncertainties, based on the combination of a range of data, algorithms, statistics and model estimates and their interpretation by a broad scientific community. We discuss changes compared to previous estimates, consistency within and among components, alongside methodology and data limitations. CO 2 emissions from fossil-fuel combustion and cement production (E FF ) are based on energy statistics, while emissions from land-use change (E LUC ), mainly deforestation, are based on combined evidence from land-cover change data, fire activity associated with deforestation, and models. The global atmospheric CO 2 concentration is measured directly and its rate of growth (G ATM ) is computed from the annual changes in concentration. The mean ocean CO 2 sink (S OCEAN ) is based on observations from the 1990s, while the annual anomalies and trends are estimated with ocean models. The variability in S OCEAN is evaluated for the first time in this budget with data products based on surveys of ocean CO 2 measurements. The global residual terrestrial CO 2 sink (S LAND ) is estimated by the difference of the other terms of the global carbon budget and compared to results of independent dynamic global vegetation models forced by observed climate, CO 2 and land cover change (some including nitrogen-carbon interactions). All uncertainties are reported as ±1σ , reflecting the current capacity to characterise the annual estimates of each component of the global carbon budget. For the last decade available (2003)(2004)(2005)(2006)(2007)(2008)(2009)(2010)(2011)(2012), E FF was 8.6 ± 0.4 GtC yr −1 , E LUC 0.9 ± 0.5 GtC yr −1 , G ATM 4.3 ± 0.1 GtC yr −1 , S OCEAN 2.5 ± 0.5 GtC yr −1 , and S LAND 2.8 ± 0.8 GtC yr −1 . For year 2012 alone, E FF grew to 9.7 ± 0.5 GtC yr −1 , 2.2 % above 2011, reflecting a continued growing trend in these emissions, G ATM was 5.1 ± 0.2 GtC yr −1 , S OCEAN was 2.9 ± 0.5 GtC yr −1 , and assuming an E LUC of 1.0 ± 0.5 GtC yr −1 (based on the 2001-2010 average), S LAND was 2.7 ± 0.9 GtC yr −1 . G ATM was high in 2012 compared to the 2003-2012 average, almost entirely reflecting the high E FF . The global atmospheric CO 2 concentration reached 392.52 ± 0.10 ppm averaged over 2012. We estimate that E FF will increase by 2.1 % (1.1-3.1 %) to 9.9 ± 0.5 GtC in 2013, 61 % above emissions in 1990, based on projections of world gross domestic product and recent changes in the carbon intensity of the economy. With this projection, cumulative emissions of
Earth System Science Data, 2010
Water column data of carbon and carbon-relevant hydrographic and hydrochemical parameters from 18... more Water column data of carbon and carbon-relevant hydrographic and hydrochemical parameters from 188 cruises in the Arctic Mediterranean Seas, Atlantic and Southern Ocean have been retrieved and merged in a new data base: the CARINA (CARbon IN the Atlantic) Project. These data have gone through rigorous quality control (QC) procedures so as to improve the quality and consistency of the data as much as possible. Secondary quality control, which involved objective study of data in order to quantify systematic differences in the reported values, was performed for the pertinent parameters in the CARINA data base. Systematic biases in the data have been tentatively corrected in the data products. The products are three merged data files with measured, adjusted and interpolated data of all cruises for each of the three CARINA regions (Arctic Mediterranean Seas, Atlantic and Southern Ocean). Ninety-eight cruises were conducted in the "Atlantic" defined as the region south of the Greenland-Iceland-Scotland Ridge and north of about 30 • S. Here we report the details of the secondary QC which was done on the total dissolved inorganic carbon (TCO 2 ) data and the adjustments that were applied to yield the final data product in the Atlantic. Procedures of quality control -including crossover analysis between stations and inversion analysis of all crossover data -are briefly described. Adjustments were applied to TCO 2 measurements for 17 of the cruises in the Atlantic Ocean region. With these adjustments, the CARINA data base is consistent both internally as well as with GLODAP data, an oceanographic data set based on the WOCE Hydrographic Program in the 1990s, and is now suitable for accurate assessments of, for example, regional oceanic carbon inventories, uptake rates and model validation.