Ingrid Nyborg | NMBU - Academia.edu (original) (raw)
Papers by Ingrid Nyborg
Journal of Human Security
Fra NORAGRIC. Pakistan.This report summarises the observations and suggestions emanating from the... more Fra NORAGRIC. Pakistan.This report summarises the observations and suggestions emanating from the fourth annual Joint Monitoring Mission (JMM) to the Aga Khan Rural Support Programme (AKRSP). The mission took place between September 8th and September 29th, 1995
Title Cultural preferences for latrines and flush toilets with
IDS Bulletin, 2017
Humanitarian crises appear dramatic, overwhelming and sudden, with aid required immediately to sa... more Humanitarian crises appear dramatic, overwhelming and sudden, with aid required immediately to save lives. Whereas climate change is about changing hazard patterns and crises are in reality rarely unexpected, with academic researchers and humanitarian and development organisations warning about possible risks for months before they take place. While humanitarian organisations deal directly with vulnerable populations, interventions are part of global politics and development pathways that are simultaneously generating climate change, inequities and vulnerability. So what is the level of convergence between humanitarian interventions and efforts to support adaptation to climate change, and what lessons can be drawn from current experience on the prospects for reducing the risk of climate change causing increased burdens on humanitarian interventions in the future?This IDS Bulletin is a call for increasing engagement between humanitarian aid and adaptation interventions to support del...
International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 2021
Abstract This paper examines humanitarian assistance practices to understand how approaches follo... more Abstract This paper examines humanitarian assistance practices to understand how approaches followed by various actors address – or fail to address - social vulnerability to disasters. This question is addressed through a study of humanitarian responses in two disaster-affected villages of Baltistan in northern Pakistan. Through analysis of key informant interviews, semi-structured interviews with men and women, group discussions and secondary data sources, we identify how government, non-governmental and faith-based organisations understand and seek to address underlying socio-political processes that define vulnerability. We analyse how knowledges and practices serve to legitimise authority relations between and among humanitarian organisations and local populations. The paper finds that a simplistic understanding of vulnerability - that people with higher losses are more vulnerable and deserve more assistance in comparison to those who suffer lower losses - tends to favour well-off people, as they own (and lose) more physical assets. This understanding is shared between humanitarian actors and the local elite, such as settlement leaders. This convergence of knowledges enabled the elite to privilege themselves, both in terms of material benefits and influential positions. The reliance of local humanitarian organisations on external actors, such as national governments and donors for funding and legitimacy further hindered contextual understandings of disaster vulnerability. This finding demonstrates how politics of humanitarian assistance transcend geographical scales. We conclude that humanitarian actors not only failed to address the socio-political drivers of vulnerability but also contributed to the exacerbation of vulnerability through reinforcing inequitable village-level and cross-scalar authority relations.
Forum for Development Studies, 1995
AGRIS record. Record number, NO9700555. Titles, Measuring household food security: Aparticipatory... more AGRIS record. Record number, NO9700555. Titles, Measuring household food security: Aparticipatory process approach. ... Publication Date, 1995. AGRIS Subj. Cat. Agricultural economics and policies;Home economics, industries and crafts;Development economics and policies. ...
Journal of Human Security
How people manage their resources in order to sustain a living is a topic of central importance b... more How people manage their resources in order to sustain a living is a topic of central importance both to those working to improve the lives of the women and men of the mountain communities of the Himalayas, and those concerned with conserving the biodiversity of mountain habitats. This study explores the nature of women and men’s negotiations over resources in a high altitude village in Baltistan, Northern Areas of Pakistan. It seeks to better understand how women and men negotiate control and access to resources under changing contexts, and what this implies for both their livelihood situation and the ways in which they manage their resources. The focus on negotiations over resources in this study offers an alternative perspective of people’s relationship to their environment to studies which, for example, focus on the identification of fixed rules and rights over resources, or studies which focus on community resource management exclusively in relation to government regulations and...
This Noragric Report was commissioned by Norwegian Church Aid in Kabul, with funding provided by ... more This Noragric Report was commissioned by Norwegian Church Aid in Kabul, with funding provided by the Royal Norwegian Embassy.
