Trygve Magne Eikevik | Norwegian University of Science and Technology (original) (raw)

Papers by Trygve Magne Eikevik

Innovative Food Science and Emerging Technologies, 2022

Food bioscience, Aug 1, 2021

Increasing amount of unutilized rest raw material worldwide and, particularly, in Norway leaded t... more Increasing amount of unutilized rest raw material worldwide and, particularly, in Norway leaded to the investigation of its possible utilization. In the present research, fish protein hydrolysates from cod were used as peptones for microbiological culture medias. The hydrolysates were produced with several enzymatic systems and dried by several drying techniques in order to evaluate the influence of processing on their utilization as peptones. Strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella enteriditis were used as test strains. The obtained microbiological culture medias based on the peptones from fish protein hydrolysates were compared with a reference media produced industrially. The investigated medias generally showed similar or better growth of the test strains, when compared with the reference. The influence of the enzymatic system and drying method on the growth of the tested strains was analyzed and discussed.

The drying kinetics of brown seaweed Sacharina Latissima with and without blanching were investig... more The drying kinetics of brown seaweed Sacharina Latissima with and without blanching were investigated in temperature range between 10.0 and 38.0 °C. The drying process is more rapid for raw seaweeds. The effective moisture diffusivity coefficient (with respect to shrinkage) was found in the range between 0.5 and 5.0 10-10 m-2/s. Drying temperature influence on lightness and hue color parameter of the seaweeds. The salt content in raw seaweeds influence on the shape of the sorption isotherm at high relative humidifies. The differential scanning calorimetry of raw seaweed samples revealed glass transition at ultra-low temperature range, while it was not found for blanched seaweeds. State diagram for drying and freezing of raw seaweeds was made.

The aquaculture production is steadily increasing in Norway. Typical load during one working shif... more The aquaculture production is steadily increasing in Norway. Typical load during one working shift reaches up to 100 metric tons of fish. The requirements for fish chilling is strict: the process should be as fast as possible and the final temperature in the centre of the fish should not exceed +2.0 °C. Typical chilling system are using refrigerated sea water in direct contact with the product and the cooling load is varying with product size, production rate and seasonal temperature. This case study evaluates the performance of CO2 as refrigerant in refrigerated sea water (RSW) system for chilling of salmon. The system was evaluated for different weight classes of fishes being chilled (from 3.0 to 8.0 kg). The knowledge of heat transfer and temperature fields inside the fish, which was obtained in another study, was used for simulation of the process in order to optimize the operation conditions for the system. System solutions with the highest rate of cooling capacity together with low energy consumption during operation are described and evaluated.

Energies, Dec 11, 2023

This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative... more This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY

For a sustainable future in energy, the use of natural fluids in heat pump systems can provide an... more For a sustainable future in energy, the use of natural fluids in heat pump systems can provide an efficient solution to combat the ozone depletion and the global warming effects of synthetic working fluids. These natural fluids, though environmentally friendly, must be able to operate at high temperature in heat pumps in an efficient and cost effective way to be viable for the industry heat demand. High temperature heat pumps with heat source and heat sink temperatures ranging from 40 oC to 200 oC have unique challenges with natural working fluids. This paper evaluates the performance and use of natural working fluids for high temperature heat pumps. The analysis is based on simple thermodynamic cycles. A simulation tool coupled with a thermodynamic properties database is used to evaluate the operating limitations of the natural fluids. Natural fluids such as ammonia, hydrocarbon and hydrocarbon mixtures are considered. The hydrocarbon mixtures, benefitting from both adjusted thermodynamic properties and a higher evaporating temperature due to better fit to heat source temperature, shows greatest potential for the development of high temperature heat pumps. The mixtures R290+R600 and R600+R601 were able to expand the working limits of their pure fluids while improving COP by up to 13.5 %.

Proceedings of the 24th IIR International Congress of Refrigeration: Yokohama, Japan, August 16-22, 2015., Aug 16, 2015

This article attempts to investigate the energy performance of CO2 (R744) hybrid ground-coupled h... more This article attempts to investigate the energy performance of CO2 (R744) hybrid ground-coupled heat pumping system for the cooling and heating application in hotels. The developed heat pumping system, employing a reverse transcritical CO2 cycle, utilises a heat sink combination of tap water and ground in cooling mode, while only the ground is utilized as the heat source in heating mode. When the heat pump operates in cooling mode, part of heat on the high pressure side could be recovered for heating the tap water to 65°C for the hotel hot water supply. The separated gas coolers also enable simultaneous space heating and hot water supply in the heating mode. This CO2 hybrid ground coupled heat pump system is modelled in the Modelica/ Dymola environment, and several types of control strategies according to the hotel heat load demands are suggested for the energy performance investigation. Simulation result shows the COPcooling&SHW, which could reach 4.8, is superior comparing with other cooling and heating system, and the optimal high side pressure for different control strategy is acquired according to the optimal energy performance.

