Sirsendu Sekhar Ray | National Institute of Technology Rourkela (original) (raw)

Papers by Sirsendu Sekhar Ray

Research paper thumbnail of Wastewater and Industrial Effluent Treatment by Using Nanotechnology

Nanomaterials and Environmental Biotechnology, 2020

Over a decade, water pollution has been our major area of concern that has affected agriculture a... more Over a decade, water pollution has been our major area of concern that has affected agriculture and health of the people and animals widely across the globe. Apart from the unstoppable and polluting effluents from the industries, several gallons of water are also wasted domestically every day in the form of plumbing fixtures, toilets, laundry, bath and miscellaneous activities. This problem has plagued the entire world’s environment socially and economically. However, the waste can be treated to overcome this emerging pain implementing various methods in which nanotechnology has played a promising role. The science which involves nanoparticles known for their large surface area, high reactivity, a high degree of functionalization, etc. can be efficiently used to remove the metal toxins and microbial, organic and inorganic contaminants from the polluted water. Different nano-processes can be employed to overcome this growing issue such as nano-adsorbent, nanocatalyst and nanomembranes and by the integration of biological processes. These nano-processes include the use of activated carbon, carbon nanotubes, zinc oxide, titanium oxide, electrocatalyst, photocatalyst and other physical and chemical materials and phenomenon for the elimination of contaminants from the water bodies. This book chapter describes various efficient techniques and materials for both small- and large-scale treatment of wastewater and industrial effluent.

Research paper thumbnail of Potential Use of Nucleic Acids as a Preceramic Polymer to Synthesize Nanodiamond-Embedded Phosphate Glass for Hard Tissue Engineering

ACS Applied Bio Materials

Research paper thumbnail of One pot synthesis of phosphate glass with in situ formed nanodiamonds from adenosine triphosphate for bone repair

Research paper thumbnail of Synthesis and characterization of polyvinyl alcohol/nanospherical cellulose particle films

Carbohydrate Polymers, 2010

A procedure for synthesizing cellulose nanospheres with size of 5.9 and 10.9nm for cotton linter ... more A procedure for synthesizing cellulose nanospheres with size of 5.9 and 10.9nm for cotton linter and linen, respectively, was developed. A series of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)/nano-cellulose films were cast. Mechanical, biodegradation and scanning electron micrograph (SEM) of nano-cellulose-filled PVA films were studied. With the addition of 20% nano-cellulose from linen there was an increase in the tensile strength and percentage

Research paper thumbnail of Therapeutic Potentials of Black Tea Medicaments

Tea; a product of Camellia Sinensis plant is the most broadly used beverage in the world. Tea phy... more Tea; a product of Camellia Sinensis plant is the most broadly used beverage in the world. Tea phytochemicals have been studied for the prevention of various chronic diseases, such as cancer, obesity, diabetes, jaundice, hypertension and inflammation related disorders. Whereas many studies have revealed the potential efficiency of tea for the prevention of these physiological disorders, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. In this work, we evaluated the evidence and discussed the significance of proposed mechanisms for the prevention of the diseases such as Alzheimer’s, obesity, diabetes mellitus type II, hypertension and asthma by tea. Molecular docking method was used to explore the ability of tea phytochemicals to inhibit the key enzymes. The three dimensional structure of target enzymes were either retrieved from protein data bank or modelled using swiss model. Autodock4.2 software was used for molecular docking that applies Lamarckian Genetic Algorithm. The ligand structure...

Research paper thumbnail of Effect of a humorous audio-visual stimulus on autonomic nervous system and heart of females

This study was an attempt to recognize the effect of a humorous audio-visual stimulus on the auto... more This study was an attempt to recognize the effect of a humorous audio-visual stimulus on the autonomic nervous system (ANS) and the heart physiology of females. Electrocardiogram (ECG) signals were acquired from eleven female volunteers under pre- and post-stimulus conditions. Heart rate variability (HRV) and time-domain ECG analyses were performed to non-invasively realize the effect of the humorous audio-visual stimulus on the ANS and heart physiology, respectively. HRV analysis suggested an increase in the parasympathetic activity during post-stimulus period. Time-domain analysis of ECG signals suggested a post-stimulus alteration in the electrical activity of the heart. Artificial neural network (ANN) classification resulted in an efficiency of ≥ 85% in both HRV and time-domain ECG analyses.

