Subhadip Sarkar | NIT Durgapur (original) (raw)

Papers by Subhadip Sarkar

Research paper thumbnail of Assessment of Competitive Position of a Firm Using a Multi-dimensional Herfindahl–Hirschman Index and Linear Additive Directional Distance Function

The Indian Economic Journal, Jun 1, 2019

Herfindahl-Hirschman has been one of the renowned techniques for the measurement of market concen... more Herfindahl-Hirschman has been one of the renowned techniques for the measurement of market concentration. This article proposes an assessment of concentration with the aid of a matrix termed as a multi-dimensional Herfindahl-Hirschman index for a set of outputs which are possibly categorised under line items. The extant research is aimed to achieve the sole objective of investigating and obtaining a direction vector for augmenting the market share of a firm in a specified manner to strengthen the competitive position. The first eigenvector computed from the normalised non-centred covariance matrix of output set is found to be carrying high degree of explanation of the market concentration. Directional distance additive model (DDAM) is applied to detect the peer firm while replacing the input-output vector of a firm with its vector of market share due to these inputs and outputs. The first eigenvector of the above stated covariance matrix is proved to be a legitimate direction vector which is inherited by the DDAM itself. Benefits of this model is illustrated finally with the aid of an example.

Research paper thumbnail of Evidence of Multi-Dimensional Herfindahl Hirschman Index from Linear Additive Directional Distance Function

Since its inception, application of Directional Distance Models has been found in abundance. Such... more Since its inception, application of Directional Distance Models has been found in abundance. Such concepts are invaluable for assessing performance of a firm in the midst of other rivals. Ample directions have been developed to satisfy a diverse set of criteria. The extant research is aimed to fulfil the sole objective of investigating and obtaining an inherent Direction Vector emerging from the Directional Distance Additive Model (DDAM). In this process, the existence of a Multi-Dimensional Herfindahl Hirschman Index (MHHI) is evidenced. The first Eigen-vector of MHHI is proved to be legitimate owing to its fulfilment of properties to symbolize a Directional Distance vector. This newly devised vector possesses the merit of corroborating the competitive position of a set of firms. In this regard, the output oriented form of DDAM is designed to foretell the volume of desirable outputs to be escalated in view of attaining a superior position in the selling market while implicating the same amount of resources. Principal Component Analysis plays a key role to identify the output-oriented directions from the non-central covariance matrix (MHHI) obtained from the output vectors.

Research paper thumbnail of Assessment of Cost Effectiveness of a Firm Using Multiple Cost Oriented Dea and Validation with MPSS Based Dea

International Journal of Data Envelopment Analysis, Feb 27, 2015

Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) is a nonparametric tool for discriminating the best performers fr... more Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) is a nonparametric tool for discriminating the best performers from a number of homogenous Decision Making Units (DMU). Cost oriented DEA models identify those best DMUs which run cost efficient process. This paper validates the outcome derived from the Ideal Frontier (mentioned in Sarkar. S (2014)) derived from non-central Principal Component Analysis and a slack based optimization model to identify the cost efficient DMUs. Instead of offering real cost of each resource, the proposed model minimizes the projection of inputs along the direction of first Eigenvector of specific covariance matrix from each allocated outputs. These essential directions vectors represent various "combined consumption (cost)" for the production of outputs. A Multi-Objective Fuzzy Goal Programming model is applied here to solve this multi-objective problem. Superiority is judged on the basis of higher value of a cost oriented performance ratio. A case study of six schools is incorporated here to identify the superior cost efficient school and also to visualize gaps in their performances.

Research paper thumbnail of Application of PCA and DEA to recognize the true expertise of a firm: a case with primary schools

Benchmarking: An International Journal, Apr 4, 2016

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to identify important dimensions which are essential to re... more Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to identify important dimensions which are essential to remain competitive. To generate scores which will be as effective as the original outputs to determine the radial efficiency scores etc. Design/methodology/approach – A non-central principal component analysis (PCA) were used to determine various dimensions for each output. The objective was set to identify those special schools which could minimize certain pre-prescribed scores. Findings – Few schools were trying to concentrate on the students from the rich society and spending less per student. There were other schools which targeted to minimize the social loss by providing education to the poorer section and were funding more for them. Research limitations/implications – Small group was considered. However, the number can be extended. Practical implications – The valuable findings of Hillman and Jenkner (2002), stated that – “Children are entitled to a free, quality basic education. Many children who do attend school receive an inadequate education because of poorly trained, underpaid teachers, overcrowded classrooms, and a lack of basic teaching tools such as textbooks, blackboards, and pens and paper […].” “In an ideal world, primary education would be universal and publicly financed, and all children would be able to attend school regardless of their parents’ ability or willingness to pay. The reason is simple: when any child fails to acquire the basic skills needed to function as a productive, responsible member of society, […] The cost of educating children is far outweighed by the cost of not educating them. Adults who lack basic skills have greater difficulty in finding well-paying jobs and escaping poverty […].” In order to understand which fact has been stressed more the proposed model is very useful. Social implications – It is capable of describing the current standpoint of a group of homogenous schools or firms. Quality and cost cutting principals can be isolated quite easily. Originality/value – Introduces concepts of non-central PCA. Provides alternative scores which are as important as the original output. Detects and analyze various important dimensions.