![Research paper thumbnail of Editorial: Emerging Perspectives on Post-Conflict Police-Community Relations II [1]](https://attachments.academia-assets.com/78140134/thumbnails/1.jpg)
](The world is increasingly interconnected insecurity in one country can both directly and indirect... more The world is increasingly interconnected insecurity in one country can both directly and indirectly affect the security of people, countries and regions that are far away. Therefore, when conflict erupts in one part of the world, the international community responds in various ways to mitigate its effects, both locally and internationally. Whether it be through the provision of police, military and/or civilian personnel, humanitarian assistance, or post-conflict development assistance, the international community has repeatedly attempted to mitigate the effects of conflict, as well as to contribute to reforms which might lead to the prevention of local and global insecurity in the future. To achieve these broad goals of prevention, the international community has invested heavily in security sector reform (SSR). While much of the focus of these efforts remains on peacekeeping and military support, there has been a growing interest in supporting longer-term police reform processes in...
This Noragric Report is the result of a workshop sponsored by the Norwegian Agency for Developmen... more This Noragric Report is the result of a workshop sponsored by the Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation (NORAD)
Unlike other faith-based conflicts, the militancy in Swat seems unique, as militants used religio... more Unlike other faith-based conflicts, the militancy in Swat seems unique, as militants used religion for promoting their agenda and giving voices to the grievances of the poor people through a popular narrative likely without knowing narratology. Using narratives and narratology as a theoretical framework, this qualitative study is an effort to understand the essence of militants’ narrative in Swat and the mechanism through which they steered it up until the time it gained verisimilitude. Conducting 73 semi-structured interviews, the study finds that it was a planned strategy of the militants that popularized them in Swat, while they later lost this support due to their atrocities against general populace. The militants used the socially and culturally constructed narrative through FM radio and motivated the masses to follow their ideology and brand of Islamic Sharia. The study concludes that the formulation and popularization of social narratives play vital roles in social movements ...
This paper will explore the motivation, workings and potential effect of the police’s use of vari... more This paper will explore the motivation, workings and potential effect of the police’s use of various information and communication technologies to build trust in Afghanistan. To what degree do these efforts in fact contribute to trust-building and broader human security? What happens to trust-building when it comes to technology mediated interaction? Attention will be given to how the police, in addition to their own efforts, might link to ICT solutions being developed in civil society that are also aimed at improving accountability and more relations with the police and government in general. In doing so, it will consider the wider relations between the government and civil society, and the role technology might have in mediating this relationship and contributing to or hindering broader human security.
This paper explores the transition from military to civil security in post-militancy and subseque... more This paper explores the transition from military to civil security in post-militancy and subsequent militant operations in 2009 and the floods of 2010 in the Swat Valley of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP), Pakistan. Based mainly on qualitative interviews with local police and community women and men, the paper examines the shifting roles of the police over the course of these crises and how community-police relations are continuously negotiated. Before the conflict, relations between the community and police were weak, and traditional institutions such as the jirga were functioning. Militants attacked both systems, targeting police, politicians, jirga leaders and education institutions. Following the military operation, the responsibility for security became a confusing institutional landscape of civil and military actors, which has reshaped community-police relations in Swat. Dichotomous distinctions between state and non-state, formal and informal institutions fall short in describing th...
International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 2021
This paper examines humanitarian assistance practices to understand how approaches followed by va... more This paper examines humanitarian assistance practices to understand how approaches followed by various actors address-or fail to address-social vulnerability to disasters. This question is addressed through a study of humanitarian responses in two disaster-affected villages of Baltistan in northern Pakistan. Through analysis of key informant interviews, semi-structured interviews with men and women, group discussions and secondary data sources, we identify how government, non-governmental and faith-based organisations understand and seek to address underlying socio-political processes that define vulnerability. We analyse how knowledges and practices serve to legitimise authority relations between and among humanitarian organisations and local populations. The paper finds that a simplistic understanding of vulnerability-that people with higher losses are more vulnerable and deserve more assistance in comparison to those who suffer lower losses-tends to favour well-off people, as the...
The Underlying Causes of Violent Conflict in the North Waziristan Tribal Areas of Pakistan, 2020
Following the US invasion of Afghanistan in 2001, Pakistan and the merged Tribal Districts, parti... more Following the US invasion of Afghanistan in 2001, Pakistan and the merged Tribal Districts, particularly the North Waziristan Tribal District (NWTD), experienced increasing violent conflict. This paper examines the causes of conflict in North Waziristan from the perspective of local communities. The study is based on qualitative primary data collected in NWTD. The study identifies deep-rooted internal factors such as poor socioeconomic conditions, political exclusion, degradation of local institutions and culture, introduction and promotion of Jihadi culture and militancy as the main drivers of conflict in NWTD. External factors, like the USSR and US invasions in Afghanistan, a porous border and unseen international actors, have contributed to the start and even escalation of the more recent conflict, but mainly through exacerbating internal factors. The study recommends that policies aiming to reduce violent conflict in this region pay due attention to the significance of addressin...