The paper presents new technology based on heat pump drying with production costs considerably lo... more The paper presents new technology based on heat pump drying with production costs considerably lower than vacuum freeze drying but with similar qualities of dried products. The focus is on the design, dimensioning and operation of such heat pump dryers using a combined mode with drying temperatures below and above the product freezing point. Several materials were dried in test plants, including fish products, fruits, vegetables and dairy products. The interaction between the air side of the plant and the heat pump was studied and different system solutions with ammonia as the working fluid were scrutinized. Consequences on the dryer thermal efficiency and the heat pump coefficient of performance are presented.

Proceedings of the 24th IIR International Congress of Refrigeration: Yokohama, Japan, August 16-22, 2015., Aug 16, 2015

To ensure proper quality of high value product, cooling is a critical process in the fishing indu... more To ensure proper quality of high value product, cooling is a critical process in the fishing industry. Traditionally, on board pelagic fish cooling is achieved using Refrigerated Sea Water (RSW) refrigeration plants with halocarbon HCFC 22 as working fluid. According to EU-regulations, refilling of this fluid is not allowed from 2015. HFC alternatives have considerable greenhouse warming potential and are heavily taxed in some countries, thus only a short time solution. The main natural alternative, ammonia, has significant drawbacks that can be unacceptable particularly for smaller vessels and for rebuilding of existing ships. Carbon Dioxide (CO2) is an environmental friendly, inexpensive, non-toxic, non-flammable alternative. One drawback is the high operating pressure which could give heavy, bulky and expensive components. In this project a novel dimple plate type evaporator and condenser were developed and tested in a 300 kW cooling capacity RSW plant using CO2 as refrigerant. Optimal geometry was simulated and verified in laboratory tests. Then, new full size heat exchangers and refrigeration racks were mounted in a fishing boat replacing an existing R22 system. Measurements on-board boat showed promising results and the first mackerel catch cooling fulfilled the boat owner's expectations. The heat exchangers are smaller, lighter and cheaper than comparable shell and tube units designed for CO2. Preliminary calculations show that the production cost could be about equal to ammonia units.

Energies

This study provides an overview of new trends in the development of cooling systems for electric ... more This study provides an overview of new trends in the development of cooling systems for electric motors. It includes a summary of academic research and patents for cooling systems implemented by leading motor manufacturers at TRL9. New trends in the cooling management of air and liquid cooling systems are discussed and analyzed with a focus on temperature distribution and its influence on the power-to-dimension ratio of electric motors. The prevailing cooling method for synchronous and asynchronous motors is air cooling using external fins, air circulation ducts, air gaps, and fan impellers to enhance efficiency and reliability. Internal cooling with rotor and stator ducts, along with optimized air duct geometry, shows potential to increase the power-to-dimension ratio and reduce motor size. Liquid cooling systems offer a power-to-dimension ratio of up to 25 kW/kg, achieved through redesigned cooling ducts, stator heat exchangers, and cooling tubes. However, liquid cooling systems a...

Refrigerated seawater systems (RSW) are commonly used in fishing vessels for cooling of harvested... more Refrigerated seawater systems (RSW) are commonly used in fishing vessels for cooling of harvested pelagic fish. The catch is cooled down to approximately -1 °C in large seawater tanks. In Norway, several of these RSW systems are working with ammonia as refrigerant, but carbon dioxide is introduced as an alternative and installed on a fishing vessel with good results. There are still many fishing vessels with RSW systems using refrigerant R22. This paper describes possibilities of using natural refrigerants instead of fluorocarbons, for example R22, in RSW systems on fishing boats.