Research paper thumbnail of ABC classification using extended R-model, SVM and Lorenz curve

Research paper thumbnail of A modified multiplier model of BCC DEA to determine cost-based efficiency

Benchmarking: An International Journal, Aug 7, 2017

Purpose A cost-oriented data envelopment analysis (DEA) is a non-parametric tool for discriminati... more Purpose A cost-oriented data envelopment analysis (DEA) is a non-parametric tool for discriminating the best performers from a number of homogenous decision-making units (DMU) using allocative efficiency, technical efficiency and a cost-based efficiency score. Cost of each resource has been an important input in such cases. However, the purpose of this paper is to propose a method, which, in absence of it, helps to define the targeted output for all DMUs. Eigenvector derived from the first principal component of specific covariance matrix from each allocated outputs is used here for computing such targets. An orthogonal projection of resources to such radial directions is another indicator of a relative economic use of resources. Unlike regular cost-oriented DEA model, the current model proposes a multiplier model of BCC DEA. With the provision of the targeted output set for a DMU, the modified multiplier model measures the orientation of a DMU towards cost. A case study of six schools is incorporated here to identify the superior cost efficient school. Design/methodology/approach The problem referred here is concerned about six private pre-primary schools situated in a locality. The financial condition of the population is heterogeneous. The school management has the option to select the group of students according to the richness of the family. Thus, an average richness is taken into account here for each school to understand the motive of providing service to the targeted section of the society. Cost borne by each school per student per month is incorporated here to notice the intention of the school to offer education. The selection of input variables is inspired from the valuable findings of Hillman and Jenkner (2002). According to them in many developing countries, the governments lack either the financial resources or the political will to meet their citizens’ educational needs. Moreover, “Children are entitled to a free, quality basic education. Many children who do attend school receive an inadequate education because of poorly trained, underpaid teachers, overcrowded classrooms, and a lack of basic teaching tools such as textbooks, blackboards, and pens and paper […].” The inclusion of the first input is due to the measurement of willingness of a primary school to impart education. Commenting on the ill-effects, they mentioned “In an ideal world, primary education would be universal and publicly financed, and all children would be able to attend school regardless of their parents’ ability or willingness to pay. The reason is simple: when any child fails to acquire the basic skills needed to function as a productive, responsible member of society, […]. The cost of educating children is far outweighed by the cost of not educating them. Adults who lack basic skills have greater difficulty in finding well-paying jobs and escaping poverty […].” Thus, the second input plays a key role to measure the intention of a primary school to stand them in a good stead serve for the sake of ensuring social benefit. In this regard, two scores refer the outcome of the endeavor of whole system to create better students and to help society to progress. Findings The cost-oriented multiplier BCC DEA model is presented here to cite a proof of an existence of an ideal cost frontier originating from an MPSS-based DEA (referred in Sarkar, 2014a). The former model has mentioned that it is not necessary for a CCR efficient DMU to remain cost competent. However, the major drawback of that model was its inability to show the impact of return to scale. In the present model, this problem has been tackled nicely. School A, in this example, under the variable return to scale, can become a cost efficient school. However, the proposed model, in this paper, under constant return to scale, has accepted the ranking, which was proposed before. Research limitations/implications Only six schools, situated around Northwest Durgapur, were observed. Practical implications The prescribed model iterates how a smaller number of intermediate inputs can be used in DEA to identify benchmark. These variables, which emblem the control through lean approaches, can be representative of a large number of other actual inputs which have already been mentioned by many erstwhile researchers. Social implications The selection of input variables is inspired from the valuable findings of Hillman and Jenkner (2002). According to them in many developing countries, the governments’ lack either the financial resources or the political will to meet their citizens’ educational needs. Moreover, “Children are entitled to a free, quality basic education. Many children who do attend school receive an inadequate education because of poorly trained, underpaid teachers, overcrowded classrooms, and a lack of basic teaching tools such as textbooks, blackboards, and pens and paper […].” The inclusion of the first input is due to the measurement of willingness of a primary…

Research paper thumbnail of Prediction of A CRS Frontier Function and A Transformation Function for A CCR DEA Using EMBEDED PCA

Data Envelopment Analysis and Decision Science, 2013

Data Envelopment Analysis is a nonparametric tool for measuring the performance of a number of ho... more Data Envelopment Analysis is a nonparametric tool for measuring the performance of a number of homogenous Decision Making Units. In this paper, Principal Component Analysis is used as an alternative tool to estimate the frontier in a Data Envelopment Analysis under the assumption of Constant Return to Scale. Apart from this, in the context of a multiple inputs and single output, a transformation function, is developed here using the Most Productive Scale Size condition stated by Starrett. This function complies with all postulates of a frontier function and is very similar to the formula given by Aigner and Chu. Moreover, it is capable of defining the threshold value for any resource.

