Jacob E N E J I ASHIBI | National Open University of Nigeria (original) (raw)

Papers by Jacob E N E J I ASHIBI

International Digital Organization for Scientific Research, 2024

This research appraises the use of mediation and negotiations during armed conflicts in East Afri... more This research appraises the use of mediation and negotiations during armed conflicts in East Africa, focusing on
some key case studies like South Sudan, Somalia, and Northern Uganda. Attention is paid to how regional and
international actors have been significant facilitators of peace processes, involving the African Union,
Intergovernmental Authority on Development, and the United Nations. The doctrinal approach to research was
undertaken to understand the successes and setbacks of these efforts, address practical challenges pertaining to
cultural, political, and logistical barriers, and analyze power dynamics and processes of trust-building during
mediation and negotiation. While mediation has indeed been instrumental in brokering peace agreements, many
challenges persist, such as the influence of external actors on peace processes and the sustainability of the outcomes.
By taking a nuanced approach to understanding how mediation and negotiation can best be developed and leveraged
in East Africa's conflict landscape. It provides practical recommendations on how to enhance the capacity of local
mediators, improve coordination among external actors, and ensure the sustainability of peace agreements. This
study contributes to the academic discourse of conflict resolution and policy development and imparts valuable
information to scholars and policymakers alike on current dynamics in armed conflict in East Africa and what that
may mean for international peace building efforts in the years ahead.
Keywords: Mediation, Negotiation, East-Africa, Peace Agreement, Peace

African Multidisciplinary Journal of Development, 2023

In the light of seemingly increasing recidivism rates amongst inmates, this study investigates th... more In the light of seemingly increasing recidivism rates amongst inmates, this study investigates the effectiveness of reformatory programmes in correctional institutions and the trigger factors of recidivistic tendencies amongst ex-convicts in South-South, Nigeria. The study adopts the descriptive survey design, where the purposive and snowball sampling techniques were further adopted in the administration of the research instruments to the relevant respondents for the study. It draws from Robert Agnew's general strain theory to present an explanation of the act of recidivism amongst ex-convicts. An in-depth interview guide was adopted to serve as the research instruments for eliciting relevant information from the respondents. Forty-three (43) ex-convicts were utilized as respondents for the study. Findings from the study suggests that although the reformatory programmes of correctional institutions in South-South Nigeria were well designed and structured to achieve criminal reformation, rehabilitation and reintegration; however, factors such as endemic prison subculture, reintegration labelling effects, and employability redundancy of exconvicts were significantly implicated as the primary causative factors of criminal recidivistic tendencies. Consequently, the study recommends intensive community sensitization and reorientation via awareness campaigns to facilitate acceptability and reintegration; the creation of an enabling environment for the actualization ex-convicts' acquired entrepreneurial skills; and the adoption of non-custodial sentences as an alternative to criminal incarceration.

NOUN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PEACE STUDIES AND CONFLICT RESOLUTION [NIJPCR], 2023

The triggers of ethnic conflict are inherent in all societies. However, adaptability strategies f... more The triggers of ethnic conflict are inherent in all societies. However, adaptability strategies for sustainable peace differ across communities. While some communities are in perpetual flux, others co-exist in the affluence of peace and mutual understanding. This study is designed to
assess the possible causes, effects and peace sustainability strategies of state and non-state- based ethnic conflicts in Africa. Methodologically, the study is based on existing secondary data on contemporary strategies for peace sustainability. The study explores data on state and non-state conflicts collated by the Department of Peace and Conflict Research, Uppsala Conflict Data Program (UCDP, 2022). The theories of conflict and relative deprivation were utilized as the theoretical basis for the explanation of ethnic conflicts. Whereas State-based ethnic conflict was found to be fewer but result in large-scale fatalities, the reverse is the case for non-state conflicts. Ethnic conflicts lead to extreme violence, intense suffering, destruction of national assets and deaths. Women and children are found to be most vulnerable in the events of ethnic conflicts in Africa. The study further brings to fore factors such as the quest for political power and authority, struggle for scarce resources, fragile inter communal histories, cultural discrimination, cultural practices, socio-economic exclusion and land disputes as the major trigger factors of ethnic conflicts. Therefore, the study recommends the engagement of seasoned professionals and academics in the area of Peace and Conflict
Resolution, Psychology and Criminology for the resolution of ethnic conflicts; community participation in socio-economic decision-making and planning; enactment of laws to discourage speeches, actions and inactions that promotes ethnic hates; and the utilization of peacemaking and peacebuilding approaches in pre and post-ethnic conflict resolutions.