This article is devoted to use of refrigeration and cold chain in India, with specific emphasis o... more This article is devoted to use of refrigeration and cold chain in India, with specific emphasis on agricultural products. India is found to be vastly lacking in terms of both cold storage capacity and efficiency. Thus, there is a large potential for development. A physical design of a cooling system is modelled (based on the Indian scenario), and a further logistical implementation of this system in India is constructed. A comprehensive simulation model for the complete cooling system was used to reach an optimized system configuration, which was implemented for cooling of apples, grapes and mangoes in the respective climatic regions of Dehradun, Mumbai and Kolkata. The cooling system was evaluated in relation to the Indian scenario, and it is concluded that the system offers several potential benefits.

Frío-calor y aire acondicionado, May 1, 2014

Large ammonia refrigeration systems are commonly used by Norway's fish freezing industry. Whi... more Large ammonia refrigeration systems are commonly used by Norway's fish freezing industry. While the energy efficiency of these systems varies, it has improved in recent years but can continue to benefit from improvements. Air blast freezing tunnels are used to freeze large numbers of fish. Typically, a batch tunnel is filled, the refrigeration system and air fans are started and run uninterrupted until the freezing tunnel is unloaded after 20 h. The refrigeration load from the product falls as the product temperature drops, but the fans often run at full speed during the entire freezing period, which results in a constant heat load to the freezing tunnel. This paper examines the efficiencies that result from reducing the fan speed after a certain time. A simulation program was developed to test different operation modes. It calculated the product temperatures in the tunnel and the electricity demand by the refrigeration system and the air fans. The air velocity field inside the freezing tunnel varied with location, which resulted in different product freezing times. The results show a reduction of 73% in total energy consumption compared to the baseline case when the freezing time was extended to 29.2 h and the fan speed was reduced to 33% after 8 h. Reductions in air temperatures (2 and 4°C) during the second part of the freezing period could decrease the total freezing time, but the net effect on energy consumption depends on the rest of the refrigeration system.

International Journal of Refrigeration-revue Internationale Du Froid, Apr 1, 2016

Present supermarket refrigeration systems, with carbon dioxide as a refrigerant, indicate higheff... more Present supermarket refrigeration systems, with carbon dioxide as a refrigerant, indicate highefficiency performance and they are commonly installed in throughout Europe. The refrigeration systems with R744 have still a large potential to limit power consumption. One of solutions is ejector-based expansion work recovery module. Aim of this thesis is to present an experimental investigation of standard R744 supermarket refrigeration system, with the high-pressure electronic valve (HPV), and refrigeration system with multi-ejector expansion pack on the same vapour compression rack. Comparison of the R744 multi-ejector refrigeration system, was carried out based on energy performance characteristics: refrigeration capacity, power consumption, COP, and exergy efficiency. Apart from the system performance comparison, influence of the pressure level in the flash tank on the system performance for both alternatives was analysed. The experimental results indicated COP and exergy efficiency improvement of the multiejector refrigeration system up to 7% and 13.7%, respectively. The multi-ejector system was able to operate in smaller range of the tanks pressure lift than the standard system dependent on the refrigeration load and the exit gas cooler section parameters. The highest values of COP and exergy efficiency were obtained by the multi-ejector refrigeration system for the tanks pressure lift value close to the limit value. The values of the overall compressor efficiencies were significantly differentiated, dependent on the operation module (cooling load and heat rejection conditions), which strongly influenced the values of COP and exergy efficiency. Therefore, it was not possible to clearly define the optimum pressure in the flash tank. It was concluded that improvement of compressors efficiencies utilized in the multiejector system will indicate high energy performance of the refrigeration system. systemach chłodniczych z modułem eżektorowym przyczyni się do poprawy wydajnosci energetycznej systemu chłodniczego z CO 2. vi vii Contents PREFACE .

International Journal of Refrigeration-revue Internationale Du Froid, May 1, 2023

Science & Engineering Faculty, Jun 6, 2013

In this research fluidization behavior of cubical Bovine intestine samples was studied. Bovine in... more In this research fluidization behavior of cubical Bovine intestine samples was studied. Bovine intestine samples were heat pump dried at atmospheric pressure and at temperatures below and above the material freezing points. Experiments were conducted to study fluidization characteristics and drying kinetics at different drying conditions. Bovine particles were characterized according to Geldart classification and minimum fluidization velocity was calculated using Ergun Equation and generalized equation for all drying conditions at the beginning of the trials and end of the trials. Walli's model was used to categorize stability of the fluidization at the beginning and end of the drying for each trial. Walli's values determined were positive at the beginning and end of all trials indicating stable fluidisation at the beginning and end for each drying condition.