Research paper thumbnail of Detection of cost leaders in case of private primary school services

Benchmarking: An International Journal, Oct 2, 2017

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to provide an insight into distinguish cost leaders from the... more Purpose The purpose of this paper is to provide an insight into distinguish cost leaders from the architects of diversification (Porter, 1985) using a non-central principal component analysis (PCA)-based approach. The central theme of this paper is based on the assumption that the operational strategy of a competing firm can be understood by observing its resource consumption and technological practice vis-à-vis its rivals present in the market. Design/methodology/approach Depending on the previous surveys, two inputs (spending per student and percentage of non-poor income group) and two outputs (average scores attained by students in science group and in language group six private schools, located within the outskirt of Durgapur) were analyzed. Findings Out of six schools (A, B, C, D, E and F), A, E and F were found efficient; however, the proposed model identifies that out of them, only E and F remain cost efficient. The efficiency scores, due to cost, are very close to the outputs of other three accepted papers. Research limitations/implications The input and output vectors have to be non-negative. In case of a negative input (output) set, separate treatment must be applied on them before the application of non-central PCA. Any decision-making unit (DMU) producing an output of 0 will prohibit the use of the non-central PCA. Practical implications It can be applied to problems which may or may not be having the information regarding input price for detecting cost-efficient DMUs as in the case of the Banker’s model. Banker’s model remains inconclusive about the fact, whether a DMU is a mere cost leader or it is reigning in both fields. Present model does not have such limitations. Targets to remain cost efficient can be obtained for any competing DMU. Unlike the Banker’s model, the proposed one ascribes unequal weight to the cost of consumption to each resource. This weight vector is determined from the industrial practice. It remains unique in the sense that it relies on few intermediate input variables to measure the performance of a DMU. These variables are dependent on large number of other independent variables, which reflect the extent of its control on the resources to signify the strategic position of it. Moreover, the proposed model offers an ideal frontier of ultimate performers, which provides a very stringent benchmark based on constant return to scale for incorporating those renowned organizations, which operate in various places in West Bengal. However, it also offers lower limits of performance to the strongly efficient performers by using the goal-oriented data envelopment analysis for analyzing the problem on a local basis. The extended model, in addition, is worthy of carrying out SDEA operations. Social implications Under the present scenario, a new model is proposed here to concentrate on the variation present in the market due to specific consumption of resources. All inputs are assumed scarce and desirable for the production of each output (Liu et al., 2010). Thus, a good cost-cutting performance occurs because of an economic use of resources while fulfilling the standards. Unlike Taguchi et al. (1989) and Taguchi (1991), a linear societal loss function, which is solely adhered to the resource consumption, is added here instead of a formal cost function. Originality/value The central theme of this paper is as follows: determination of technical efficiency scores for the schools; determination of economic efficiency (with partial information about price); identification of cost leaders and differentiation architects; to prescribe the model of a cost leader so that education can be imparted to a full potential; and to prescribe a non-central PCA and a slack-based optimization model. Superiority in the domain of cost leadership is decided based on the closeness of any DMU from this frontier.

Research paper thumbnail of Identification of groups due to generic strategies among private primary schools using CFA

Asian journal of management science and applications, 2023

Research paper thumbnail of ABC Classification Using MCDA, DDF and TOPSIS Approach

International Journal of Operational Research, 2021

Research paper thumbnail of Performance measurement using linear additive directional distance function and PCA based directions

Computers & Industrial Engineering, Jun 1, 2021

Research paper thumbnail of Effect of Relocation and Rotation on Radial Efficiency Scores for a Partially Negative Data Problem

Negative data handling has gained a remarkable importance in the literature of Data Envelopment A... more Negative data handling has gained a remarkable importance in the literature of Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) to address many real life problems. Various erstwhile applications, in this arena, referred relocation of the origin to a superior (RDM) or to an inferior (Translated Input Oriented BCC) neighboring point. In this paper, the conditions for Rotation Invariance of various Data Envelopment Analysis models are discussed. Specifically, in presence of partially negative data, a rotation using the Cone Ratio model, beyond a threshold value of the oblique index does not alter the efficient frontier. So, a solution can be obtained without relocating the origin. In this context, two models, termed as Input Oriented BCC model with Relocated Origin (IOBCC-RO) and Input oriented BCC model with Rotated Axis (IOBCC-RA), are applied on a case of "the notional effluent processing system" (from Sharp et al (2006)) to observe their impact on the radial efficiency scores.

Research paper thumbnail of ABC classification using extended R-model, SVM and Lorenz curve

Research paper thumbnail of Identification of groups due to generic strategies among private primary schools using CFA

Asian J. of Management Science and Applications

Research paper thumbnail of Unlocking the secret to happiness at work: the power of inclusive leadership, organizational justice and workplace inclusion

Journal of Management Development

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of Inclusive Leadership (IL) and Or... more PurposeThe purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of Inclusive Leadership (IL) and Organizational Justice (OJ) on employees’ Happiness at Work (HAW). Utilizing a mediation mechanism, the study additionally uncovers the mediating impact of Workplace Inclusion (WI).Design/methodology/approachThe research involved a cross-sectional study with a quantitative methodology, collecting data from 311 employees working in IT sector firms in India by administering standardized questionnaires. Statistical analyses, including Partial Least Square Structural Equation Modelling using SmartPLS4.0, were conducted to examine the relationship between constructs.FindingsThe hypothesized mediation model was supported. WI mediated the relationship partially between OJ and HAW, whereas there is a full mediating effect of WI on the IL–HAW relationship. Overall, the study shows that by providing fair treatment, inclusive leaders promote inclusivity among employees, further enhancing HAW.Research...

