Emon Barua | NIT Silchar (original) (raw)

Papers by Emon Barua

Recent Advances in Mechanical Infrastructure

Materials Letters, 2021

Abstract This article reports the fabrication, microstructural analysis, mechanical and biologica... more Abstract This article reports the fabrication, microstructural analysis, mechanical and biological properties of scaffolds synthesized from composites containing 20 At. % Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2 (HAP) and 80 At. % SrTiO3 (ST) (20H-80S), and 20 At. % Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2 and 80 At.% Ba0.5Sr0.5TiO3 (BST) (20H-80B). The microstructural analysis reveals the presence of reflections from both the monoliths along with smaller sized grain in 20H-80S (92.2 ± 4.5 nm). This resulted in improved mechanical strength compared to 20H-80B, which has a higher grain size (110.3 ± 5.1 nm) and higher porosity along with the biomineralization capacity of 20H-80B (Ca/P-1.64) which is found higher compared to 20H-80S (Ca/P-1.52). The higher porosity also reflected in high protein adsorption on 20H-80B. The scaffolds' cytocompatibility revealed the cell viability >90%, rendering the scaffolds suitable for bone tissue engineering applications.

Materials Today: Proceedings, 2020

Abstract In the present study, a computational fluid dynamic approach is used to investigate perm... more Abstract In the present study, a computational fluid dynamic approach is used to investigate permeability of Hydroxyapatite (HA)-Poly(methyl methacrylate (PMMA) porous scaffold. The scaffold used in this work is prepared by solvent castingparticulate leaching method (SCPL). The porosity of the scaffold is 65% with an average pore diameter of 250 µm. The 3D micro-geometry of the scaffold is reconstructed from 250 high-resolution micro-CT images with a resolution of 37 µm. Image processing software Mimics 12.0 is used for segmentation of the images. The CFD simulations performed on a selected region of interest to limit boundary effects. The permeability of the scaffold estimated using blood flow properties. The CFD analysis carried out by considering fluid domain as two cases. Classical Darcy’s law used for Newtonian model and modified Darcy’s law is used for non-Newtonian model to quantify the permeability of the scaffold.From the results, it is found that the permeability in the caseof Newtonian scaffold model is more than the non-Newtonian scaffold model

IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 2018

To curb exploding nitrogen oxides emission, Plasmatron converter offers a simple technique to con... more To curb exploding nitrogen oxides emission, Plasmatron converter offers a simple technique to convert diesel fuel into hydrogen rich gas. The H 2 rich gas can be used for NOx trap applications, improving lean burn and reducing burn duration. In the present work, a plasmatron device is fabricated using G.I Pipe and electrode that produces low current nonthermal plasma. Two design of the device considering fuel inlet process is examined. The diesel reformate obtained is tested for hydrogen content by Gas Chromatography (GC) at four different fuel flow rates. The effectiveness of the designs is tested with respect to H2 content in the reformate and its corresponding fuel flow rate and found that atomized diesel spray using fuel injector is effective in comparison to fuel nozzle. GC results shows hydrogen quantity by volume percentage in the reformate is optimum within the range of 0.18g/s to 0.22g/s of diesel flow rate.

Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering, 2020

Hydroxyapatite (HA)-based composite bone scaffolds are developed using solvent casting particulat... more Hydroxyapatite (HA)-based composite bone scaffolds are developed using solvent casting particulate leaching technique by varying the weight percentages of HA from 50 to 70% (w/w) in polymethyl methacrylate matrix. The chemical properties of the developed scaffolds are investigated by XRD analysis which shows the presence of crystalline HA and traces of β-TCP in the scaffolds. The microstructure of the scaffolds is studied by the SEM micrographs, which show porous morphology with an average pore size of 119 ± 18-148 ± 23 μm and a maximum pore size of 148 ± 23 μm for HA 50 scaffold. The highest porosity of 75 ± 2.0% is recorded for HA 50 scaffold by conducting liquid displacement test and a maximum compressive strength of 6.26 ± 0.53 MPa is recorded for HA 60 scaffold by performing uniaxial compression test of the scaffolds. The permeability and wall shear stress (WSS) of the scaffolds are investigated by computational fluid dynamics (CFD). The CFD analysis is performed in a fluid domain developed by Boolean operations on the CAD model of the scaffold developed using micro-computed tomography-based 3D image acquisition technique by Mimics V1. Results show that the permeability increases and WSS decreases with an increase in the porosity of the scaffolds. However, both permeability and WSS obtained for the developed scaffolds are within the limit prescribed for the growth of bone tissues. It is concluded that scaffolds with 60 wt% of HA exhibit the best combination of porosity, permeability and compressive strength making it suitable for bone tissue engineering applications.