Research paper thumbnail of Modeling and simulation of bioinspired helical nano-antennas

2022 IEEE International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation and USNC-URSI Radio Science Meeting (AP-S/URSI)

Research paper thumbnail of Effect of a Romantic Song on the Autonomic Nervous System and the Heart of Indian Male Volunteers

Expert System Techniques in Biomedical Science Practice, 2018

In this chapter, the effect of an old generation romantic music (stimulus) on the autonomic nervo... more In this chapter, the effect of an old generation romantic music (stimulus) on the autonomic nervous system (ANS) activity and the cardiac electrophysiology of Indian male volunteers was investigated. Electrocardiogram (ECG) signals were acquired and the corresponding RR intervals (RRIs) were extracted. The recurrence analysis of the RRI time series suggested a more stable heart rate in the post-stimulus condition. Heart rate variability (HRV) analysis detected a dominant parasympathetic activity in the post-stimulus condition. The time-domain and the wavelet transform analyses of the ECG signals predicted an alteration in the electrical activity of the heart because of the exposure to the music stimulus. The classification of the HRV and the ECG parameters was performed using artificial neural network (ANN), which resulted in an accuracy of ≥80%.

Research paper thumbnail of Effect of Non-Ionic Hydrophilic and Hydrophobic Surfactants on the Properties on the Stearate Oleogels

Advances in Human Services and Public Health

Research paper thumbnail of Analysis of the ECG Signal to Understand the Effect of Regional State Anthem of Odisha in Young Reproductively Active Odia Females

2017 14th IEEE India Council International Conference (INDICON), 2017

This study portrays the effect of the regional state anthem of Odisha, used as an audio stimulus,... more This study portrays the effect of the regional state anthem of Odisha, used as an audio stimulus, on the autonomic nervous system (ANS) and cardiac conduction pathway in Odia females during the first stage of their menstrual cycle. Electrocardiogram (ECG) signal was acquired from eighteen female volunteers, prior to and after exposure to the state anthem (stimulus). In order to study the consequence of the stimulus on the ANS, heart rate variability (HRV) analysis was performed. The results suggested an increase in the parasympathetic activity and a corresponding reduction in the sympathetic activity. ECG signal processing was performed using well founded coherent methods like time-domain, Gabor denoised time-domain and joint time-frequency domain analysis to understand the effect of the stimulus on the cardiac electrophysiology. An alteration in the cardiac electrophysiology in the post-stimulus condition was observed. Artificial neural network (ANN) provided a classification effic...

Research paper thumbnail of Data mining based approach to study the effect of consumption of caffeinated coffee on the generation of the steady-state visual evoked potential signals

Computers in Biology and Medicine, 2019

Research paper thumbnail of Data mining based approach to study the effect of consumption of caffeinated coffee on the generation of the steady-state visual evoked potential signals

Computers in Biology and Medicine, 2019

Research paper thumbnail of Development of a wireless intravenous drip rate monitoring device

International Journal of Sensor Networks, 2019

Research paper thumbnail of Reinforcing effect of graphene oxide reinforcement on the properties of poly (vinyl alcohol) and carboxymethyl tamarind gum based phase-separated film

Journal of the mechanical behavior of biomedical materials, 2018

The current study deals with the preparation and the characterization of the PVA-CMT-GO films. Th... more The current study deals with the preparation and the characterization of the PVA-CMT-GO films. The PVA-CMT film was translucent in nature and smooth to touch. The addition of GO resulted in the formation of agglomerated structures. XRD studies suggested that the incorporation of GO increased the average crystallite size. The mechanical properties of the films as determined by stress relaxation studies suggested that all the films were viscoelastic in nature. The drug release study showed a decrease in the amount of the drug release with the increase in the GO content. The PVA-CMT-GO films (without drug) showed certain degree of antimicrobial activity owing to the inherent antimicrobial property of GO. The drug loaded films also showed good antimicrobial property. It was found that the prepared films altered the cell proliferation of the human skin keratinocytes in a composition-dependent manner.