Research paper thumbnail of Assessment of Competitive Position of a Firm Using a Multi-dimensional Herfindahl–Hirschman Index and Linear Additive Directional Distance Function

The Indian Economic Journal, 2019

Herfindahl–Hirschman has been one of the renowned techniques for the measurement of market concen... more Herfindahl–Hirschman has been one of the renowned techniques for the measurement of market concentration. This article proposes an assessment of concentration with the aid of a matrix termed as a multi-dimensional Herfindahl–Hirschman index for a set of outputs which are possibly categorised under line items. The extant research is aimed to achieve the sole objective of investigating and obtaining a direction vector for augmenting the market share of a firm in a specified manner to strengthen the competitive position. The first eigenvector computed from the normalised non-centred covariance matrix of output set is found to be carrying high degree of explanation of the market concentration. Directional distance additive model (DDAM) is applied to detect the peer firm while replacing the input–output vector of a firm with its vector of market share due to these inputs and outputs. The first eigenvector of the above stated covariance matrix is proved to be a legitimate direction vector...

Research paper thumbnail of Performance measurement using linear additive directional distance function and PCA based directions

Computers & Industrial Engineering, 2021

In this paper, the performance of a firm vis-à-vis its rivals is measured with a reoriented form ... more In this paper, the performance of a firm vis-à-vis its rivals is measured with a reoriented form of the Linear Directional Distance Function and setting the Directions obtained from the Principal Component Analysis of noncentral covariance matrices. Eigenvectors thus obtained will have a connection with the variance explained and Competitive Intensity. In this context, two types of covariance matrices are analysed within two alternative models prescribed here. The former one investigates the position of a firm in comparison to others and prescribes a path of effective utilization of resources to generate outputs using the extant technology by the firms. The second approach is centred on comparing the weighted sum of input-output vectors of all rivals with the concerned Decision-Making Unit. This matrix is akin to the Multi-Dimensional Herfindahl Hirschman Indices (input and output-based) to symbolise the market concentration when the current firm (as if) is assumed to be a new entrant. The paper finds the Second approach superior to the former one for two major reasons. Firstly, a typical non-central covariance matrix obtained from the former may fail to provide a legitimate direction vector. Secondly, even if one is found then also it may not be pointing towards the direction of the highest variation to clarify the large extent of competitive intensity. However, the later method overcomes all these issues.

Research paper thumbnail of ABC Classification Using MCDA, DDF and TOPSIS Approach

International Journal of Operational Research

Research paper thumbnail of Assessment of Cost Effectiveness of a Firm Using Multiple Cost Oriented DEA and Validation with MPSS based DEA

Assessment of Cost Effectiveness of a Firm Using Multiple Cost Oriented DEA and Validation with MPSS based DEA, 2015

Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) is a nonparametric tool for discriminating the best performers fr... more Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) is a nonparametric tool for discriminating the best performers from a number of homogenous Decision-Making Units (DMU). Cost oriented DEA models identify those best DMUs which run cost-efficient processes. This paper validates the outcome derived from the Ideal Frontier (mentioned in Sarkar. S (2014)) derived from non-central Principal Component Analysis and a slack based optimization model to identify the cost-efficient DMUs. Instead of offering the real cost of each resource, the proposed model minimizes the projection of inputs along the direction of the first Eigenvector of specific covariance matrix from each allocated output. These essential directions vectors represent various "combined consumption (cost)" for the production of outputs. A Multi-Objective Fuzzy Goal Programming model is applied here to solve this multi-objective problem. Superiority is judged on the basis of the higher value of a cost-oriented performance ratio. A case study of six schools is incorporated here to identify the superior cost-efficient school and also to visualize gaps in their performances.

Research paper thumbnail of Assessment of Competitive Position of a Firm Using a Multi-dimensional Herfindahl–Hirschman Index and Linear Additive Directional Distance Function

The Indian Economic Journal, 2019

Herfindahl–Hirschman has been one of the renowned techniques for the measurement of market concen... more Herfindahl–Hirschman has been one of the renowned techniques for the measurement of market concentration. This article proposes an assessment of concentration with the aid of a matrix termed as a multi-dimensional Herfindahl–Hirschman index for a set of outputs which are possibly categorised under line items. The extant research is aimed to achieve the sole objective of investigating and obtaining a direction vector for augmenting the market share of a firm in a specified manner to strengthen the competitive position. The first eigenvector computed from the normalised non-centred covariance matrix of output set is found to be carrying high degree of explanation of the market concentration. Directional distance additive model (DDAM) is applied to detect the peer firm while replacing the input–output vector of a firm with its vector of market share due to these inputs and outputs. The first eigenvector of the above stated covariance matrix is proved to be a legitimate direction vector...

