Stephanie Outcalt | National Institute of Standards and Technology (original) (raw)

Papers by Stephanie Outcalt

Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data, 2022

Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data, 2021

High fuel costs, the need to secure supply chains, and environmental concerns, have all led to an... more High fuel costs, the need to secure supply chains, and environmental concerns, have all led to an increasing interest in nonpetroleum sources such as natural gas, coal, and biomass, as potential alternatives to petroleum based aviation fuel feedstocks. Synthetic isoparaffinic kerosenes (S-IPK) are one such alternative. In this paper, we present density, speed of sound, and viscosity measurements for two S-IPK fuels. Measurements of density and speed of sound were carried out at ambient pressure (83 kPa) from 278 K to 343 K. A second instrument was also used to measure density of the compressed liquids from 270 K to 470 K with pressures up to 50 MPa. Viscosity measurements were carried out at ambient pressure from 263 K to 373 K. Data for all three properties are compared to data taken previously for another synthetic aviation fuel, S-8, and for two petroleum based Jet A fuels.

High temperatures - high pressures, 2016

Compressed-liquid densities of three compositions of the binary mixture dimethyl ether (CAS No. 1... more Compressed-liquid densities of three compositions of the binary mixture dimethyl ether (CAS No. 115-10-6) + pentane (CAS No. 109-66-0) have been measured with a vibrating U-tube densimeter. Measurements were made at temperatures from 270 K to 390 K with pressures from 1.0 MPa to 50 MPa. The overall combined uncertainty (k=2) of the density data is 0.81 kg·m-3. Data presented here have been used to improve a previously formulated Helmholtz energy based mixture model. The newly derived parameters are given.

This project addresses the objectives of the Statement of Need number WPSON-17-20 "No/Low Global ... more This project addresses the objectives of the Statement of Need number WPSON-17-20 "No/Low Global Warming Potential Alternatives to Ozone Depleting Refrigerants." Its goal is to identify and demonstrate performance of low global-warming-potential (GWP), nonflammable refrigerants to replace HFC-134a in military environmental control units (ECUs). This project is a follow-on to the limited-scope project WP-2740, which used thermodynamic cycle simulation models alone to screen over 100 000 refrigerant blends and identified over 20 candidate HFC-134a replacements. In this study we narrow the pool of blend candidates down to three 'best' fluids, verify experimentally their flammability behavior, demonstrate their performance through tests in a military ECU in environmental chambers over a wide range of operating conditions, and extrapolate the laboratory-measured performance to ECUs equipped with optimized heat exchangers through first-principles-based simulations combined with machine-learning optimization methods. This Interim Report documents the work leading to the selection of three 'best' blends. This work included refrigerant blend tests in a laboratory mini-breadboard heat pump apparatus, fundamental measurements and modeling of thermophysical properties, two-phase heattransfer performance, and flammability behavior.

This report summarizes the results of work performed for the Naval Air Warfare Center Aircraft Di... more This report summarizes the results of work performed for the Naval Air Warfare Center Aircraft Division by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Applied Chemicals and Materials Division on the properties of polyol ester lubricants under interagency agreement number N0042115IP00008. The work includes purity analysis and assessment, decomposition studies, experimental measurements on density, isobaric heat capacity, speed of sound, vapor pressure, viscosity, thermal conductivity, and distillation curve measurements. Models were developed for the thermodynamic properties, viscosity, and thermal conductivity that represent these properties to nearly within their experimental uncertainty for three pure polyol ester base fluids (pentaerythritol tetrapentanoate (POE5), pentaerythritol tetraheptanoate (POE7), pentaerythritol tetranonanoate (POE9), and a fully qualified lubricant meeting military specification MIL-PRF-23699.

Journal of Research of the National Institute of Standards and Technology, 2018

Data on the calibration fluids water and toluene individually, and the combination of those two s... more Data on the calibration fluids water and toluene individually, and the combination of those two sets of data, were correlated with two different equations (resulting in six sets of calibration equation parameters) to analyze data measured with a vibrating-tube densimeter on the lubricants pentaerythritol tetrapentanoate (POE5), pentaerythritol tetraheptanoate (POE7), and pentaerythritol tetranonanoate (POE9) at temperatures from 270 K to 470 K and pressures from 0.5 MPa to 50 MPa. The objective was to explore how the calculated densities of the lubricants would differ based on the calibration equations and calibration fluid(s). The viscosities of the measured lubricants are much greater than those of the calibration fluids, and because there has long been a question of how measurements of higher viscosity fluids are affected when measured with a vibrating-tube densimeter, combinations of calibration fluid(s) and equations were tested to explore the role they play in obtaining accura...