Biomaterials in Orthopaedics and Bone Regeneration, 2019

Bovine bone is one of the major sources for the extraction of hydroxyapatite (HAp). In the presen... more Bovine bone is one of the major sources for the extraction of hydroxyapatite (HAp). In the present study, HAp was extracted by thermal decomposition of pre-treated bones. Bones were first dual pre-treated using acetone and hydrochloric acid for the removal of fatty acid and proteins, respectively, and further calcined at 1000 °C to obtain HAp ceramics. Characterizations of the developed material were carried out to investigate its physicochemical properties using X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and Thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA). Formation of HAp in the calcined powder was confirmed from XRD and FTIR analysis. Agglomeration of HAp particle with porous morphology was observed from SEM micrographs. The presence of calcium and phosphate in the calcined powder was further examined from Energy-dispersive x-ray (EDAX) spectrum with Ca/P ratio of 1.71. The ratio was fairly accurate to Ca/P ratio of human cortical bone. Average particle size of around 68 nm was calculated from TEM images using ImageJ software. Moreover, polycrystalline nature of the HAp was confirmed from concentric rings with bright spots as seen in the selective area electron diffraction (SAED) pattern of the calcined powder. The calcination of bone particles yields 23.31% HAp. The extracted HAp was found to have improved crystallographic property which is suitable for the development of artificial bone material and orthopedic implant coatings.

Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering, 2019

Novel Hydroxyapatite (HA)-based porous bone scaffold is developed using green microalgae as bindi... more Novel Hydroxyapatite (HA)-based porous bone scaffold is developed using green microalgae as binding as well as poreforming agent. The composite scaffolds are developed at 1:2, 2:1 and 1:1 (w/w) compositions of HA and binder, respectively, using solvent-casting technique and their mechanical and micro-architectural properties are investigated. Material characterization of the scaffold shows improved mechanical strength with a maximum compressive strength of 2.89 MPa and maximum interconnected porosity of 65.29%. FT-IR and XRD results confirm formation of crystalline nano-HA in the scaffolds. SEM and TEM micrographs of the scaffolds show pore morphology with a maximum pore diameter of 258 microns and minimum pore diameter of 6 microns and uniformly dispersed rod-shaped nano-HA particles of length 3.95-99.11 nm, respectively. TG/DTG analysis shows high thermal stability of scaffolds with high HA content. Comparative study of the three types of scaffolds shows composites with equal weight ratio of HA, and binder yields the highest porosity and mechanical strength desired for cell growth and support. XRF analysis confirms Ca and P as the major constituent elements of the scaffold. The study highlights the potential of natural biomass as an alternative to synthetic and naturally derived polymeric binders for development of HA-based bone scaffolds.

IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 2018

In the present study, hydroxyapatite (HAp) is synthesized from fish scale of Labeo rohita for dev... more In the present study, hydroxyapatite (HAp) is synthesized from fish scale of Labeo rohita for development of composite bone scaffold. In order to determine suitable calcination temperature for the synthesis of HAp, thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA) of the collected fish scale has been performed. It is found that no degradation of mass occurs beyond 800°C indicating the calcination temperature of fish scales for HAp synthesis. The fish scales are alkali treated and calcined at 1000°C. The calcined powders are characterized by X-ray diffraction and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy which confirms formation of HAp. TGA of the synthesized HAp has been carried out to investigate the phase changes and its thermal stability. Porous composite bone scaffold is developed using the synthesized HAp and poly ethylene glycol through solvent casting technique. The developed scaffold is tested for its mechanical strength by uniaxial compression testing and its morphology is studied by scanning electron microscopy. The scaffold manifest desired mechanical performance with a compressive strength of 4.93 MPa and interconnected porosity with a maximum pore diameter of 167 microns making it suitable for growth of bone cells. The developed scaffold can have possible applications in bone tissue engineering and treatment of segmental bone defects.

IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 2018

Over the last few decades, there has been an increasing demand of tissue engineered bone scaffold... more Over the last few decades, there has been an increasing demand of tissue engineered bone scaffolds as a substitute material for diseased or damaged bone segments. A variety of synthetic and natural biomaterials have been explored by researchers for development of composite scaffold. Naturally derived biomaterials have the advantages of immunomodulating, anti-toxic and biomimetic properties with the cellular environment in vivo, when compared to synthetic biomaterials. In this paper, different protein and polysaccharide based biomaterials used for developing composite bone scaffolds are reviewed. The properties of composite scaffolds developed from these biomaterials are highlighted. The study also includes different natural materials and biowastes which are used for deriving bioceramics for producing composite bone scaffolds. The overall study gives a brief idea on the importance of protein and polysaccharide based biomaterials and bioceramics for composite bone scaffold development and scope for future work in the field of naturally derived biomaterials.

Ceramics International, 2019

In this study, the effect of zinc oxide (ZnO) incorporation on the properties of Hydroxyapatite (... more In this study, the effect of zinc oxide (ZnO) incorporation on the properties of Hydroxyapatite (HAp)/Poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)/ZnO based composite bone scaffold is investigated. HAp is derived from calcination of bovine bone bio-waste and ZnO is synthesized by direct precipitation technique. Porous scaffolds are developed by gas foaming process using ammonium bicarbonate as the foaming agent and adding ZnO nanoparticles (NPs) at 2.5, 5, 7.5 and 10% (w/w) respectively. Incorporation of ZnO up to 5% (w/w) is found to significantly enhance the porosity, compressive strength, thermal stability and swelling properties of the developed scaffolds. In-vitro bioactivity and biodegradability assessment using simulated body fluid (SBF) show improved results of 5% ZnO loaded scaffolds. Furthermore, the composite scaffold show enhanced cytocompatibility during the in vitro cytotoxicity test performed using XTT assay. A comprehensive study on the scaffold properties shows that 5% ZnO composite scaffold exhibits the best-optimized properties suitable for bone tissue engineering applications.

Materials Today: Proceedings, 2019

Nano-sized Hydroxyapatite (HAp) powders are synthesized from natural bio-waste chicken eggshell. ... more Nano-sized Hydroxyapatite (HAp) powders are synthesized from natural bio-waste chicken eggshell. The synthesized powder is characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) which confirms the formation of HAp. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) shows highly porous agglomerated HAp powder with average pore diameter of 276.3 nm. EDAX analysis reveals calcium and phosphate ratio (Ca/P) of 1.74 showing close resemblance to human bone. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) reveals formation of spherical shaped HAp powder with average particle size of 78 nm. The synthesized nano HAp powder is suitable for coating on medical implants.

Materials Today: Proceedings, 2019

In the present research, hydroxyapatite (HAp) is derived from fish scales which are discarded as ... more In the present research, hydroxyapatite (HAp) is derived from fish scales which are discarded as waste material. Scales of Labeo rohita fish has been calcined at 1000°C after acid treatment for HAp synthesis. The calcined powder is characterized using FTIR and XRD that confirms the formation of HAp. TGA shows the HAp is thermally stable between 800-900°C. SEM analysis reveals highly porous morphology of the derived HAp confirming its application in the development of bone scaffold. TEM analysis confirms the formation of polycrystalline micro HAp particles. The developed HAp can be a suitable biomaterial for orthopedic treatment.

Materials Today: Proceedings, 2019

This study reports the feasibility of isolation of hydroxyapatite (HA) from chicken bone bio-wast... more This study reports the feasibility of isolation of hydroxyapatite (HA) from chicken bone bio-waste and the effect of pre-treatment and calcination process of bones on micro-structural and physico-chemical properties of HA. Chicken bones are treated with acid, alkali and acid-alkali solution followed by calcination at 700, 800 and 900°C respectively. The calcined bones are characterized and compared. It is found that acid treated bones calcined at 900°C yields pure phase of crystalline HA particles of size 600 nm with good pore morphology having pore diameter 208 nm, Ca/P atomic ratio of 1.653 and high thermal stability, ideal for biomedical applications.

