Erlend Ystrøm Haartveit | Norwegian University of Science and Technology (original) (raw)
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Papers by Erlend Ystrøm Haartveit
Norsk institutt for skogforskning, 2006
The project Woodflow is a 3-year project aiming at quantifying logistics costs for wood products ... more The project Woodflow is a 3-year project aiming at quantifying logistics costs for wood products in a supply chain from manufacturer to consumer. Woodflow
“The Wood Supply Games”, have been developed based on the structure and dynamics of the Beer Game... more “The Wood Supply Games”, have been developed based on the structure and dynamics of the Beer Game. By introducing divergent and convergent flows into the game, the relevance to situations in supply chains is increased. Complexity of the game has increased by increasing dependency between players. In WSG companies are affected by decisions made in a different supply chain. Using 10-12 players in each run, the game is, in essence, a simulation tool that includes the human aspect in decision making. In the extended, (Monster), version of the wood supply game, dependency between supply chains is incorporated by connecting three individual wood supply games through a common source of raw materials (a forest). This reflects well the situation in the Scandinavian forest industries in recent years, where there has been a shortage of raw materials compared to the manufacturing capacity, leading to a situation where supply chains are competing for the raw materials. WSG is used in courses in forestry logistics, and give a demonstration of how profitability of companies is interdependent where each player’s decisions contribute to the development of the supply chain.
Two games, called “Wood Supply Games”, are developed based on the structure and dynamics of the B... more Two games, called “Wood Supply Games”, are developed based on the structure and dynamics of the Beer Game. The games are intended as student exercises in forestry logistics courses. By introducing divergent and convergent flows in the supply chain, the relevance to the forest sector is increased. Results from pilot experiments of the games are presented and discussed in terms of how different degrees of complexity in supply chain structures may affect their efficiency. Measures of efficiency are accumulated costs, amplification of demand and the sample variance of order rates. Results indicate that supply chain performance is negatively affected by increasing rigidity of constraints at points of divergence. Furthermore, lower degrees of efficiency and predictability are observed as complexity of supply chain structure increases. Testing of results and proposed hypotheses can be accomplished by running numerous replications of the games, or alternatively, by development of appropriat...
The optimal utilisation of a wood raw material is dependent on the wood properties. In this study... more The optimal utilisation of a wood raw material is dependent on the wood properties. In this study near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy was used to nondestructively predict density, modulus of elasticity, and modulus of rupture for small clear specimens cut from Picea abies (L.) Karst. (Norway spruce) trees. NIR spectra were recorded directly on the wood surface of each specimen as close as possible to the fracture developed during the bending test. Models were calibrated using partial least squares regression. The validation method was test set validation by data splitting. The correlation between predicted and measured values was highest for modulus of elasticity (0.86), followed by modulus of rupture (0.84) and density (0.79). The validation of the models showed that the average accuracies of predictions were 20.3 kg/m3 for density, 1.1 GPa for modulus of elasticity, and 6.1 MPa for modulus of rupture. Results are comparable to what has been found for other tree species, such as Pinus...
Major driving forces among companies in the forest products industry are mergers and acquisitions... more Major driving forces among companies in the forest products industry are mergers and acquisitions and narrowing the strategic focus to core competencies. The combined effect is that the mutual dependency in customer-supplier relationships increases, and that the share of the total value added provided by each actor decreases. Standard techniques for process mapping are intended as the first step in process improvement. Order processes, extending from identification of demand to fulfilment of demand, commonly cross company borders. The result is an increasing need for inter-company coordination to increase efficiency of material flows. This paper presents preliminary results from the mapping of the order process between a Norwegian retail chain and its major supplier of solid wood products. A model intended for supply chain mapping has been modified and applied to this particular case. One outcome of the mapping is that a detailed overview of the process can reveal simple solutions f...