Research paper thumbnail of Molecular docking and interactions of pueraria tuberosa with vascular endothelial growth factor receptors

Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2015

Research paper thumbnail of Reinforcing the inner phase of the filled hydrogels with CNTs alters drug release properties and human keratinocyte morphology: A study on the gelatin- tamarind gum filled hydrogels

Journal of the mechanical behavior of biomedical materials, Nov 24, 2017

The study reports the synthesis and characterization of gelatin-tamarind gum (TG) based filled hy... more The study reports the synthesis and characterization of gelatin-tamarind gum (TG) based filled hydrogels for drug delivery applications. In this study, three different types of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were incorporated within the dispersed TG phase of the filled hydrogels. The prepared hydrogels were thoroughly characterised using bright field microscope, FESEM, FTIR spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimeter, and mechanical tester. The swelling and the drug (salicylic acid) release properties of the filled hydrogels were also evaluated. The micrographs revealed the formation of biphasic systems. The internal phase appeared as agglomerates, and the CNTs were confined within the dispersed TG phase. FTIR and XRD studies revealed that CNTs promoted associative interactions among the components of the hydrogel, which promoted the formation of large crystallite size. The mechanical study indicated better resistance to the breakdown of the architecture of the CNT-containing filled hy...

Research paper thumbnail of Vegetable Oil–Based Formulations for Controlled Drug Delivery

Handbook of Encapsulation and Controlled Release, 2015

Research paper thumbnail of The Communication Infrastructures of Living Systems and the Universe: Analysis from the Perspective of Antenna Theory

It is still unknown how molecules coordinate their activity and operate at high speeds in the cro... more It is still unknown how molecules coordinate their activity and operate at high speeds in the crowded environment of a cell. The study focuses on the geometry of biomolecules, assuming B-DNA, α-helix, β-strand, water molecules, and chemical bonds, including hydrogen bonds, as various types of antennas. The analysis demonstrates that living systems have highly sophisticated wireless and wired communication infrastructures for regulating and coordinating molecular activities, revealing why water is essential for molecular dynamics and indicating how we evolved. The study also includes a few equations linking antenna fields with Einstein’s general relativity, Kepler’s law of planetary motion, and Newton’s law of gravitation, which divides the gravitational field into antenna field zones and clarifies many astronomical facts. The findings, furthermore, suggest that the gravitational field is the antenna field of astronomical objects; and that nature's antennas, such as molecules and...

Research paper thumbnail of Cryopreservation Strategy for Adipose Tissue and Adipose Tissue Derived Stem Cells by Developing Non-Toxic Freezing Solutions

The present research focuses on the development of a Me2SO and serum-free non-toxic freezing solu... more The present research focuses on the development of a Me2SO and serum-free non-toxic freezing solution from natural cryoprotective agents (CPAs) in a suitable carrier media for preserving adipose tissue and adipose tissue-derived stem cells (hADSCs) with long shelve-life. The efficiency of the various hydrocolloids and organic osmolytes as CPAs and individual PBS components such as NaCl, Na2HPO4, KCl and KH2PO4 were evaluated to select the potential CPAs and carrier media. Among these, trehalose and NaCl were found to be the most efficient extracellular CPAs and carrier media. The freezing solution comprising of 160mM NaCl/90mM trehalose achieved adipose tissue viability of 84%. The efficiency of the freezing solution (89% viability) was increased by the addition of curcumin as antioxidant. The cryopreservation efficiency was further improved by optimizing the control freezing parameters, which resulted in 93% cell viability. Thus, the formulated freezing solution comprising of 160mM...

Research paper thumbnail of The Communication Infrastructures of Living Systems and the Universe: Analysis from the Perspective of Antenna Theory

Research paper thumbnail of Wastewater and Industrial Effluent Treatment by Using Nanotechnology

Nanomaterials and Environmental Biotechnology, 2020

Over a decade, water pollution has been our major area of concern that has affected agriculture a... more Over a decade, water pollution has been our major area of concern that has affected agriculture and health of the people and animals widely across the globe. Apart from the unstoppable and polluting effluents from the industries, several gallons of water are also wasted domestically every day in the form of plumbing fixtures, toilets, laundry, bath and miscellaneous activities. This problem has plagued the entire world’s environment socially and economically. However, the waste can be treated to overcome this emerging pain implementing various methods in which nanotechnology has played a promising role. The science which involves nanoparticles known for their large surface area, high reactivity, a high degree of functionalization, etc. can be efficiently used to remove the metal toxins and microbial, organic and inorganic contaminants from the polluted water. Different nano-processes can be employed to overcome this growing issue such as nano-adsorbent, nanocatalyst and nanomembranes and by the integration of biological processes. These nano-processes include the use of activated carbon, carbon nanotubes, zinc oxide, titanium oxide, electrocatalyst, photocatalyst and other physical and chemical materials and phenomenon for the elimination of contaminants from the water bodies. This book chapter describes various efficient techniques and materials for both small- and large-scale treatment of wastewater and industrial effluent.