Materials Today: Proceedings, 2018

A 3D CAD model of human Tibia is developed from scanned Computed Tomography (CT) images. Static a... more A 3D CAD model of human Tibia is developed from scanned Computed Tomography (CT) images. Static analysis is carried out using finite element analysis (FEA) to study the maximum stresses, deformation and strain induced in tibia during normal gait cycle. A fracture of 1 mm is generated in the developed model and is bridged by a callus. Effect of growth of callus at various healing stages is analyzed with stainless steel (SS), Titanium-alloy and stiffness graded (SG) implant material coupled to the fractured bone. Result shows stress shielding effect is minimum in case of SG implants at every healed stage, compared to SS and Ti-alloy implants. At 1% healed stage, SG implant shows an increase of 16% and 19% in stresses as compared to SS and Tialloy implants.

Ceramics International, 2019

Naturally derived Hydroxyapatite (HAp) from fish scale is finding wide applications in the develo... more Naturally derived Hydroxyapatite (HAp) from fish scale is finding wide applications in the development of bone scaffold to promote bone regeneration. But porous HAp scaffold is fragile in nature making it unsuitable for bone repair or replacement applications. Thus, it is essential to improve the mechanical property of HAp scaffolds while retaining the interconnected porous structure for tissue ingrowth in vivo. In this study solvent casting particulate leaching technique is used to develop novel Puntius conchonius fish scale derived HAp bone scaffold by varying the wt.% of the HAp from 60-80% in PMMA matrix. Physico-chemical, mechanical, structural and bioactive properties of the developed scaffolds are investigated. The obtained results indicate that HAp-PMMA scaffold at 70 wt. % HAp loading shows optimal properties with 7.26±0.45 MPa compressive strength, 75±0.8% porosity, 8.0±0.68 % degradation and 190±11% water absorption. The obtained results of the scaffold can meet the physiological demands to guide bone regeneration. Moreover, in vitro bioactivity analysis also confirms the formation of bone like apatite in the scaffold surface after 28 days of SBF immersion. Thus, the developed scaffold has the potential to be effectively used in bone tissue engineering applications.

Materials Today: Proceedings, 2018

The main objective of tissue engineering (TE) is to develop biological substitutes that maintain,... more The main objective of tissue engineering (TE) is to develop biological substitutes that maintain, improve or restore tissue functions. Scaffolds are of great significance for TE because they are capable of providing a healthy environment for cells attachment, differentiation, proliferation and migration during both in vitro culture and in vivo implantation. Research has been gradually inclining towards the biological integration of implant materials with the host tissue. The mechanical and physiological characteristics of the biomaterials used for scaffolding are expected to be similar to the native tissues. Hence, Biomaterial selection and fabrication techniques are playing a significant role in the preparation of scaffold in TE. This review article is intended to illustrate a summary of state-of-the-art biomaterials and synthesis techniques for scaffold development for specific biomedical environment.

Materials Today Communications, 2021

Abstract The present study explores the effect of aging time on the properties of nano-hydroxyapa... more Abstract The present study explores the effect of aging time on the properties of nano-hydroxyapatite (HAp) synthesized from chicken eggshells. CaO obtained from eggshells serves as calcium precursor which is combined with di-sodium hydrogen phosphate (Na2HPO4) as a phosphate precursor for the synthesis of HAp. The reaction precipitate is allowed to mature considering aging times of 12, 24, 36 and 48 h. The synthesized powders are characterized using FTIR and XRD to confirm the HAp formation. SEM micrographs of all the aged samples reveal dense agglomerated HAp particles. It is observed from the TEM results that the particle morphology of all the HAp samples appears to be nano-sized, spherical-shaped and polycrystalline in nature. A novel relationship between relative density vs. aging time is also established where relative density is found to increase with an increase in the aging time. In- vitro bioactivity and biodegradability evaluation of 12 h aged HAp with best physico-chemical properties show the formation of HCA apatite layer and significant weight loss respectively. In-vitro cytotoxicity test with Human Wharton’s Jelly Mesenchymal Stem Cells (hMSCs) (HiMedia CL001-T25) shows approximately 90 % cell viability assuring non-cytotoxicity of the 12 h aged HAp. The derived HAp can be a possible regenerative biomaterial for bone tissue engineering applications.