Two games, called “Wood Supply Games”, are developed based on the structure and dynamics,of the B... more Two games, called “Wood Supply Games”, are developed based on the structure and dynamics,of the Beer Game. The games are intended as student exercises in forestry logistics courses. By introducing divergent and convergent flows in the supply chain, the relevance to the forest sector is increased. Results from pilot experiments of the games,are presented and discussed in terms ,of how ,different degrees of complexity ,in supply ,chain structures may affect their efficiency. Measures of efficiency are accumulated costs, amplification of demand and the sample ,variance of order ,rates. Results indicate that supply chain performance ,is negatively affected by increasing rigidity of constraints at points of divergence. Furthermore, lower degrees of efficiency ,and predictability are observed ,as complexity ,of supply ,chain structure increases. Testing of results ,and proposed ,hypotheses ,can be accomplished ,by running numerous replications of the games, or alternatively, by developmen...
Considerable areas in the northern parts of Norway are afforested with Picea abies (L.) H.Karst. ... more Considerable areas in the northern parts of Norway are afforested with Picea abies (L.) H.Karst. (Norway spruce), Picea · lutzii Little (Lutz spruce), and Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carriere (Sitka spruce). The species have different machining and wood properties but are similar in visual appearance. We evaluated whether near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy combined with multivariate statistical modelling could be used to identify wood from these three species. In all, 83 wood specimens were available for analyses, 36 of which were used as a test set for model validation. NIR spectra were obtained on the cross-sectional surfaces. An initial principal component analysis indicated that little information from the first and second components could be used for discrimination, but in score-plots of the third and fourth components the samples from the tree species formed clusters. This showed that the NIR spectra did contain information relevant for tree species identification, and that only a ...
Wood from different tree species is commonly similar in visual appearance but still have consider... more Wood from different tree species is commonly similar in visual appearance but still have considerable differences in machining and wood properties. Even heartwood and sapwood from the same tree species may be difficult to separate visually, but the wood properties important for the quality of the final products may differ. Hence, within the forest products industry there is a great need to non-destructively evaluate wood quality prior to and during manufacturing in order to ensure effective allocation of raw material, and to obtain consistent and well defined quality of the end products. Near infrared spectroscopy is a promising technique because it requires minimal, if any, sample preparation and provides results rapidly, even when used on intact, opaque biological samples. In this paper we use near infrared spectroscopy combined with multivariate statistical analyses for classification of wood types. Case I considers heartwood and sapwood from Scots pine. On freshly cut wood heart...
International Journal of Forest Engineering
Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research, Dec 1, 2004
Norsk institutt for skogforskning, 2006
The project Woodflow is a 3-year project aiming at quantifying logistics costs for wood products ... more The project Woodflow is a 3-year project aiming at quantifying logistics costs for wood products in a supply chain from manufacturer to consumer. Woodflow
“The Wood Supply Games”, have been developed based on the structure and dynamics of the Beer Game... more “The Wood Supply Games”, have been developed based on the structure and dynamics of the Beer Game. By introducing divergent and convergent flows into the game, the relevance to situations in supply chains is increased. Complexity of the game has increased by increasing dependency between players. In WSG companies are affected by decisions made in a different supply chain. Using 10-12 players in each run, the game is, in essence, a simulation tool that includes the human aspect in decision making. In the extended, (Monster), version of the wood supply game, dependency between supply chains is incorporated by connecting three individual wood supply games through a common source of raw materials (a forest). This reflects well the situation in the Scandinavian forest industries in recent years, where there has been a shortage of raw materials compared to the manufacturing capacity, leading to a situation where supply chains are competing for the raw materials. WSG is used in courses in forestry logistics, and give a demonstration of how profitability of companies is interdependent where each player’s decisions contribute to the development of the supply chain.
Two games, called “Wood Supply Games”, are developed based on the structure and dynamics of the B... more Two games, called “Wood Supply Games”, are developed based on the structure and dynamics of the Beer Game. The games are intended as student exercises in forestry logistics courses. By introducing divergent and convergent flows in the supply chain, the relevance to the forest sector is increased. Results from pilot experiments of the games are presented and discussed in terms of how different degrees of complexity in supply chain structures may affect their efficiency. Measures of efficiency are accumulated costs, amplification of demand and the sample variance of order rates. Results indicate that supply chain performance is negatively affected by increasing rigidity of constraints at points of divergence. Furthermore, lower degrees of efficiency and predictability are observed as complexity of supply chain structure increases. Testing of results and proposed hypotheses can be accomplished by running numerous replications of the games, or alternatively, by development of appropriat...