Journal of Human Security
Fra NORAGRIC. Pakistan.This report summarises the observations and suggestions emanating from the... more Fra NORAGRIC. Pakistan.This report summarises the observations and suggestions emanating from the fourth annual Joint Monitoring Mission (JMM) to the Aga Khan Rural Support Programme (AKRSP). The mission took place between September 8th and September 29th, 1995
Title Cultural preferences for latrines and flush toilets with
IDS Bulletin, 2017
Humanitarian crises appear dramatic, overwhelming and sudden, with aid required immediately to sa... more Humanitarian crises appear dramatic, overwhelming and sudden, with aid required immediately to save lives. Whereas climate change is about changing hazard patterns and crises are in reality rarely unexpected, with academic researchers and humanitarian and development organisations warning about possible risks for months before they take place. While humanitarian organisations deal directly with vulnerable populations, interventions are part of global politics and development pathways that are simultaneously generating climate change, inequities and vulnerability. So what is the level of convergence between humanitarian interventions and efforts to support adaptation to climate change, and what lessons can be drawn from current experience on the prospects for reducing the risk of climate change causing increased burdens on humanitarian interventions in the future?This IDS Bulletin is a call for increasing engagement between humanitarian aid and adaptation interventions to support del...
International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 2021
Abstract This paper examines humanitarian assistance practices to understand how approaches follo... more Abstract This paper examines humanitarian assistance practices to understand how approaches followed by various actors address – or fail to address - social vulnerability to disasters. This question is addressed through a study of humanitarian responses in two disaster-affected villages of Baltistan in northern Pakistan. Through analysis of key informant interviews, semi-structured interviews with men and women, group discussions and secondary data sources, we identify how government, non-governmental and faith-based organisations understand and seek to address underlying socio-political processes that define vulnerability. We analyse how knowledges and practices serve to legitimise authority relations between and among humanitarian organisations and local populations. The paper finds that a simplistic understanding of vulnerability - that people with higher losses are more vulnerable and deserve more assistance in comparison to those who suffer lower losses - tends to favour well-off people, as they own (and lose) more physical assets. This understanding is shared between humanitarian actors and the local elite, such as settlement leaders. This convergence of knowledges enabled the elite to privilege themselves, both in terms of material benefits and influential positions. The reliance of local humanitarian organisations on external actors, such as national governments and donors for funding and legitimacy further hindered contextual understandings of disaster vulnerability. This finding demonstrates how politics of humanitarian assistance transcend geographical scales. We conclude that humanitarian actors not only failed to address the socio-political drivers of vulnerability but also contributed to the exacerbation of vulnerability through reinforcing inequitable village-level and cross-scalar authority relations.
Forum for Development Studies, 1995
AGRIS record. Record number, NO9700555. Titles, Measuring household food security: Aparticipatory... more AGRIS record. Record number, NO9700555. Titles, Measuring household food security: Aparticipatory process approach. ... Publication Date, 1995. AGRIS Subj. Cat. Agricultural economics and policies;Home economics, industries and crafts;Development economics and policies. ...
Journal of Human Security
How people manage their resources in order to sustain a living is a topic of central importance b... more How people manage their resources in order to sustain a living is a topic of central importance both to those working to improve the lives of the women and men of the mountain communities of the Himalayas, and those concerned with conserving the biodiversity of mountain habitats. This study explores the nature of women and men’s negotiations over resources in a high altitude village in Baltistan, Northern Areas of Pakistan. It seeks to better understand how women and men negotiate control and access to resources under changing contexts, and what this implies for both their livelihood situation and the ways in which they manage their resources. The focus on negotiations over resources in this study offers an alternative perspective of people’s relationship to their environment to studies which, for example, focus on the identification of fixed rules and rights over resources, or studies which focus on community resource management exclusively in relation to government regulations and...
This Noragric Report was commissioned by Norwegian Church Aid in Kabul, with funding provided by ... more This Noragric Report was commissioned by Norwegian Church Aid in Kabul, with funding provided by the Royal Norwegian Embassy.