Research paper thumbnail of Assessment of Competitive Position of a Firm Using a Multi-dimensional Herfindahl–Hirschman Index and Linear Additive Directional Distance Function

The Indian Economic Journal, Jun 1, 2019

Herfindahl-Hirschman has been one of the renowned techniques for the measurement of market concen... more Herfindahl-Hirschman has been one of the renowned techniques for the measurement of market concentration. This article proposes an assessment of concentration with the aid of a matrix termed as a multi-dimensional Herfindahl-Hirschman index for a set of outputs which are possibly categorised under line items. The extant research is aimed to achieve the sole objective of investigating and obtaining a direction vector for augmenting the market share of a firm in a specified manner to strengthen the competitive position. The first eigenvector computed from the normalised non-centred covariance matrix of output set is found to be carrying high degree of explanation of the market concentration. Directional distance additive model (DDAM) is applied to detect the peer firm while replacing the input-output vector of a firm with its vector of market share due to these inputs and outputs. The first eigenvector of the above stated covariance matrix is proved to be a legitimate direction vector which is inherited by the DDAM itself. Benefits of this model is illustrated finally with the aid of an example.

Research paper thumbnail of Evidence of Multi-Dimensional Herfindahl Hirschman Index from Linear Additive Directional Distance Function

Since its inception, application of Directional Distance Models has been found in abundance. Such... more Since its inception, application of Directional Distance Models has been found in abundance. Such concepts are invaluable for assessing performance of a firm in the midst of other rivals. Ample directions have been developed to satisfy a diverse set of criteria. The extant research is aimed to fulfil the sole objective of investigating and obtaining an inherent Direction Vector emerging from the Directional Distance Additive Model (DDAM). In this process, the existence of a Multi-Dimensional Herfindahl Hirschman Index (MHHI) is evidenced. The first Eigen-vector of MHHI is proved to be legitimate owing to its fulfilment of properties to symbolize a Directional Distance vector. This newly devised vector possesses the merit of corroborating the competitive position of a set of firms. In this regard, the output oriented form of DDAM is designed to foretell the volume of desirable outputs to be escalated in view of attaining a superior position in the selling market while implicating the same amount of resources. Principal Component Analysis plays a key role to identify the output-oriented directions from the non-central covariance matrix (MHHI) obtained from the output vectors.

Research paper thumbnail of Assessment of Cost Effectiveness of a Firm Using Multiple Cost Oriented Dea and Validation with MPSS Based Dea

International Journal of Data Envelopment Analysis, Feb 27, 2015

Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) is a nonparametric tool for discriminating the best performers fr... more Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) is a nonparametric tool for discriminating the best performers from a number of homogenous Decision Making Units (DMU). Cost oriented DEA models identify those best DMUs which run cost efficient process. This paper validates the outcome derived from the Ideal Frontier (mentioned in Sarkar. S (2014)) derived from non-central Principal Component Analysis and a slack based optimization model to identify the cost efficient DMUs. Instead of offering real cost of each resource, the proposed model minimizes the projection of inputs along the direction of first Eigenvector of specific covariance matrix from each allocated outputs. These essential directions vectors represent various "combined consumption (cost)" for the production of outputs. A Multi-Objective Fuzzy Goal Programming model is applied here to solve this multi-objective problem. Superiority is judged on the basis of higher value of a cost oriented performance ratio. A case study of six schools is incorporated here to identify the superior cost efficient school and also to visualize gaps in their performances.

Research paper thumbnail of Application of PCA and DEA to recognize the true expertise of a firm: a case with primary schools

Benchmarking: An International Journal, Apr 4, 2016

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to identify important dimensions which are essential to re... more Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to identify important dimensions which are essential to remain competitive. To generate scores which will be as effective as the original outputs to determine the radial efficiency scores etc. Design/methodology/approach – A non-central principal component analysis (PCA) were used to determine various dimensions for each output. The objective was set to identify those special schools which could minimize certain pre-prescribed scores. Findings – Few schools were trying to concentrate on the students from the rich society and spending less per student. There were other schools which targeted to minimize the social loss by providing education to the poorer section and were funding more for them. Research limitations/implications – Small group was considered. However, the number can be extended. Practical implications – The valuable findings of Hillman and Jenkner (2002), stated that – “Children are entitled to a free, quality basic education. Many children who do attend school receive an inadequate education because of poorly trained, underpaid teachers, overcrowded classrooms, and a lack of basic teaching tools such as textbooks, blackboards, and pens and paper […].” “In an ideal world, primary education would be universal and publicly financed, and all children would be able to attend school regardless of their parents’ ability or willingness to pay. The reason is simple: when any child fails to acquire the basic skills needed to function as a productive, responsible member of society, […] The cost of educating children is far outweighed by the cost of not educating them. Adults who lack basic skills have greater difficulty in finding well-paying jobs and escaping poverty […].” In order to understand which fact has been stressed more the proposed model is very useful. Social implications – It is capable of describing the current standpoint of a group of homogenous schools or firms. Quality and cost cutting principals can be isolated quite easily. Originality/value – Introduces concepts of non-central PCA. Provides alternative scores which are as important as the original output. Detects and analyze various important dimensions.