Innovative Food Science and Emerging Technologies, 2022

Food bioscience, Aug 1, 2021

Increasing amount of unutilized rest raw material worldwide and, particularly, in Norway leaded t... more Increasing amount of unutilized rest raw material worldwide and, particularly, in Norway leaded to the investigation of its possible utilization. In the present research, fish protein hydrolysates from cod were used as peptones for microbiological culture medias. The hydrolysates were produced with several enzymatic systems and dried by several drying techniques in order to evaluate the influence of processing on their utilization as peptones. Strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella enteriditis were used as test strains. The obtained microbiological culture medias based on the peptones from fish protein hydrolysates were compared with a reference media produced industrially. The investigated medias generally showed similar or better growth of the test strains, when compared with the reference. The influence of the enzymatic system and drying method on the growth of the tested strains was analyzed and discussed.

The drying kinetics of brown seaweed Sacharina Latissima with and without blanching were investig... more The drying kinetics of brown seaweed Sacharina Latissima with and without blanching were investigated in temperature range between 10.0 and 38.0 °C. The drying process is more rapid for raw seaweeds. The effective moisture diffusivity coefficient (with respect to shrinkage) was found in the range between 0.5 and 5.0 10-10 m-2/s. Drying temperature influence on lightness and hue color parameter of the seaweeds. The salt content in raw seaweeds influence on the shape of the sorption isotherm at high relative humidifies. The differential scanning calorimetry of raw seaweed samples revealed glass transition at ultra-low temperature range, while it was not found for blanched seaweeds. State diagram for drying and freezing of raw seaweeds was made.

The aquaculture production is steadily increasing in Norway. Typical load during one working shif... more The aquaculture production is steadily increasing in Norway. Typical load during one working shift reaches up to 100 metric tons of fish. The requirements for fish chilling is strict: the process should be as fast as possible and the final temperature in the centre of the fish should not exceed +2.0 °C. Typical chilling system are using refrigerated sea water in direct contact with the product and the cooling load is varying with product size, production rate and seasonal temperature. This case study evaluates the performance of CO2 as refrigerant in refrigerated sea water (RSW) system for chilling of salmon. The system was evaluated for different weight classes of fishes being chilled (from 3.0 to 8.0 kg). The knowledge of heat transfer and temperature fields inside the fish, which was obtained in another study, was used for simulation of the process in order to optimize the operation conditions for the system. System solutions with the highest rate of cooling capacity together with low energy consumption during operation are described and evaluated.

Energies, Dec 11, 2023

This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative... more This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY

For a sustainable future in energy, the use of natural fluids in heat pump systems can provide an... more For a sustainable future in energy, the use of natural fluids in heat pump systems can provide an efficient solution to combat the ozone depletion and the global warming effects of synthetic working fluids. These natural fluids, though environmentally friendly, must be able to operate at high temperature in heat pumps in an efficient and cost effective way to be viable for the industry heat demand. High temperature heat pumps with heat source and heat sink temperatures ranging from 40 oC to 200 oC have unique challenges with natural working fluids. This paper evaluates the performance and use of natural working fluids for high temperature heat pumps. The analysis is based on simple thermodynamic cycles. A simulation tool coupled with a thermodynamic properties database is used to evaluate the operating limitations of the natural fluids. Natural fluids such as ammonia, hydrocarbon and hydrocarbon mixtures are considered. The hydrocarbon mixtures, benefitting from both adjusted thermodynamic properties and a higher evaporating temperature due to better fit to heat source temperature, shows greatest potential for the development of high temperature heat pumps. The mixtures R290+R600 and R600+R601 were able to expand the working limits of their pure fluids while improving COP by up to 13.5 %.

Proceedings of the 24th IIR International Congress of Refrigeration: Yokohama, Japan, August 16-22, 2015., Aug 16, 2015

This article attempts to investigate the energy performance of CO2 (R744) hybrid ground-coupled h... more This article attempts to investigate the energy performance of CO2 (R744) hybrid ground-coupled heat pumping system for the cooling and heating application in hotels. The developed heat pumping system, employing a reverse transcritical CO2 cycle, utilises a heat sink combination of tap water and ground in cooling mode, while only the ground is utilized as the heat source in heating mode. When the heat pump operates in cooling mode, part of heat on the high pressure side could be recovered for heating the tap water to 65°C for the hotel hot water supply. The separated gas coolers also enable simultaneous space heating and hot water supply in the heating mode. This CO2 hybrid ground coupled heat pump system is modelled in the Modelica/ Dymola environment, and several types of control strategies according to the hotel heat load demands are suggested for the energy performance investigation. Simulation result shows the COPcooling&SHW, which could reach 4.8, is superior comparing with other cooling and heating system, and the optimal high side pressure for different control strategy is acquired according to the optimal energy performance.