The world is increasingly interconnected insecurity in one country can both directly and indirect... more The world is increasingly interconnected insecurity in one country can both directly and indirectly affect the security of people, countries and regions that are far away. Therefore, when conflict erupts in one part of the world, the international community responds in various ways to mitigate its effects, both locally and internationally. Whether it be through the provision of police, military and/or civilian personnel, humanitarian assistance, or post-conflict development assistance, the international community has repeatedly attempted to mitigate the effects of conflict, as well as to contribute to reforms which might lead to the prevention of local and global insecurity in the future. To achieve these broad goals of prevention, the international community has invested heavily in security sector reform (SSR). While much of the focus of these efforts remains on peacekeeping and military support, there has been a growing interest in supporting longer-term police reform processes in...
This Noragric Report is the result of a workshop sponsored by the Norwegian Agency for Developmen... more This Noragric Report is the result of a workshop sponsored by the Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation (NORAD)
Unlike other faith-based conflicts, the militancy in Swat seems unique, as militants used religio... more Unlike other faith-based conflicts, the militancy in Swat seems unique, as militants used religion for promoting their agenda and giving voices to the grievances of the poor people through a popular narrative likely without knowing narratology. Using narratives and narratology as a theoretical framework, this qualitative study is an effort to understand the essence of militants’ narrative in Swat and the mechanism through which they steered it up until the time it gained verisimilitude. Conducting 73 semi-structured interviews, the study finds that it was a planned strategy of the militants that popularized them in Swat, while they later lost this support due to their atrocities against general populace. The militants used the socially and culturally constructed narrative through FM radio and motivated the masses to follow their ideology and brand of Islamic Sharia. The study concludes that the formulation and popularization of social narratives play vital roles in social movements ...
This paper will explore the motivation, workings and potential effect of the police’s use of vari... more This paper will explore the motivation, workings and potential effect of the police’s use of various information and communication technologies to build trust in Afghanistan. To what degree do these efforts in fact contribute to trust-building and broader human security? What happens to trust-building when it comes to technology mediated interaction? Attention will be given to how the police, in addition to their own efforts, might link to ICT solutions being developed in civil society that are also aimed at improving accountability and more relations with the police and government in general. In doing so, it will consider the wider relations between the government and civil society, and the role technology might have in mediating this relationship and contributing to or hindering broader human security.
This paper explores the transition from military to civil security in post-militancy and subseque... more This paper explores the transition from military to civil security in post-militancy and subsequent militant operations in 2009 and the floods of 2010 in the Swat Valley of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP), Pakistan. Based mainly on qualitative interviews with local police and community women and men, the paper examines the shifting roles of the police over the course of these crises and how community-police relations are continuously negotiated. Before the conflict, relations between the community and police were weak, and traditional institutions such as the jirga were functioning. Militants attacked both systems, targeting police, politicians, jirga leaders and education institutions. Following the military operation, the responsibility for security became a confusing institutional landscape of civil and military actors, which has reshaped community-police relations in Swat. Dichotomous distinctions between state and non-state, formal and informal institutions fall short in describing th...
International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 2021
This paper examines humanitarian assistance practices to understand how approaches followed by va... more This paper examines humanitarian assistance practices to understand how approaches followed by various actors address-or fail to address-social vulnerability to disasters. This question is addressed through a study of humanitarian responses in two disaster-affected villages of Baltistan in northern Pakistan. Through analysis of key informant interviews, semi-structured interviews with men and women, group discussions and secondary data sources, we identify how government, non-governmental and faith-based organisations understand and seek to address underlying socio-political processes that define vulnerability. We analyse how knowledges and practices serve to legitimise authority relations between and among humanitarian organisations and local populations. The paper finds that a simplistic understanding of vulnerability-that people with higher losses are more vulnerable and deserve more assistance in comparison to those who suffer lower losses-tends to favour well-off people, as the...
The Underlying Causes of Violent Conflict in the North Waziristan Tribal Areas of Pakistan, 2020
Following the US invasion of Afghanistan in 2001, Pakistan and the merged Tribal Districts, parti... more Following the US invasion of Afghanistan in 2001, Pakistan and the merged Tribal Districts, particularly the North Waziristan Tribal District (NWTD), experienced increasing violent conflict. This paper examines the causes of conflict in North Waziristan from the perspective of local communities. The study is based on qualitative primary data collected in NWTD. The study identifies deep-rooted internal factors such as poor socioeconomic conditions, political exclusion, degradation of local institutions and culture, introduction and promotion of Jihadi culture and militancy as the main drivers of conflict in NWTD. External factors, like the USSR and US invasions in Afghanistan, a porous border and unseen international actors, have contributed to the start and even escalation of the more recent conflict, but mainly through exacerbating internal factors. The study recommends that policies aiming to reduce violent conflict in this region pay due attention to the significance of addressin...