Sarcouncil Journal of Arts Humanities and Social Sciences, 2023

Crime and insecurity remain a global challenge especially that they constitute serious threat to ... more Crime and insecurity remain a global challenge especially that they constitute serious threat to life and peaceful coexistence of the people. Nigeria is globally recognised as major player in African affairs primarily due to her rich human and natural resources. However, her national security has been continually bedevilled by numerous issues of crime and insecurity such as kidnapping, banditry, insurgency, civil unrest, armed robbery and terrorism. This unprecedented proliferation in criminal activities has set many panicking and most businesses paralyzed. The study therefore examines Nigeria"s rising phenomenon of insecurity and its implications on the socioeconomic life of the people. It focuses on the identification of general factors responsible for insecurity in Nigeria; to examine the effects of insecurity on the socioeconomic wellbeing of the people; to determine the extent to which people have been victimized of the different forms of crimes; and to proffer viable solutions to guarantee peaceful coexistence among persons living in Nigeria. Survey research design was adopted for the study, where a 14-item structured questionnaire was utilized to elicit relevant information from a total of 204 persons living in Nigeria who constitute the population sample for the study. Three hypotheses were formulated and tested using the chi-square statistical method of data analysis. Findings from the study significantly implicated bad leadership as the main cause of crime proliferation and unstable socioeconomic life among people living in Nigeria. Consequently, among others, the study recommends a deliberate, decisive and concerted effort by all Nigerians with support from the international communities towards instituting credible and reliable leadership personalities and institutions at all levels.

NOUN Journal of Criminology and Security Studies Vol, 2021

Despite frantic efforts to curtail the menace, domestic crimes remain prevalent especially among ... more Despite frantic efforts to curtail the menace, domestic crimes remain prevalent especially among women in the society. This study examines the causes, effects and management of domestic crimes against women in the FCT, Abuja, Nigeria. It aims at unravelling the causes, effects and management of domestic crimes as its primary objective. The qualitative research design was adopted for the study, where the survey method consisting of thirty item questionnaire was utilised to elicit vital information from the respondents. The stratified simple random sampling technique was employed in the administration of a total of 390 questionnaires to a few select families. Data obtained from the field were analysed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). Findings from the study revealed that sexual, physical, psychological, emotional and economic abuses are among the types of domestic crimes prevalent in the Federal Capital Territory, Abuja. Furthermore, revelation of concealed premarital history by spouse, decision on whether or not a wife should work and the type and place of work she could be allowed, women's infertility, women's claim to equality with husbands, infidelity and inability to satisfy partner were identified as some of the causes of domestic crimes against women. The study also revealed that disruption of existing social and internal harmony, breeding of broken homes and divorce; are some of the adverse effects of domestic crimes against women. Premised on these findings, the study recommends that all forms of domestic crimes especially against women and children be criminalised to deter potential offenders; Government should institute mechanisms for safe and secured reportage of incidences of domestic crimes; and adequate counselling and rehabilitation of victims of domestic crimes should be given priority by the state authority.