Recent Advances in Mechanical Infrastructure

Materials Letters, 2021

Abstract This article reports the fabrication, microstructural analysis, mechanical and biologica... more Abstract This article reports the fabrication, microstructural analysis, mechanical and biological properties of scaffolds synthesized from composites containing 20 At. % Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2 (HAP) and 80 At. % SrTiO3 (ST) (20H-80S), and 20 At. % Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2 and 80 At.% Ba0.5Sr0.5TiO3 (BST) (20H-80B). The microstructural analysis reveals the presence of reflections from both the monoliths along with smaller sized grain in 20H-80S (92.2 ± 4.5 nm). This resulted in improved mechanical strength compared to 20H-80B, which has a higher grain size (110.3 ± 5.1 nm) and higher porosity along with the biomineralization capacity of 20H-80B (Ca/P-1.64) which is found higher compared to 20H-80S (Ca/P-1.52). The higher porosity also reflected in high protein adsorption on 20H-80B. The scaffolds' cytocompatibility revealed the cell viability >90%, rendering the scaffolds suitable for bone tissue engineering applications.

Materials Today: Proceedings, 2020

Abstract In the present study, a computational fluid dynamic approach is used to investigate perm... more Abstract In the present study, a computational fluid dynamic approach is used to investigate permeability of Hydroxyapatite (HA)-Poly(methyl methacrylate (PMMA) porous scaffold. The scaffold used in this work is prepared by solvent castingparticulate leaching method (SCPL). The porosity of the scaffold is 65% with an average pore diameter of 250 µm. The 3D micro-geometry of the scaffold is reconstructed from 250 high-resolution micro-CT images with a resolution of 37 µm. Image processing software Mimics 12.0 is used for segmentation of the images. The CFD simulations performed on a selected region of interest to limit boundary effects. The permeability of the scaffold estimated using blood flow properties. The CFD analysis carried out by considering fluid domain as two cases. Classical Darcy’s law used for Newtonian model and modified Darcy’s law is used for non-Newtonian model to quantify the permeability of the scaffold.From the results, it is found that the permeability in the caseof Newtonian scaffold model is more than the non-Newtonian scaffold model

IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 2018

To curb exploding nitrogen oxides emission, Plasmatron converter offers a simple technique to con... more To curb exploding nitrogen oxides emission, Plasmatron converter offers a simple technique to convert diesel fuel into hydrogen rich gas. The H 2 rich gas can be used for NOx trap applications, improving lean burn and reducing burn duration. In the present work, a plasmatron device is fabricated using G.I Pipe and electrode that produces low current nonthermal plasma. Two design of the device considering fuel inlet process is examined. The diesel reformate obtained is tested for hydrogen content by Gas Chromatography (GC) at four different fuel flow rates. The effectiveness of the designs is tested with respect to H2 content in the reformate and its corresponding fuel flow rate and found that atomized diesel spray using fuel injector is effective in comparison to fuel nozzle. GC results shows hydrogen quantity by volume percentage in the reformate is optimum within the range of 0.18g/s to 0.22g/s of diesel flow rate.

Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering, 2020

Hydroxyapatite (HA)-based composite bone scaffolds are developed using solvent casting particulat... more Hydroxyapatite (HA)-based composite bone scaffolds are developed using solvent casting particulate leaching technique by varying the weight percentages of HA from 50 to 70% (w/w) in polymethyl methacrylate matrix. The chemical properties of the developed scaffolds are investigated by XRD analysis which shows the presence of crystalline HA and traces of β-TCP in the scaffolds. The microstructure of the scaffolds is studied by the SEM micrographs, which show porous morphology with an average pore size of 119 ± 18-148 ± 23 μm and a maximum pore size of 148 ± 23 μm for HA 50 scaffold. The highest porosity of 75 ± 2.0% is recorded for HA 50 scaffold by conducting liquid displacement test and a maximum compressive strength of 6.26 ± 0.53 MPa is recorded for HA 60 scaffold by performing uniaxial compression test of the scaffolds. The permeability and wall shear stress (WSS) of the scaffolds are investigated by computational fluid dynamics (CFD). The CFD analysis is performed in a fluid domain developed by Boolean operations on the CAD model of the scaffold developed using micro-computed tomography-based 3D image acquisition technique by Mimics V1. Results show that the permeability increases and WSS decreases with an increase in the porosity of the scaffolds. However, both permeability and WSS obtained for the developed scaffolds are within the limit prescribed for the growth of bone tissues. It is concluded that scaffolds with 60 wt% of HA exhibit the best combination of porosity, permeability and compressive strength making it suitable for bone tissue engineering applications.