Energy & Fuels, 2018

A vibrating-tube densimeter has been used to measure compressed-liquid densities of the fluids pe... more A vibrating-tube densimeter has been used to measure compressed-liquid densities of the fluids pentaerythritol tetrapentanoate (POE5), pentaerythritol tetraheptanoate (POE7), pentaerythritol tetranonanoate (POE9), and a fully qualified lubricant within a temperature range of 270 to 470 K at pressures within 0.5 to 50 MPa. The compressed-liquid densities of the lubricants studied cover a density range from 829 kg/m 3 to 1063 kg/m 3. The data have been extrapolated to atmospheric pressure and correlated with a Racket equation and the compressed-liquid density data have been correlated to Tait equations for comparison to existing literature data.

Journal of chemical and engineering data, Jan 14, 2016

To develop comprehensive models for multicomponent natural gas mixtures, it is necessary to have ... more To develop comprehensive models for multicomponent natural gas mixtures, it is necessary to have binary interaction parameters for each of the pairs of constituent fluids that form the mixture. The determination of accurate mixture interaction parameters depends on reliably collected experimental data. In this work, we have carried out an experimental campaign to measure the bubble-point pressures of mixtures of n-propane and n-decane, a mixture that has been thus far poorly studied with only four existing data sets. The experimental measurements of bubble-point states span a composition range (in n-propane mole fraction) from 0.269 to 0.852, and the bubble-point pressures are measured in the temperature range from 270 K to 370 K. These data, in conjunction with data from a previous publication on mixtures of n-butane + n-octane and n-butane + n-nonane, are used to determine binary interaction parameters. The newly-obtained binary interaction parameters for the mixture of n-propane ...

Journal of Research of the National Institute of Standards and Technology, 2004

An apparatus has been designed and constructed for the measurement of vapor-liquid equilibrium pr... more An apparatus has been designed and constructed for the measurement of vapor-liquid equilibrium properties. The main components of the apparatus consist of an equilibrium cell and a vapor circulation pump. The cell and all of the system valves are housed inside a temperature controlled, insulated aluminum block. The temperature range of the apparatus is 260 K to 380 K to pressures of 6 MPa. The uncertainty of the temperature measurement is 0.03 K, and the uncertainty in the pressure measurement is 9.8 × 10-4 MPa. An automated data acquisition system is used to measure temperature and pressure at equilibrium. The apparatus has been performance tested by measuring the vapor pressures of propane, butane, and a standard mixture of propane + butane.

This report describes measurement efforts performed on mixture(s) of aviation fuels: Jet-A + S-8.... more This report describes measurement efforts performed on mixture(s) of aviation fuels: Jet-A + S-8. The primary mixture is a 50/50 (vol/vol) combination of the two fuels. Measurements include chemical analysis, density, viscosity, speed of sound and vapor pressure (by a distillation curve measurement). This document compiles in one source the available measured data for the mixture.

Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data, 2015

Mixtures of small gaseous hydrocarbons with longer chain hydrocarbons are of interest to the natu... more Mixtures of small gaseous hydrocarbons with longer chain hydrocarbons are of interest to the natural gas industry as well as other industries in which separations are critical. In particular, binary mixtures of n-nonane are of interest, because n-nonane was recently incorporated into the GERG-2008 equation of state, but there is little experimental vapor–liquid equilibrium (VLE) data available to support the equation. The bubble-point pressures of four compositions of each of the binary mixtures n-butane + n-octane and n-butane + n-nonane were measured over the temperature range of 270 to 370 K. The data and the expanded uncertainty (at a 95 % confidence level, k = 2) of each point are reported. Additionally, the data are compared to existing literature data for the n-butane + n-octane and the GERG-2008 equation for both systems. This is the first report of vapor–liquid equilibrium measurements on n-butane + n-nonane binary mixtures.

Aqueous waste of various chemical compositions constitutes a significant fraction of the total wa... more Aqueous waste of various chemical compositions constitutes a significant fraction of the total waste produced by industry in the United States. A large quantity of the waste generated by the U.S. chemical process industry is waste water. In addition, the majority of the waste inventory at DoE sites previously used for nuclear weapons production is aqueous waste. Large quantities of additional aqueous waste are expected to be generated during the clean-up of those sites. In order to effectively treat, safely handle, and properly dispose of these wastes, accurate and comprehensive knowledge of basic thermophysical property information is paramount. This knowledge will lead to huge savings by aiding in the design and optimization of treatment and disposal processes. The main objectives of this project are:

The Journal of Chemical Thermodynamics, 1993

ABSTRACT The fugacity coefficients of hydrogen in (hydrogen + butane) were measured as function o... more ABSTRACT The fugacity coefficients of hydrogen in (hydrogen + butane) were measured as function of composition with a physical-equilibrium technique at (temperature, pressure) pairs of (433.15 K, 3.39 MPa), (473.15 K, 3.38 MPa), (473.15 K, 22.65 MPa), and (523.15 K, 3.42 MPA). The physical-equilibrium technique involved the use of an experimental chamber that was divided into two separate regions by a semipermeable membrane through which hydrogen, but not butane, could permeate. Measurement of the gas pressures on each side of the membrane, in addition to a measurement of the composition and the system temperature, allowed the calculation of the fugacity coefficient of hydrogen in the mixture. The qualitative features of the measurements are discussed, and comparisons are made with predictions obtained from the Redlich-Kwong and Peng-Robinson models.

Journal of Propulsion and Power, 2009

The density, speed of sound, and viscosity of two rocket propellants (RP-1 and RP-2) have been me... more The density, speed of sound, and viscosity of two rocket propellants (RP-1 and RP-2) have been measured. Densities were measured with two different instruments. Data at ambient atmospheric pressure were obtained with a rapid characterization instrument from 278.15 to 343.15 K that measured the speed of sound and density of the liquids in parallel. Adiabatic compressibilities derived from that data are included here. Densities of the compressed liquids were measured in an automated apparatus from 270 to 470 K and pressures to 40 MPa. Viscosities of the two liquids were measured in an open gravitational capillary viscometer at ambient atmospheric pressure from 293.15 to 373.15 K. The measurement results are consistent with compositional differences between the two samples. Correlations have been developed to represent the measured properties within the estimated uncertainties of the experimental data and to allow physically meaningful extrapolations beyond the range of the measurements.

Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data, 2011

Compressed-liquid densities of the fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) methyl linoleate and methyl o... more Compressed-liquid densities of the fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) methyl linoleate and methyl oleate have been measured with a vibrating-tube densimeter. The temperature and pressure ranges of the measured data are from (270 to 470) K and (0.5 to 50) MPa. The data at 10 MPa and below have been extrapolated to 0.083 MPa (the approximate ambient pressure in Boulder, CO) for comparison with existing literature data. A correlation is given that represents the temperature and pressure dependence of the reported experimental data within their estimated uncertainties.

Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data, 2012

Compressed-liquid densities and ambient-pressure densities and speeds of sound of four biomass-de... more Compressed-liquid densities and ambient-pressure densities and speeds of sound of four biomass-derived fuels have been measured. The compressed-liquid measurements were made from (270 to 470) K and (0.5 to 50) MPa. The ambientpressure measurements were made from (278 to 343) K. Compressed-liquid density data at 10 MPa and below were extrapolated to 0.083 MPa and, in combination with the ambient-pressure data, fitted to a Rackett equation, to allow comparison of the two sources of data. Additionally, the compressed-liquid density data have been correlated to a Tait equation, and parameters are given for each fuel.

International Journal of Thermophysics, 1995

Based on the conceptual design reports for the Future Circular Collider cryogenic system, the nee... more Based on the conceptual design reports for the Future Circular Collider cryogenic system, the need for more accurate thermodynamic property models of cryogenic mixtures of noble gases was identified. Both academic institutes and industries have identified the lack of a reliable equation of state for mixtures used at very low temperatures. Detailed cryogenic architecture modeling and design cannot be carried out without accurate fluid properties. Therefore, the helium-neon equation was the first goal of this work, and it was further extended to other fluids beneficial for scientific and industrial applications beyond the particle physics needs. The properties of the noble gas mixtures of helium-neon, neon-argon, and helium-argon are accurately modeled with the equations of state explicit in the Helmholtz energy.

International Journal of Thermophysics, 1990

The fugacity coefficients of hydrogen in binary mixtures with isobutane were measured using a phy... more The fugacity coefficients of hydrogen in binary mixtures with isobutane were measured using a physical equilibrium technique. This technique involves the use of an experimental chamber which is divided into two regions by a semipermeable membrane through which hydrogen, but not isobutane, can penetrate. Measurement of the gas pressures inside and outside the membrane allow a direct measurement of the hydrogen component fugacity at a given temperature, binary mixture mole fraction, and mixture pressure. In this paper, results are reported at 120, 140, 160, and 180~ In each case, the total pressure of the mixture was maintained at an average value of 3.40 MPa. The general qualitative features of the data are discussed, and comparisions are made with predictions obtained from the Redlich-Kwong and the Peng-Robinson equations of state.