Cavendish Journal of Social Sciences and Management, 2023

The proliferation of financial technologies has contributed immensely to the growth and developme... more The proliferation of financial technologies has contributed immensely to the growth and development of electronic businesses in Nigeria. However, many users are apprehensive due to emerging trends of cybercrimes associated with the utilisation of financial technologies for business transactions. The study examines electronic businesses and its associate cybercrimes in Nigeria. It employs the quantitative design, utilising the questionnaire as the major instrument of data collection. Twenty-three (23) electronic businesses and consumers of financial technologies were randomly selected for the study. The snowball and purposive sampling techniques were also utilized in administering the research instruments. Data obtained for the study were analysed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) to determine commonalities and patterns in the respondents' responses. Emerging cybercrimes were found to have adverse effects on the development of electronic businesses. The study recommends awareness campaigns to up consumers' financial technology literacy; adequate policy formulation and enforcement to punish and deter potential cybercriminals; and the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) should strive for policies that will compel financial institutions to upgrade their financial gateways to incorporate Europay, MasterCard and Visa (EMV) Chip and Near Field Communication (NFC) technologies to prevent fraudulent transactions and boost consumers' confidence.

NNHRCJ, 2022

A widowhood rite is a traditional practice in several Nigerian communities today but with a few o... more A widowhood rite is a traditional practice in several Nigerian communities today but with a few observed nuances. As one of those rites that is characterised by compulsion, threat, emotional, sexual and physical violation of victims, the practice appears to be in outright defiance of the fundamental human rights of women as enshrined in the Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria, the United Nations treaty and other legal instruments of international emphasising to which Nigeria is a signatory. This article examined the features of widowhood traditional practice as operational in the southeastern, southwestern, south southern, and Northern Nigeria; and by so doing brought out salient components that undermine the full expression of women’s rights under the practices of widowhood. The Deviant place theory as well as the Routine activity theory were deployed as a framework. The study found that poverty on the part of men and women, ignorance, illiteracy, culture, greed on some men’s part and low status of women are some of the most reckoned enablers of widowhood rite practice. Based on these findings, the study recommends that the government should initiate or at least support significant research on widowhood practices in the country. Other recommendations include the creation of an intense awareness campaign, activation of vicarious liability, women empowerment particularly at the local level, exploration of educational curriculum channels and government sponsorship as relevant measures to ending the widowhood rites practice in the study area.

KIJHUS Volume. 4, Issue 2, 2023

The study examined the social and economic factors associated with youths' involvement in cybercr... more The study examined the social and economic factors associated with youths' involvement in cybercrime in Lagos metropolis, southwestern Nigeria, and the implications of this for the youths and the Nigerian society at large. Specifically, it aimed to examine general perceptions about yahoo-yahoo (Internet fraud), identify the causal factors of cyber criminality among the youths, and investigate the effects of youths' fraudulent cyber exploits on Nigeria's global image. Structured questionnaires containing twenty-five question items were distributed to gather data from 330 respondents using the Multi-stage Sampling Technique (RST). Findings revealed that awareness was significantly high about youths' cybercrime (yahoo-yahoo) exploits in Lagos; most youths involved in internet fraud have attended school up to at least primary school; a good number proceeded to tertiary institutions. Unemployment, poverty, and peer influence were identified as major causal factors of internet fraud among youths. Cybercrime was noted to have denied several Nigerians opportunities abroad; it has reduced Direct Foreign Investment (DFI) into the country and has greatly impinged on the future of Nigerian youths. The study suggests a reactivation of the old indigenous African value system that exalts hard work and detests corrupt practices and other forms of illegality and social repugnance. The content of Nigeria's educational curriculum would also need to be reconstructed towards equipping the Nigerian youths with sufficient knowledge of the damaging consequences of cybercrime at individual, family, and societal levels.

KIJHUS Volume. 4, Issue 2 , 2023

Smoking has remained a popular behavior among humans even in the 21 st century despite the severa... more Smoking has remained a popular behavior among humans even in the 21 st century despite the several legitimate warnings against the practice. The study seeks to find out the relationship the between knowledge, belief and smoking pattern among firsthand smokers in Calabar and Uyo Metropolis, South, South, Nigeria. To achieve this, the study adopts the descriptive survey design with the snowballing sampling technique to secure data through questionnaire from the 376 respondents which constitutes its sample. The study found no significant relationship between knowledge and smoking pattern, but a significant relationship between belief and smoking pattern. In addition, the study found that Arizona is the most smoked substance in the study area. Hence, it is recommended that the production and circulation of smoked substances particularly the outlawed ones should be diligently checked with due sincerity by Nigeria Drug Law Enforcement Agency and its affiliates. Also, campaign against smoking should be targeted towards convincing the populace about the health dangers of smoking rather than just informing them.