Research paper thumbnail of ABC classification using extended R-model, SVM and Lorenz curve

Research paper thumbnail of A modified multiplier model of BCC DEA to determine cost-based efficiency

Benchmarking: An International Journal, Aug 7, 2017

Purpose A cost-oriented data envelopment analysis (DEA) is a non-parametric tool for discriminati... more Purpose A cost-oriented data envelopment analysis (DEA) is a non-parametric tool for discriminating the best performers from a number of homogenous decision-making units (DMU) using allocative efficiency, technical efficiency and a cost-based efficiency score. Cost of each resource has been an important input in such cases. However, the purpose of this paper is to propose a method, which, in absence of it, helps to define the targeted output for all DMUs. Eigenvector derived from the first principal component of specific covariance matrix from each allocated outputs is used here for computing such targets. An orthogonal projection of resources to such radial directions is another indicator of a relative economic use of resources. Unlike regular cost-oriented DEA model, the current model proposes a multiplier model of BCC DEA. With the provision of the targeted output set for a DMU, the modified multiplier model measures the orientation of a DMU towards cost. A case study of six schools is incorporated here to identify the superior cost efficient school. Design/methodology/approach The problem referred here is concerned about six private pre-primary schools situated in a locality. The financial condition of the population is heterogeneous. The school management has the option to select the group of students according to the richness of the family. Thus, an average richness is taken into account here for each school to understand the motive of providing service to the targeted section of the society. Cost borne by each school per student per month is incorporated here to notice the intention of the school to offer education. The selection of input variables is inspired from the valuable findings of Hillman and Jenkner (2002). According to them in many developing countries, the governments lack either the financial resources or the political will to meet their citizens’ educational needs. Moreover, “Children are entitled to a free, quality basic education. Many children who do attend school receive an inadequate education because of poorly trained, underpaid teachers, overcrowded classrooms, and a lack of basic teaching tools such as textbooks, blackboards, and pens and paper […].” The inclusion of the first input is due to the measurement of willingness of a primary school to impart education. Commenting on the ill-effects, they mentioned “In an ideal world, primary education would be universal and publicly financed, and all children would be able to attend school regardless of their parents’ ability or willingness to pay. The reason is simple: when any child fails to acquire the basic skills needed to function as a productive, responsible member of society, […]. The cost of educating children is far outweighed by the cost of not educating them. Adults who lack basic skills have greater difficulty in finding well-paying jobs and escaping poverty […].” Thus, the second input plays a key role to measure the intention of a primary school to stand them in a good stead serve for the sake of ensuring social benefit. In this regard, two scores refer the outcome of the endeavor of whole system to create better students and to help society to progress. Findings The cost-oriented multiplier BCC DEA model is presented here to cite a proof of an existence of an ideal cost frontier originating from an MPSS-based DEA (referred in Sarkar, 2014a). The former model has mentioned that it is not necessary for a CCR efficient DMU to remain cost competent. However, the major drawback of that model was its inability to show the impact of return to scale. In the present model, this problem has been tackled nicely. School A, in this example, under the variable return to scale, can become a cost efficient school. However, the proposed model, in this paper, under constant return to scale, has accepted the ranking, which was proposed before. Research limitations/implications Only six schools, situated around Northwest Durgapur, were observed. Practical implications The prescribed model iterates how a smaller number of intermediate inputs can be used in DEA to identify benchmark. These variables, which emblem the control through lean approaches, can be representative of a large number of other actual inputs which have already been mentioned by many erstwhile researchers. Social implications The selection of input variables is inspired from the valuable findings of Hillman and Jenkner (2002). According to them in many developing countries, the governments’ lack either the financial resources or the political will to meet their citizens’ educational needs. Moreover, “Children are entitled to a free, quality basic education. Many children who do attend school receive an inadequate education because of poorly trained, underpaid teachers, overcrowded classrooms, and a lack of basic teaching tools such as textbooks, blackboards, and pens and paper […].” The inclusion of the first input is due to the measurement of willingness of a primary…

Research paper thumbnail of Prediction of A CRS Frontier Function and A Transformation Function for A CCR DEA Using EMBEDED PCA

Data Envelopment Analysis and Decision Science, 2013

Data Envelopment Analysis is a nonparametric tool for measuring the performance of a number of ho... more Data Envelopment Analysis is a nonparametric tool for measuring the performance of a number of homogenous Decision Making Units. In this paper, Principal Component Analysis is used as an alternative tool to estimate the frontier in a Data Envelopment Analysis under the assumption of Constant Return to Scale. Apart from this, in the context of a multiple inputs and single output, a transformation function, is developed here using the Most Productive Scale Size condition stated by Starrett. This function complies with all postulates of a frontier function and is very similar to the formula given by Aigner and Chu. Moreover, it is capable of defining the threshold value for any resource.