Research paper thumbnail of Potential Use of Nucleic Acids as a Preceramic Polymer to Synthesize Nanodiamond-Embedded Phosphate Glass for Hard Tissue Engineering

ACS Applied Bio Materials

Research paper thumbnail of One pot synthesis of phosphate glass with in situ formed nanodiamonds from adenosine triphosphate for bone repair

Research paper thumbnail of Synthesis and characterization of polyvinyl alcohol/nanospherical cellulose particle films

Carbohydrate Polymers, 2010

A procedure for synthesizing cellulose nanospheres with size of 5.9 and 10.9nm for cotton linter ... more A procedure for synthesizing cellulose nanospheres with size of 5.9 and 10.9nm for cotton linter and linen, respectively, was developed. A series of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)/nano-cellulose films were cast. Mechanical, biodegradation and scanning electron micrograph (SEM) of nano-cellulose-filled PVA films were studied. With the addition of 20% nano-cellulose from linen there was an increase in the tensile strength and percentage

Research paper thumbnail of Therapeutic Potentials of Black Tea Medicaments

Tea; a product of Camellia Sinensis plant is the most broadly used beverage in the world. Tea phy... more Tea; a product of Camellia Sinensis plant is the most broadly used beverage in the world. Tea phytochemicals have been studied for the prevention of various chronic diseases, such as cancer, obesity, diabetes, jaundice, hypertension and inflammation related disorders. Whereas many studies have revealed the potential efficiency of tea for the prevention of these physiological disorders, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. In this work, we evaluated the evidence and discussed the significance of proposed mechanisms for the prevention of the diseases such as Alzheimer’s, obesity, diabetes mellitus type II, hypertension and asthma by tea. Molecular docking method was used to explore the ability of tea phytochemicals to inhibit the key enzymes. The three dimensional structure of target enzymes were either retrieved from protein data bank or modelled using swiss model. Autodock4.2 software was used for molecular docking that applies Lamarckian Genetic Algorithm. The ligand structure...

Research paper thumbnail of Effect of a humorous audio-visual stimulus on autonomic nervous system and heart of females

This study was an attempt to recognize the effect of a humorous audio-visual stimulus on the auto... more This study was an attempt to recognize the effect of a humorous audio-visual stimulus on the autonomic nervous system (ANS) and the heart physiology of females. Electrocardiogram (ECG) signals were acquired from eleven female volunteers under pre- and post-stimulus conditions. Heart rate variability (HRV) and time-domain ECG analyses were performed to non-invasively realize the effect of the humorous audio-visual stimulus on the ANS and heart physiology, respectively. HRV analysis suggested an increase in the parasympathetic activity during post-stimulus period. Time-domain analysis of ECG signals suggested a post-stimulus alteration in the electrical activity of the heart. Artificial neural network (ANN) classification resulted in an efficiency of ≥ 85% in both HRV and time-domain ECG analyses.

Research paper thumbnail of Modeling and simulation of bioinspired helical nano-antennas

2022 IEEE International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation and USNC-URSI Radio Science Meeting (AP-S/URSI)

Research paper thumbnail of Effect of a Romantic Song on the Autonomic Nervous System and the Heart of Indian Male Volunteers

Expert System Techniques in Biomedical Science Practice, 2018

In this chapter, the effect of an old generation romantic music (stimulus) on the autonomic nervo... more In this chapter, the effect of an old generation romantic music (stimulus) on the autonomic nervous system (ANS) activity and the cardiac electrophysiology of Indian male volunteers was investigated. Electrocardiogram (ECG) signals were acquired and the corresponding RR intervals (RRIs) were extracted. The recurrence analysis of the RRI time series suggested a more stable heart rate in the post-stimulus condition. Heart rate variability (HRV) analysis detected a dominant parasympathetic activity in the post-stimulus condition. The time-domain and the wavelet transform analyses of the ECG signals predicted an alteration in the electrical activity of the heart because of the exposure to the music stimulus. The classification of the HRV and the ECG parameters was performed using artificial neural network (ANN), which resulted in an accuracy of ≥80%.