Osun Sociological Review, 2021

Cybercrime is considered a severe threat to any nation. The proliferation of Technology-Mediated ... more Cybercrime is considered a severe threat to any nation. The proliferation of Technology-Mediated Communication Channels has continued to aggravate its negative effects among users of Information Communication Technology (ICT). This study is therefore designed to assess the influence of Technology-Mediated Communication Channels on Cybercrimes. It consists of a representative sample of 625 drawn from a population of 761,225 ICT users, using the Taro Yamane simplified formula for sample size determination. A well-structured questionnaire and an in-depth interview guide formed the major instruments of data collection for the study. The purposive and snowball sampling techniques were employed in the administration of the research instruments. Findings from the study revealed that the proliferation of Technology-Mediated Communication Channels is a precipitating factor of Cybercrime victimisation. Based on these findings, the following recommendations were proffered to ameliorate the crime situation: The 2015 Cybercrime Act should be appropriately enforced in the prosecution of cybercriminals to serve as a deterrent to potential offenders; Public sensitization, cybercrime education or awareness campaigns should be given priority by the relevant government agencies; and Parents and Teachers should make concerted efforts towards the inculcation of positive cyber-behaviours among the teaming population of young Nigerians.

How to cite:
Ashibi, J. E.., Egodo, H. A., & Ocheja, A. (2021). Influence of Technology-Mediated Communication Channels on Cybercrimes: A Study of ICT Users in the Southern Senatorial District of Cross River State, Nigeria. Osun Sociological Review. (7)1 pp10-22.

Journal of Social Sciences (JSS), NOUN, 2021

Conflict between herders and farmers continues to intensify and takes a more violent posture. Liv... more Conflict between herders and farmers continues to intensify and takes a more violent posture. Lives and properties have been lost and the situation does not call for optimism. The causes of this conflict, its effects and ways to resolve them are what this paper sets out to do. Using multi-stage sampling techniques-purposive and snowballing, one local government area was selected from each of the three senatorial districts of Kogi state. Forty-two respondents from each of the three selected LGA totaling one hundred and twenty-six respondents in all. The paper anchored on conflict theory and structural functionalist theory as a framework. Using descriptive statistical tools, the major causes of the conflicts were crop damage by cattle, inadequate grazing reserves, land encroachment, lack of access to water points, pollution of water, killing of stray cattle, bush burning, cattle rustling, land tenure system and change in climate conditions among others; with effects ranging from destruction of lives and properties, general insecurity and lack of development. The paper recommends re-orientation for the two conflicting groups, user groups' involvement in policies on land, demarcation, beaconing and full implementation of government-owned grazing reserves and cattle routes, sensitization of some herders and amendment of land use policies.

Nigerian Journal of Criminology and Security Studies (NJCSS), NOUN, 2022

The impact of COVID-19 can never be overemphasized. Its emergence has altered and disrupted man's... more The impact of COVID-19 can never be overemphasized. Its emergence has altered and disrupted man's social existence in health, education, communication, business, relationship, transportation, etc. Consequently, the emergence of COVID-19 has given rise to new trends and dimensions of information-seeking behaviours and technology adaptation in man's social existence. Its effect with regard to the general direction of illicit drug trafficking and distribution is yet to be ascertained. Therefore, this study is designed to primarily examine the patterns and trends of illicit drug trafficking and distribution in Nigeria during the covid-19 era. The theory of social constructivism was adopted to explain the contemporary trend of illicit drug trafficking and distribution. It utilised the available limited secondary data that were collected from relevant local and international drug control agencies as well as anecdotal information collated through the New media to analyze the trends of illicit drug trafficking and distribution during this period of movement restrictions. Findings from the study revealed a spontaneous trigger of the use of Technology Mediated Communication Channels (TMCC) for the sales and distribution of illicit drugs. Sequel to this key finding, the study recommends a proportionate innovative technological advancement by relevant law enforcement agencies in awareness creation, tracking, prevention and apprehension of the culprits of illegal drug trafficking and distribution in Nigeria.