Research paper thumbnail of Detection of cost leaders in case of private primary school services

Benchmarking: An International Journal, Oct 2, 2017

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to provide an insight into distinguish cost leaders from the... more Purpose The purpose of this paper is to provide an insight into distinguish cost leaders from the architects of diversification (Porter, 1985) using a non-central principal component analysis (PCA)-based approach. The central theme of this paper is based on the assumption that the operational strategy of a competing firm can be understood by observing its resource consumption and technological practice vis-à-vis its rivals present in the market. Design/methodology/approach Depending on the previous surveys, two inputs (spending per student and percentage of non-poor income group) and two outputs (average scores attained by students in science group and in language group six private schools, located within the outskirt of Durgapur) were analyzed. Findings Out of six schools (A, B, C, D, E and F), A, E and F were found efficient; however, the proposed model identifies that out of them, only E and F remain cost efficient. The efficiency scores, due to cost, are very close to the outputs of other three accepted papers. Research limitations/implications The input and output vectors have to be non-negative. In case of a negative input (output) set, separate treatment must be applied on them before the application of non-central PCA. Any decision-making unit (DMU) producing an output of 0 will prohibit the use of the non-central PCA. Practical implications It can be applied to problems which may or may not be having the information regarding input price for detecting cost-efficient DMUs as in the case of the Banker’s model. Banker’s model remains inconclusive about the fact, whether a DMU is a mere cost leader or it is reigning in both fields. Present model does not have such limitations. Targets to remain cost efficient can be obtained for any competing DMU. Unlike the Banker’s model, the proposed one ascribes unequal weight to the cost of consumption to each resource. This weight vector is determined from the industrial practice. It remains unique in the sense that it relies on few intermediate input variables to measure the performance of a DMU. These variables are dependent on large number of other independent variables, which reflect the extent of its control on the resources to signify the strategic position of it. Moreover, the proposed model offers an ideal frontier of ultimate performers, which provides a very stringent benchmark based on constant return to scale for incorporating those renowned organizations, which operate in various places in West Bengal. However, it also offers lower limits of performance to the strongly efficient performers by using the goal-oriented data envelopment analysis for analyzing the problem on a local basis. The extended model, in addition, is worthy of carrying out SDEA operations. Social implications Under the present scenario, a new model is proposed here to concentrate on the variation present in the market due to specific consumption of resources. All inputs are assumed scarce and desirable for the production of each output (Liu et al., 2010). Thus, a good cost-cutting performance occurs because of an economic use of resources while fulfilling the standards. Unlike Taguchi et al. (1989) and Taguchi (1991), a linear societal loss function, which is solely adhered to the resource consumption, is added here instead of a formal cost function. Originality/value The central theme of this paper is as follows: determination of technical efficiency scores for the schools; determination of economic efficiency (with partial information about price); identification of cost leaders and differentiation architects; to prescribe the model of a cost leader so that education can be imparted to a full potential; and to prescribe a non-central PCA and a slack-based optimization model. Superiority in the domain of cost leadership is decided based on the closeness of any DMU from this frontier.

Research paper thumbnail of Identification of groups due to generic strategies among private primary schools using CFA

Asian journal of management science and applications, 2023

Research paper thumbnail of ABC Classification Using MCDA, DDF and TOPSIS Approach

International Journal of Operational Research, 2021

Research paper thumbnail of Performance measurement using linear additive directional distance function and PCA based directions

Computers & Industrial Engineering, Jun 1, 2021

Research paper thumbnail of Effect of Relocation and Rotation on Radial Efficiency Scores for a Partially Negative Data Problem

Negative data handling has gained a remarkable importance in the literature of Data Envelopment A... more Negative data handling has gained a remarkable importance in the literature of Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) to address many real life problems. Various erstwhile applications, in this arena, referred relocation of the origin to a superior (RDM) or to an inferior (Translated Input Oriented BCC) neighboring point. In this paper, the conditions for Rotation Invariance of various Data Envelopment Analysis models are discussed. Specifically, in presence of partially negative data, a rotation using the Cone Ratio model, beyond a threshold value of the oblique index does not alter the efficient frontier. So, a solution can be obtained without relocating the origin. In this context, two models, termed as Input Oriented BCC model with Relocated Origin (IOBCC-RO) and Input oriented BCC model with Rotated Axis (IOBCC-RA), are applied on a case of "the notional effluent processing system" (from Sharp et al (2006)) to observe their impact on the radial efficiency scores.

Research paper thumbnail of ABC classification using extended R-model, SVM and Lorenz curve

Research paper thumbnail of Identification of groups due to generic strategies among private primary schools using CFA

Asian J. of Management Science and Applications

Research paper thumbnail of Unlocking the secret to happiness at work: the power of inclusive leadership, organizational justice and workplace inclusion

Journal of Management Development

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of Inclusive Leadership (IL) and Or... more PurposeThe purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of Inclusive Leadership (IL) and Organizational Justice (OJ) on employees’ Happiness at Work (HAW). Utilizing a mediation mechanism, the study additionally uncovers the mediating impact of Workplace Inclusion (WI).Design/methodology/approachThe research involved a cross-sectional study with a quantitative methodology, collecting data from 311 employees working in IT sector firms in India by administering standardized questionnaires. Statistical analyses, including Partial Least Square Structural Equation Modelling using SmartPLS4.0, were conducted to examine the relationship between constructs.FindingsThe hypothesized mediation model was supported. WI mediated the relationship partially between OJ and HAW, whereas there is a full mediating effect of WI on the IL–HAW relationship. Overall, the study shows that by providing fair treatment, inclusive leaders promote inclusivity among employees, further enhancing HAW.Research...