Research paper thumbnail of Effect of Non-Ionic Hydrophilic and Hydrophobic Surfactants on the Properties on the Stearate Oleogels

Advances in Human Services and Public Health

Research paper thumbnail of Analysis of the ECG Signal to Understand the Effect of Regional State Anthem of Odisha in Young Reproductively Active Odia Females

2017 14th IEEE India Council International Conference (INDICON), 2017

This study portrays the effect of the regional state anthem of Odisha, used as an audio stimulus,... more This study portrays the effect of the regional state anthem of Odisha, used as an audio stimulus, on the autonomic nervous system (ANS) and cardiac conduction pathway in Odia females during the first stage of their menstrual cycle. Electrocardiogram (ECG) signal was acquired from eighteen female volunteers, prior to and after exposure to the state anthem (stimulus). In order to study the consequence of the stimulus on the ANS, heart rate variability (HRV) analysis was performed. The results suggested an increase in the parasympathetic activity and a corresponding reduction in the sympathetic activity. ECG signal processing was performed using well founded coherent methods like time-domain, Gabor denoised time-domain and joint time-frequency domain analysis to understand the effect of the stimulus on the cardiac electrophysiology. An alteration in the cardiac electrophysiology in the post-stimulus condition was observed. Artificial neural network (ANN) provided a classification effic...

Research paper thumbnail of Data mining based approach to study the effect of consumption of caffeinated coffee on the generation of the steady-state visual evoked potential signals

Computers in Biology and Medicine, 2019

Research paper thumbnail of Data mining based approach to study the effect of consumption of caffeinated coffee on the generation of the steady-state visual evoked potential signals

Computers in Biology and Medicine, 2019

Research paper thumbnail of Development of a wireless intravenous drip rate monitoring device

International Journal of Sensor Networks, 2019

Research paper thumbnail of Reinforcing effect of graphene oxide reinforcement on the properties of poly (vinyl alcohol) and carboxymethyl tamarind gum based phase-separated film

Journal of the mechanical behavior of biomedical materials, 2018

The current study deals with the preparation and the characterization of the PVA-CMT-GO films. Th... more The current study deals with the preparation and the characterization of the PVA-CMT-GO films. The PVA-CMT film was translucent in nature and smooth to touch. The addition of GO resulted in the formation of agglomerated structures. XRD studies suggested that the incorporation of GO increased the average crystallite size. The mechanical properties of the films as determined by stress relaxation studies suggested that all the films were viscoelastic in nature. The drug release study showed a decrease in the amount of the drug release with the increase in the GO content. The PVA-CMT-GO films (without drug) showed certain degree of antimicrobial activity owing to the inherent antimicrobial property of GO. The drug loaded films also showed good antimicrobial property. It was found that the prepared films altered the cell proliferation of the human skin keratinocytes in a composition-dependent manner.

Research paper thumbnail of Molecular docking and interactions of pueraria tuberosa with vascular endothelial growth factor receptors

Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2015

Research paper thumbnail of Reinforcing the inner phase of the filled hydrogels with CNTs alters drug release properties and human keratinocyte morphology: A study on the gelatin- tamarind gum filled hydrogels

Journal of the mechanical behavior of biomedical materials, Nov 24, 2017

The study reports the synthesis and characterization of gelatin-tamarind gum (TG) based filled hy... more The study reports the synthesis and characterization of gelatin-tamarind gum (TG) based filled hydrogels for drug delivery applications. In this study, three different types of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were incorporated within the dispersed TG phase of the filled hydrogels. The prepared hydrogels were thoroughly characterised using bright field microscope, FESEM, FTIR spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimeter, and mechanical tester. The swelling and the drug (salicylic acid) release properties of the filled hydrogels were also evaluated. The micrographs revealed the formation of biphasic systems. The internal phase appeared as agglomerates, and the CNTs were confined within the dispersed TG phase. FTIR and XRD studies revealed that CNTs promoted associative interactions among the components of the hydrogel, which promoted the formation of large crystallite size. The mechanical study indicated better resistance to the breakdown of the architecture of the CNT-containing filled hy...