Biomaterials in Orthopaedics and Bone Regeneration, 2019

Bovine bone is one of the major sources for the extraction of hydroxyapatite (HAp). In the presen... more Bovine bone is one of the major sources for the extraction of hydroxyapatite (HAp). In the present study, HAp was extracted by thermal decomposition of pre-treated bones. Bones were first dual pre-treated using acetone and hydrochloric acid for the removal of fatty acid and proteins, respectively, and further calcined at 1000 °C to obtain HAp ceramics. Characterizations of the developed material were carried out to investigate its physicochemical properties using X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and Thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA). Formation of HAp in the calcined powder was confirmed from XRD and FTIR analysis. Agglomeration of HAp particle with porous morphology was observed from SEM micrographs. The presence of calcium and phosphate in the calcined powder was further examined from Energy-dispersive x-ray (EDAX) spectrum with Ca/P ratio of 1.71. The ratio was fairly accurate to Ca/P ratio of human cortical bone. Average particle size of around 68 nm was calculated from TEM images using ImageJ software. Moreover, polycrystalline nature of the HAp was confirmed from concentric rings with bright spots as seen in the selective area electron diffraction (SAED) pattern of the calcined powder. The calcination of bone particles yields 23.31% HAp. The extracted HAp was found to have improved crystallographic property which is suitable for the development of artificial bone material and orthopedic implant coatings.

Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering, 2019

Novel Hydroxyapatite (HA)-based porous bone scaffold is developed using green microalgae as bindi... more Novel Hydroxyapatite (HA)-based porous bone scaffold is developed using green microalgae as binding as well as poreforming agent. The composite scaffolds are developed at 1:2, 2:1 and 1:1 (w/w) compositions of HA and binder, respectively, using solvent-casting technique and their mechanical and micro-architectural properties are investigated. Material characterization of the scaffold shows improved mechanical strength with a maximum compressive strength of 2.89 MPa and maximum interconnected porosity of 65.29%. FT-IR and XRD results confirm formation of crystalline nano-HA in the scaffolds. SEM and TEM micrographs of the scaffolds show pore morphology with a maximum pore diameter of 258 microns and minimum pore diameter of 6 microns and uniformly dispersed rod-shaped nano-HA particles of length 3.95-99.11 nm, respectively. TG/DTG analysis shows high thermal stability of scaffolds with high HA content. Comparative study of the three types of scaffolds shows composites with equal weight ratio of HA, and binder yields the highest porosity and mechanical strength desired for cell growth and support. XRF analysis confirms Ca and P as the major constituent elements of the scaffold. The study highlights the potential of natural biomass as an alternative to synthetic and naturally derived polymeric binders for development of HA-based bone scaffolds.

IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 2018

In the present study, hydroxyapatite (HAp) is synthesized from fish scale of Labeo rohita for dev... more In the present study, hydroxyapatite (HAp) is synthesized from fish scale of Labeo rohita for development of composite bone scaffold. In order to determine suitable calcination temperature for the synthesis of HAp, thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA) of the collected fish scale has been performed. It is found that no degradation of mass occurs beyond 800°C indicating the calcination temperature of fish scales for HAp synthesis. The fish scales are alkali treated and calcined at 1000°C. The calcined powders are characterized by X-ray diffraction and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy which confirms formation of HAp. TGA of the synthesized HAp has been carried out to investigate the phase changes and its thermal stability. Porous composite bone scaffold is developed using the synthesized HAp and poly ethylene glycol through solvent casting technique. The developed scaffold is tested for its mechanical strength by uniaxial compression testing and its morphology is studied by scanning electron microscopy. The scaffold manifest desired mechanical performance with a compressive strength of 4.93 MPa and interconnected porosity with a maximum pore diameter of 167 microns making it suitable for growth of bone cells. The developed scaffold can have possible applications in bone tissue engineering and treatment of segmental bone defects.

IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 2018

Over the last few decades, there has been an increasing demand of tissue engineered bone scaffold... more Over the last few decades, there has been an increasing demand of tissue engineered bone scaffolds as a substitute material for diseased or damaged bone segments. A variety of synthetic and natural biomaterials have been explored by researchers for development of composite scaffold. Naturally derived biomaterials have the advantages of immunomodulating, anti-toxic and biomimetic properties with the cellular environment in vivo, when compared to synthetic biomaterials. In this paper, different protein and polysaccharide based biomaterials used for developing composite bone scaffolds are reviewed. The properties of composite scaffolds developed from these biomaterials are highlighted. The study also includes different natural materials and biowastes which are used for deriving bioceramics for producing composite bone scaffolds. The overall study gives a brief idea on the importance of protein and polysaccharide based biomaterials and bioceramics for composite bone scaffold development and scope for future work in the field of naturally derived biomaterials.

Ceramics International, 2019

In this study, the effect of zinc oxide (ZnO) incorporation on the properties of Hydroxyapatite (... more In this study, the effect of zinc oxide (ZnO) incorporation on the properties of Hydroxyapatite (HAp)/Poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)/ZnO based composite bone scaffold is investigated. HAp is derived from calcination of bovine bone bio-waste and ZnO is synthesized by direct precipitation technique. Porous scaffolds are developed by gas foaming process using ammonium bicarbonate as the foaming agent and adding ZnO nanoparticles (NPs) at 2.5, 5, 7.5 and 10% (w/w) respectively. Incorporation of ZnO up to 5% (w/w) is found to significantly enhance the porosity, compressive strength, thermal stability and swelling properties of the developed scaffolds. In-vitro bioactivity and biodegradability assessment using simulated body fluid (SBF) show improved results of 5% ZnO loaded scaffolds. Furthermore, the composite scaffold show enhanced cytocompatibility during the in vitro cytotoxicity test performed using XTT assay. A comprehensive study on the scaffold properties shows that 5% ZnO composite scaffold exhibits the best-optimized properties suitable for bone tissue engineering applications.

Materials Today: Proceedings, 2019

Nano-sized Hydroxyapatite (HAp) powders are synthesized from natural bio-waste chicken eggshell. ... more Nano-sized Hydroxyapatite (HAp) powders are synthesized from natural bio-waste chicken eggshell. The synthesized powder is characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) which confirms the formation of HAp. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) shows highly porous agglomerated HAp powder with average pore diameter of 276.3 nm. EDAX analysis reveals calcium and phosphate ratio (Ca/P) of 1.74 showing close resemblance to human bone. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) reveals formation of spherical shaped HAp powder with average particle size of 78 nm. The synthesized nano HAp powder is suitable for coating on medical implants.

Materials Today: Proceedings, 2019

In the present research, hydroxyapatite (HAp) is derived from fish scales which are discarded as ... more In the present research, hydroxyapatite (HAp) is derived from fish scales which are discarded as waste material. Scales of Labeo rohita fish has been calcined at 1000°C after acid treatment for HAp synthesis. The calcined powder is characterized using FTIR and XRD that confirms the formation of HAp. TGA shows the HAp is thermally stable between 800-900°C. SEM analysis reveals highly porous morphology of the derived HAp confirming its application in the development of bone scaffold. TEM analysis confirms the formation of polycrystalline micro HAp particles. The developed HAp can be a suitable biomaterial for orthopedic treatment.

Materials Today: Proceedings, 2019

This study reports the feasibility of isolation of hydroxyapatite (HA) from chicken bone bio-wast... more This study reports the feasibility of isolation of hydroxyapatite (HA) from chicken bone bio-waste and the effect of pre-treatment and calcination process of bones on micro-structural and physico-chemical properties of HA. Chicken bones are treated with acid, alkali and acid-alkali solution followed by calcination at 700, 800 and 900°C respectively. The calcined bones are characterized and compared. It is found that acid treated bones calcined at 900°C yields pure phase of crystalline HA particles of size 600 nm with good pore morphology having pore diameter 208 nm, Ca/P atomic ratio of 1.653 and high thermal stability, ideal for biomedical applications.