The optimal utilisation of a wood raw material is dependent on the wood properties. In this study... more The optimal utilisation of a wood raw material is dependent on the wood properties. In this study near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy was used to nondestructively predict density, modulus of elasticity, and modulus of rupture for small clear specimens cut from Picea abies (L.) Karst. (Norway spruce) trees. NIR spectra were recorded directly on the wood surface of each specimen as close as possible to the fracture developed during the bending test. Models were calibrated using partial least squares regression. The validation method was test set validation by data splitting. The correlation between predicted and measured values was highest for modulus of elasticity (0.86), followed by modulus of rupture (0.84) and density (0.79). The validation of the models showed that the average accuracies of predictions were 20.3 kg/m3 for density, 1.1 GPa for modulus of elasticity, and 6.1 MPa for modulus of rupture. Results are comparable to what has been found for other tree species, such as Pinus...
Major driving forces among companies in the forest products industry are mergers and acquisitions... more Major driving forces among companies in the forest products industry are mergers and acquisitions and narrowing the strategic focus to core competencies. The combined effect is that the mutual dependency in customer-supplier relationships increases, and that the share of the total value added provided by each actor decreases. Standard techniques for process mapping are intended as the first step in process improvement. Order processes, extending from identification of demand to fulfilment of demand, commonly cross company borders. The result is an increasing need for inter-company coordination to increase efficiency of material flows. This paper presents preliminary results from the mapping of the order process between a Norwegian retail chain and its major supplier of solid wood products. A model intended for supply chain mapping has been modified and applied to this particular case. One outcome of the mapping is that a detailed overview of the process can reveal simple solutions f...
Two games, called “Wood Supply Games”, are developed based on the structure and dynamics,of the B... more Two games, called “Wood Supply Games”, are developed based on the structure and dynamics,of the Beer Game. The games are intended as student exercises in forestry logistics courses. By introducing divergent and convergent flows in the supply chain, the relevance to the forest sector is increased. Results from pilot experiments of the games,are presented and discussed in terms ,of how ,different degrees of complexity ,in supply ,chain structures may affect their efficiency. Measures of efficiency are accumulated costs, amplification of demand and the sample ,variance of order ,rates. Results indicate that supply chain performance ,is negatively affected by increasing rigidity of constraints at points of divergence. Furthermore, lower degrees of efficiency ,and predictability are observed ,as complexity ,of supply ,chain structure increases. Testing of results ,and proposed ,hypotheses ,can be accomplished ,by running numerous replications of the games, or alternatively, by developmen...
Considerable areas in the northern parts of Norway are afforested with Picea abies (L.) H.Karst. ... more Considerable areas in the northern parts of Norway are afforested with Picea abies (L.) H.Karst. (Norway spruce), Picea · lutzii Little (Lutz spruce), and Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carriere (Sitka spruce). The species have different machining and wood properties but are similar in visual appearance. We evaluated whether near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy combined with multivariate statistical modelling could be used to identify wood from these three species. In all, 83 wood specimens were available for analyses, 36 of which were used as a test set for model validation. NIR spectra were obtained on the cross-sectional surfaces. An initial principal component analysis indicated that little information from the first and second components could be used for discrimination, but in score-plots of the third and fourth components the samples from the tree species formed clusters. This showed that the NIR spectra did contain information relevant for tree species identification, and that only a ...
Wood from different tree species is commonly similar in visual appearance but still have consider... more Wood from different tree species is commonly similar in visual appearance but still have considerable differences in machining and wood properties. Even heartwood and sapwood from the same tree species may be difficult to separate visually, but the wood properties important for the quality of the final products may differ. Hence, within the forest products industry there is a great need to non-destructively evaluate wood quality prior to and during manufacturing in order to ensure effective allocation of raw material, and to obtain consistent and well defined quality of the end products. Near infrared spectroscopy is a promising technique because it requires minimal, if any, sample preparation and provides results rapidly, even when used on intact, opaque biological samples. In this paper we use near infrared spectroscopy combined with multivariate statistical analyses for classification of wood types. Case I considers heartwood and sapwood from Scots pine. On freshly cut wood heart...
International Journal of Forest Engineering
Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research, Dec 1, 2004