The paper presents new technology based on heat pump drying with production costs considerably lo... more The paper presents new technology based on heat pump drying with production costs considerably lower than vacuum freeze drying but with similar qualities of dried products. The focus is on the design, dimensioning and operation of such heat pump dryers using a combined mode with drying temperatures below and above the product freezing point. Several materials were dried in test plants, including fish products, fruits, vegetables and dairy products. The interaction between the air side of the plant and the heat pump was studied and different system solutions with ammonia as the working fluid were scrutinized. Consequences on the dryer thermal efficiency and the heat pump coefficient of performance are presented.

Proceedings of the 24th IIR International Congress of Refrigeration: Yokohama, Japan, August 16-22, 2015., Aug 16, 2015

To ensure proper quality of high value product, cooling is a critical process in the fishing indu... more To ensure proper quality of high value product, cooling is a critical process in the fishing industry. Traditionally, on board pelagic fish cooling is achieved using Refrigerated Sea Water (RSW) refrigeration plants with halocarbon HCFC 22 as working fluid. According to EU-regulations, refilling of this fluid is not allowed from 2015. HFC alternatives have considerable greenhouse warming potential and are heavily taxed in some countries, thus only a short time solution. The main natural alternative, ammonia, has significant drawbacks that can be unacceptable particularly for smaller vessels and for rebuilding of existing ships. Carbon Dioxide (CO2) is an environmental friendly, inexpensive, non-toxic, non-flammable alternative. One drawback is the high operating pressure which could give heavy, bulky and expensive components. In this project a novel dimple plate type evaporator and condenser were developed and tested in a 300 kW cooling capacity RSW plant using CO2 as refrigerant. Optimal geometry was simulated and verified in laboratory tests. Then, new full size heat exchangers and refrigeration racks were mounted in a fishing boat replacing an existing R22 system. Measurements on-board boat showed promising results and the first mackerel catch cooling fulfilled the boat owner's expectations. The heat exchangers are smaller, lighter and cheaper than comparable shell and tube units designed for CO2. Preliminary calculations show that the production cost could be about equal to ammonia units.

Energies

This study provides an overview of new trends in the development of cooling systems for electric ... more This study provides an overview of new trends in the development of cooling systems for electric motors. It includes a summary of academic research and patents for cooling systems implemented by leading motor manufacturers at TRL9. New trends in the cooling management of air and liquid cooling systems are discussed and analyzed with a focus on temperature distribution and its influence on the power-to-dimension ratio of electric motors. The prevailing cooling method for synchronous and asynchronous motors is air cooling using external fins, air circulation ducts, air gaps, and fan impellers to enhance efficiency and reliability. Internal cooling with rotor and stator ducts, along with optimized air duct geometry, shows potential to increase the power-to-dimension ratio and reduce motor size. Liquid cooling systems offer a power-to-dimension ratio of up to 25 kW/kg, achieved through redesigned cooling ducts, stator heat exchangers, and cooling tubes. However, liquid cooling systems a...

Refrigerated seawater systems (RSW) are commonly used in fishing vessels for cooling of harvested... more Refrigerated seawater systems (RSW) are commonly used in fishing vessels for cooling of harvested pelagic fish. The catch is cooled down to approximately -1 °C in large seawater tanks. In Norway, several of these RSW systems are working with ammonia as refrigerant, but carbon dioxide is introduced as an alternative and installed on a fishing vessel with good results. There are still many fishing vessels with RSW systems using refrigerant R22. This paper describes possibilities of using natural refrigerants instead of fluorocarbons, for example R22, in RSW systems on fishing boats.