Materials Today: Proceedings, 2018

A 3D CAD model of human Tibia is developed from scanned Computed Tomography (CT) images. Static a... more A 3D CAD model of human Tibia is developed from scanned Computed Tomography (CT) images. Static analysis is carried out using finite element analysis (FEA) to study the maximum stresses, deformation and strain induced in tibia during normal gait cycle. A fracture of 1 mm is generated in the developed model and is bridged by a callus. Effect of growth of callus at various healing stages is analyzed with stainless steel (SS), Titanium-alloy and stiffness graded (SG) implant material coupled to the fractured bone. Result shows stress shielding effect is minimum in case of SG implants at every healed stage, compared to SS and Ti-alloy implants. At 1% healed stage, SG implant shows an increase of 16% and 19% in stresses as compared to SS and Tialloy implants.

Ceramics International, 2019

Naturally derived Hydroxyapatite (HAp) from fish scale is finding wide applications in the develo... more Naturally derived Hydroxyapatite (HAp) from fish scale is finding wide applications in the development of bone scaffold to promote bone regeneration. But porous HAp scaffold is fragile in nature making it unsuitable for bone repair or replacement applications. Thus, it is essential to improve the mechanical property of HAp scaffolds while retaining the interconnected porous structure for tissue ingrowth in vivo. In this study solvent casting particulate leaching technique is used to develop novel Puntius conchonius fish scale derived HAp bone scaffold by varying the wt.% of the HAp from 60-80% in PMMA matrix. Physico-chemical, mechanical, structural and bioactive properties of the developed scaffolds are investigated. The obtained results indicate that HAp-PMMA scaffold at 70 wt. % HAp loading shows optimal properties with 7.26±0.45 MPa compressive strength, 75±0.8% porosity, 8.0±0.68 % degradation and 190±11% water absorption. The obtained results of the scaffold can meet the physiological demands to guide bone regeneration. Moreover, in vitro bioactivity analysis also confirms the formation of bone like apatite in the scaffold surface after 28 days of SBF immersion. Thus, the developed scaffold has the potential to be effectively used in bone tissue engineering applications.

Materials Today: Proceedings, 2018

The main objective of tissue engineering (TE) is to develop biological substitutes that maintain,... more The main objective of tissue engineering (TE) is to develop biological substitutes that maintain, improve or restore tissue functions. Scaffolds are of great significance for TE because they are capable of providing a healthy environment for cells attachment, differentiation, proliferation and migration during both in vitro culture and in vivo implantation. Research has been gradually inclining towards the biological integration of implant materials with the host tissue. The mechanical and physiological characteristics of the biomaterials used for scaffolding are expected to be similar to the native tissues. Hence, Biomaterial selection and fabrication techniques are playing a significant role in the preparation of scaffold in TE. This review article is intended to illustrate a summary of state-of-the-art biomaterials and synthesis techniques for scaffold development for specific biomedical environment.

Materials Today Communications, 2021

Abstract The present study explores the effect of aging time on the properties of nano-hydroxyapa... more Abstract The present study explores the effect of aging time on the properties of nano-hydroxyapatite (HAp) synthesized from chicken eggshells. CaO obtained from eggshells serves as calcium precursor which is combined with di-sodium hydrogen phosphate (Na2HPO4) as a phosphate precursor for the synthesis of HAp. The reaction precipitate is allowed to mature considering aging times of 12, 24, 36 and 48 h. The synthesized powders are characterized using FTIR and XRD to confirm the HAp formation. SEM micrographs of all the aged samples reveal dense agglomerated HAp particles. It is observed from the TEM results that the particle morphology of all the HAp samples appears to be nano-sized, spherical-shaped and polycrystalline in nature. A novel relationship between relative density vs. aging time is also established where relative density is found to increase with an increase in the aging time. In- vitro bioactivity and biodegradability evaluation of 12 h aged HAp with best physico-chemical properties show the formation of HCA apatite layer and significant weight loss respectively. In-vitro cytotoxicity test with Human Wharton’s Jelly Mesenchymal Stem Cells (hMSCs) (HiMedia CL001-T25) shows approximately 90 % cell viability assuring non-cytotoxicity of the 12 h aged HAp. The derived HAp can be a possible regenerative biomaterial for bone tissue engineering applications.