Journal Of Social Sciences (JSS), National Open University of Nigeria (NOUN), 2020

The incidence of street criminality in Cross River State, Nigeria, has assumed a worrisome dimens... more The incidence of street criminality in Cross River State, Nigeria, has assumed a worrisome dimension and may be worsened if it is allowed unchecked. The study was primarily designed to investigate how unemployment and poverty as socio-economic factors relate to street crimes in Calabar Metropolis, Cross River State, Nigeria. Relevant literature was reviewed and the structural strain theory of crime was used to explain the crime problem. While the survey research design was adopted, the purposive and snowball sampling techniques were utilised for the administration of the questionnaire which formed the major instrument of primary data collection for the study. Using the survey systems online sample size calculation model, a total of 384 respondents were adopted for the study. Findings from the study revealed a statistically significant positive relationship between poor standards of living and unemployment to street crimes in Calabar Metropolis. Based on these findings, the following recommendations were made: local authorities should make and implement engaging policies and decisions that will affect the lives of the youths positively; government should revitalise areas of skill acquisition and entrepreneurial development programmes for the youths; and the use of local contents with specific reference to human resources for paid labour/services should be given priority by the government and other viable private organisations.

Noun Journal of Criminology and Security Studies, 2021

The impact of COVID-19 can never be over-emphasized. Its emergence has altered and disrupted man'... more The impact of COVID-19 can never be over-emphasized. Its emergence has altered and disrupted man's social existence in health, education, communication, business, relationship, transportation, etc. Consequently, the emergence of COVID-19 has given rise to new trends and dimensions of information-seeking behaviours and technology adaptation in man's social existence. Its effect with regard to the general direction of illicit drug trafficking and distribution is yet to be ascertained. Therefore, this study is designed to primarily examine the patterns and trends of illicit drug trafficking and distribution in Nigeria during the covid-19 era. The theory of social constructivism was adopted to explain the contemporary trend of illicit drug trafficking and distribution. It utilised the available limited secondary data that were collected from relevant local and international drug control agencies as well as anecdotal information collated through the New media to analyze the trends of illicit drug trafficking and distribution during this period of movement restrictions. Findings from the study revealed a spontaneous trigger of the use of Technology-Mediated Communication Channels (TMCC) for the sales and distribution of illicit drugs. Sequel to this key finding, the study recommends a proportionate innovative technological advancement by relevant law enforcement agencies in awareness creation, tracking, prevention and apprehension of the culprits of illegal drug trafficking and distribution in Nigeria.

Conference Presentations by Jacob E N E J I ASHIBI

Kampala International University, Uganda, 2023

In the light of seemingly increasing recidivism rates amongst inmates, this study investigates th... more In the light of seemingly increasing recidivism rates amongst inmates, this study investigates the effectiveness of reformatory programmes in correctional institutions and the trigger factors of recidivistic tendencies amongst ex-convicts in South- South, Nigeria. The study adopts the descriptive survey design, where the purposive and snowball sampling techniques were further adopted in the administration of the research instruments to the relevant respondents for the study. It draws from
Robert Agnew’s general strain theory to present an explanation of the act of recidivism amongst ex- convicts. An in-depth interview guide was adopted to serve as the research instruments for eliciting relevant
information from the respondents. A total of 43 ex- convicts were utilized as respondents for the study. Findings from the study suggests that although the reformatory programmes of correctional institutions in South-South Nigeria were well designed and structured to achieve criminal reformation, rehabilitation and reintegration; however, factors
such as endemic prison subculture, reintegration labelling effects, and employability redundancy of ex-convicts were significantly implicated as the primary causative factors of criminal recidivistic tendencies. Consequently, the study recommends intensive community sensitization and re-orientation via awareness campaigns to facilitate acceptability and reintegration; immediate provision of gainful employment opportunities for ex-convicts; and the adoption of non-custodial sentences as an alternative to criminal incarceration.