Research paper thumbnail of Vegetable Oil–Based Formulations for Controlled Drug Delivery

Handbook of Encapsulation and Controlled Release, 2015

Research paper thumbnail of The Communication Infrastructures of Living Systems and the Universe: Analysis from the Perspective of Antenna Theory

It is still unknown how molecules coordinate their activity and operate at high speeds in the cro... more It is still unknown how molecules coordinate their activity and operate at high speeds in the crowded environment of a cell. The study focuses on the geometry of biomolecules, assuming B-DNA, α-helix, β-strand, water molecules, and chemical bonds, including hydrogen bonds, as various types of antennas. The analysis demonstrates that living systems have highly sophisticated wireless and wired communication infrastructures for regulating and coordinating molecular activities, revealing why water is essential for molecular dynamics and indicating how we evolved. The study also includes a few equations linking antenna fields with Einstein’s general relativity, Kepler’s law of planetary motion, and Newton’s law of gravitation, which divides the gravitational field into antenna field zones and clarifies many astronomical facts. The findings, furthermore, suggest that the gravitational field is the antenna field of astronomical objects; and that nature's antennas, such as molecules and...

Research paper thumbnail of Cryopreservation Strategy for Adipose Tissue and Adipose Tissue Derived Stem Cells by Developing Non-Toxic Freezing Solutions

The present research focuses on the development of a Me2SO and serum-free non-toxic freezing solu... more The present research focuses on the development of a Me2SO and serum-free non-toxic freezing solution from natural cryoprotective agents (CPAs) in a suitable carrier media for preserving adipose tissue and adipose tissue-derived stem cells (hADSCs) with long shelve-life. The efficiency of the various hydrocolloids and organic osmolytes as CPAs and individual PBS components such as NaCl, Na2HPO4, KCl and KH2PO4 were evaluated to select the potential CPAs and carrier media. Among these, trehalose and NaCl were found to be the most efficient extracellular CPAs and carrier media. The freezing solution comprising of 160mM NaCl/90mM trehalose achieved adipose tissue viability of 84%. The efficiency of the freezing solution (89% viability) was increased by the addition of curcumin as antioxidant. The cryopreservation efficiency was further improved by optimizing the control freezing parameters, which resulted in 93% cell viability. Thus, the formulated freezing solution comprising of 160mM...

Research paper thumbnail of The Communication Infrastructures of Living Systems and the Universe: Analysis from the Perspective of Antenna Theory

Research paper thumbnail of The Communication Infrastructures of Living Systems and the Universe: Analysis from the Perspective of Antenna Theory

It is still unknown how molecules coordinate their activity and operate at high speeds in the cro... more It is still unknown how molecules coordinate their activity and operate at high speeds in the crowded environment of a cell. The study focuses on the geometry of biomolecules, assuming B-DNA, α-helix, β-strand, water molecules, and chemical bonds, including hydrogen bonds, as various types of antennas. The analysis demonstrates that living systems have highly sophisticated wireless and wired communication infrastructures for regulating and coordinating molecular activities, revealing why water is essential for molecular dynamics and indicating how we evolved. The study also includes a few equations linking antenna fields with Einstein's general relativity, Kepler's law of planetary motion, and Newton's law of gravitation, which divides the gravitational field into antenna field zones and clarifies many astronomical facts. The findings, furthermore, suggest that the gravitational field is the antenna field of astronomical objects; and that nature's antennas, such as molecules and astronomical objects, communicate via gravitational waves. We hope that the study, which uses a classical approach to explain the facts of living systems and the Universe, will find applications in biology, astronomy, communication engineering, and other areas of science.

Research paper thumbnail of The Communication Infrastructures of Living Systems and the Universe: Analysis from the Perspective of Antenna Theory

It is still unknown how molecules coordinate their activity and operate at high speeds in the cro... more It is still unknown how molecules coordinate their activity and operate at high speeds in the crowded environment of a cell. The study focuses on the geometry of biomolecules, assuming B-DNA, α-helix, β-strand, water molecules, and chemical bonds, including hydrogen bonds, as various types of antennas. The analysis demonstrates that living systems have highly sophisticated wireless and wired communication infrastructures for regulating and coordinating molecular activities, revealing why water is essential for molecular dynamics and indicating how we evolved. The study also includes a few equations linking antenna fields with Einstein's general relativity, Kepler's law of planetary motion, and Newton's law of gravitation, which divides the gravitational field into antenna field zones and clarifies many astronomical facts. The findings, furthermore, suggest that the gravitational field is the antenna field of astronomical objects; and that nature's antennas, such as molecules and astronomical objects, communicate via gravitational waves. We hope that the study, which uses a classical approach to explain the facts of living systems and the Universe, will find applications in biology, astronomy, communication engineering, and other areas of science.