This article is devoted to use of refrigeration and cold chain in India, with specific emphasis o... more This article is devoted to use of refrigeration and cold chain in India, with specific emphasis on agricultural products. India is found to be vastly lacking in terms of both cold storage capacity and efficiency. Thus, there is a large potential for development. A physical design of a cooling system is modelled (based on the Indian scenario), and a further logistical implementation of this system in India is constructed. A comprehensive simulation model for the complete cooling system was used to reach an optimized system configuration, which was implemented for cooling of apples, grapes and mangoes in the respective climatic regions of Dehradun, Mumbai and Kolkata. The cooling system was evaluated in relation to the Indian scenario, and it is concluded that the system offers several potential benefits.

Frío-calor y aire acondicionado, May 1, 2014

Large ammonia refrigeration systems are commonly used by Norway's fish freezing industry. Whi... more Large ammonia refrigeration systems are commonly used by Norway's fish freezing industry. While the energy efficiency of these systems varies, it has improved in recent years but can continue to benefit from improvements. Air blast freezing tunnels are used to freeze large numbers of fish. Typically, a batch tunnel is filled, the refrigeration system and air fans are started and run uninterrupted until the freezing tunnel is unloaded after 20 h. The refrigeration load from the product falls as the product temperature drops, but the fans often run at full speed during the entire freezing period, which results in a constant heat load to the freezing tunnel. This paper examines the efficiencies that result from reducing the fan speed after a certain time. A simulation program was developed to test different operation modes. It calculated the product temperatures in the tunnel and the electricity demand by the refrigeration system and the air fans. The air velocity field inside the freezing tunnel varied with location, which resulted in different product freezing times. The results show a reduction of 73% in total energy consumption compared to the baseline case when the freezing time was extended to 29.2 h and the fan speed was reduced to 33% after 8 h. Reductions in air temperatures (2 and 4°C) during the second part of the freezing period could decrease the total freezing time, but the net effect on energy consumption depends on the rest of the refrigeration system.

International Journal of Refrigeration-revue Internationale Du Froid, Apr 1, 2016

Present supermarket refrigeration systems, with carbon dioxide as a refrigerant, indicate higheff... more Present supermarket refrigeration systems, with carbon dioxide as a refrigerant, indicate highefficiency performance and they are commonly installed in throughout Europe. The refrigeration systems with R744 have still a large potential to limit power consumption. One of solutions is ejector-based expansion work recovery module. Aim of this thesis is to present an experimental investigation of standard R744 supermarket refrigeration system, with the high-pressure electronic valve (HPV), and refrigeration system with multi-ejector expansion pack on the same vapour compression rack. Comparison of the R744 multi-ejector refrigeration system, was carried out based on energy performance characteristics: refrigeration capacity, power consumption, COP, and exergy efficiency. Apart from the system performance comparison, influence of the pressure level in the flash tank on the system performance for both alternatives was analysed. The experimental results indicated COP and exergy efficiency improvement of the multiejector refrigeration system up to 7% and 13.7%, respectively. The multi-ejector system was able to operate in smaller range of the tanks pressure lift than the standard system dependent on the refrigeration load and the exit gas cooler section parameters. The highest values of COP and exergy efficiency were obtained by the multi-ejector refrigeration system for the tanks pressure lift value close to the limit value. The values of the overall compressor efficiencies were significantly differentiated, dependent on the operation module (cooling load and heat rejection conditions), which strongly influenced the values of COP and exergy efficiency. Therefore, it was not possible to clearly define the optimum pressure in the flash tank. It was concluded that improvement of compressors efficiencies utilized in the multiejector system will indicate high energy performance of the refrigeration system. systemach chłodniczych z modułem eżektorowym przyczyni się do poprawy wydajnosci energetycznej systemu chłodniczego z CO 2. vi vii Contents PREFACE .

International Journal of Refrigeration-revue Internationale Du Froid, May 1, 2023

Science & Engineering Faculty, Jun 6, 2013

In this research fluidization behavior of cubical Bovine intestine samples was studied. Bovine in... more In this research fluidization behavior of cubical Bovine intestine samples was studied. Bovine intestine samples were heat pump dried at atmospheric pressure and at temperatures below and above the material freezing points. Experiments were conducted to study fluidization characteristics and drying kinetics at different drying conditions. Bovine particles were characterized according to Geldart classification and minimum fluidization velocity was calculated using Ergun Equation and generalized equation for all drying conditions at the beginning of the trials and end of the trials. Walli's model was used to categorize stability of the fluidization at the beginning and end of the drying for each trial. Walli's values determined were positive at the beginning and end of all trials indicating stable fluidisation at the beginning and end for each drying condition.