Books by Jacob E N E J I ASHIBI

Department of Peace Studies and Conflict Resolution, National Open University of Nigeria, pp. 1-23. ISBN: 978-978-769-024-6., 2024

The concept of human security has evolved significantly from its traditional focus on state-centr... more The concept of human security has evolved significantly from its traditional focus on state-centric military threats to a more holistic approach that prioritizes the protection and well-being of individuals. This shift, emerging prominently in the post-Cold War era, recognizes that threats to security extend beyond armed conflict to include pervasive and critical threats such as poverty, disease, environmental degradation, and economic instability (United Nations Development Programme, 1994). In the 21st century, socio-economic indices such as income, education, health, and employment have become essential indicators of human security, reflecting a comprehensive understanding of what it means to be secure. In Nigeria, the relevance of this broadened concept of human security is particularly pronounced. As Africa's most populous country, Nigeria faces an array of socio-economic challenges that directly impact the security and well-being of its citizens. Despite its vast natural resources and significant economic potential, Nigeria struggles with high levels of poverty, unemployment, and inequality. According to the National Bureau of Statistics (2020), about 40% of Nigeria's population lives below the national poverty line. This widespread poverty is not just an economic issue but a severe human security threat, as it exacerbates vulnerabilities to other forms of insecurity, including food insecurity, poor health outcomes, and limited access to education.

International Digital Organization for Scientific Research, 2024

African Multidisciplinary Journal of Development, 2023

NOUN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PEACE STUDIES AND CONFLICT RESOLUTION [NIJPCR], 2023

Sarcouncil Journal of Arts Humanities and Social Sciences, 2023

NOUN Journal of Criminology and Security Studies Vol, 2021

Cavendish Journal of Social Sciences and Management, 2023

NNHRCJ, 2022

KIJHUS Volume. 4, Issue 2, 2023

KIJHUS Volume. 4, Issue 2 , 2023

Osun Sociological Review, 2021

Journal of Social Sciences (JSS), NOUN, 2021

Nigerian Journal of Criminology and Security Studies (NJCSS), NOUN, 2022

Journal Of Social Sciences (JSS), National Open University of Nigeria (NOUN), 2020

Noun Journal of Criminology and Security Studies, 2021

Kampala International University, Uganda, 2023

In the light of seemingly increasing recidivism rates amongst inmates, this study investigates th... more In the light of seemingly increasing recidivism rates amongst inmates, this study investigates the effectiveness of reformatory programmes in correctional institutions and the trigger factors of recidivistic tendencies amongst ex-convicts in South- South, Nigeria. The study adopts the descriptive survey design, where the purposive and snowball sampling techniques were further adopted in the administration of the research instruments to the relevant respondents for the study. It draws from
Robert Agnew’s general strain theory to present an explanation of the act of recidivism amongst ex- convicts. An in-depth interview guide was adopted to serve as the research instruments for eliciting relevant
information from the respondents. A total of 43 ex- convicts were utilized as respondents for the study. Findings from the study suggests that although the reformatory programmes of correctional institutions in South-South Nigeria were well designed and structured to achieve criminal reformation, rehabilitation and reintegration; however, factors
such as endemic prison subculture, reintegration labelling effects, and employability redundancy of ex-convicts were significantly implicated as the primary causative factors of criminal recidivistic tendencies. Consequently, the study recommends intensive community sensitization and re-orientation via awareness campaigns to facilitate acceptability and reintegration; immediate provision of gainful employment opportunities for ex-convicts; and the adoption of non-custodial sentences as an alternative to criminal incarceration.

Department of Peace Studies and Conflict Resolution, National Open University of Nigeria, pp. 1-23. ISBN: 978-978-769-024-6., 2024