Research paper thumbnail of Assessment of Competitive Position of a Firm Using a Multi-dimensional Herfindahl–Hirschman Index and Linear Additive Directional Distance Function

The Indian Economic Journal, 2019

Herfindahl–Hirschman has been one of the renowned techniques for the measurement of market concen... more Herfindahl–Hirschman has been one of the renowned techniques for the measurement of market concentration. This article proposes an assessment of concentration with the aid of a matrix termed as a multi-dimensional Herfindahl–Hirschman index for a set of outputs which are possibly categorised under line items. The extant research is aimed to achieve the sole objective of investigating and obtaining a direction vector for augmenting the market share of a firm in a specified manner to strengthen the competitive position. The first eigenvector computed from the normalised non-centred covariance matrix of output set is found to be carrying high degree of explanation of the market concentration. Directional distance additive model (DDAM) is applied to detect the peer firm while replacing the input–output vector of a firm with its vector of market share due to these inputs and outputs. The first eigenvector of the above stated covariance matrix is proved to be a legitimate direction vector...

Research paper thumbnail of Performance measurement using linear additive directional distance function and PCA based directions

Computers & Industrial Engineering, 2021

In this paper, the performance of a firm vis-à-vis its rivals is measured with a reoriented form ... more In this paper, the performance of a firm vis-à-vis its rivals is measured with a reoriented form of the Linear Directional Distance Function and setting the Directions obtained from the Principal Component Analysis of noncentral covariance matrices. Eigenvectors thus obtained will have a connection with the variance explained and Competitive Intensity. In this context, two types of covariance matrices are analysed within two alternative models prescribed here. The former one investigates the position of a firm in comparison to others and prescribes a path of effective utilization of resources to generate outputs using the extant technology by the firms. The second approach is centred on comparing the weighted sum of input-output vectors of all rivals with the concerned Decision-Making Unit. This matrix is akin to the Multi-Dimensional Herfindahl Hirschman Indices (input and output-based) to symbolise the market concentration when the current firm (as if) is assumed to be a new entrant. The paper finds the Second approach superior to the former one for two major reasons. Firstly, a typical non-central covariance matrix obtained from the former may fail to provide a legitimate direction vector. Secondly, even if one is found then also it may not be pointing towards the direction of the highest variation to clarify the large extent of competitive intensity. However, the later method overcomes all these issues.

Research paper thumbnail of ABC Classification Using MCDA, DDF and TOPSIS Approach

International Journal of Operational Research

Research paper thumbnail of Assessment of Cost Effectiveness of a Firm Using Multiple Cost Oriented DEA and Validation with MPSS based DEA

Assessment of Cost Effectiveness of a Firm Using Multiple Cost Oriented DEA and Validation with MPSS based DEA, 2015

Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) is a nonparametric tool for discriminating the best performers fr... more Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) is a nonparametric tool for discriminating the best performers from a number of homogenous Decision-Making Units (DMU). Cost oriented DEA models identify those best DMUs which run cost-efficient processes. This paper validates the outcome derived from the Ideal Frontier (mentioned in Sarkar. S (2014)) derived from non-central Principal Component Analysis and a slack based optimization model to identify the cost-efficient DMUs. Instead of offering the real cost of each resource, the proposed model minimizes the projection of inputs along the direction of the first Eigenvector of specific covariance matrix from each allocated output. These essential directions vectors represent various "combined consumption (cost)" for the production of outputs. A Multi-Objective Fuzzy Goal Programming model is applied here to solve this multi-objective problem. Superiority is judged on the basis of the higher value of a cost-oriented performance ratio. A case study of six schools is incorporated here to identify the superior cost-efficient school and also to visualize gaps in their performances.

Research paper thumbnail of Assessment of Competitive Position of a Firm Using a Multi-dimensional Herfindahl–Hirschman Index and Linear Additive Directional Distance Function

The Indian Economic Journal, 2019

Herfindahl–Hirschman has been one of the renowned techniques for the measurement of market concen... more Herfindahl–Hirschman has been one of the renowned techniques for the measurement of market concentration. This article proposes an assessment of concentration with the aid of a matrix termed as a multi-dimensional Herfindahl–Hirschman index for a set of outputs which are possibly categorised under line items. The extant research is aimed to achieve the sole objective of investigating and obtaining a direction vector for augmenting the market share of a firm in a specified manner to strengthen the competitive position. The first eigenvector computed from the normalised non-centred covariance matrix of output set is found to be carrying high degree of explanation of the market concentration. Directional distance additive model (DDAM) is applied to detect the peer firm while replacing the input–output vector of a firm with its vector of market share due to these inputs and outputs. The first eigenvector of the above stated covariance matrix is proved to be a legitimate direction vector...