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Oecologia, Jul 31, 2001

... Oecologia (2001) 128:499–508 DOI 10.1007/s004420100683 Ian AR Hulbert · Reidar Andersen ... H... more ... Oecologia (2001) 128:499–508 DOI 10.1007/s004420100683 Ian AR Hulbert · Reidar Andersen ... However, the use of such an instru-ment was too time-consuming and a more rapid technique was re-quired. This was achieved by designing three copper “combs”. ...

Acta Theriologica, Mar 1, 2004

Canadian Journal of Zoology, Feb 15, 2011

The mortality of roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) fawns in summer was studied on Storfosna Island (... more The mortality of roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) fawns in summer was studied on Storfosna Island (10 km²), a predator-free island 2 km off the west-central coast of Norway, during a period of rapid population increase. Between 1991 and 1994 the population density increased from about 10 to 40 roe deer/km 2. During this period 285 live and 36 stillborn fawns were found and the live fawns were all subsequently radio-collared. All observed mortality occurred within the first 35 days of life. The main causes of death were stillbirth, starvation/hypothermia, drowning, car accidents, and falls. The average annual total mortality for all 4 years was 18%. Although there was a large increase in mortality between 1991 and 1992 (from 10 to 18%), there was little subsequent increase in the last 3 years, resulting in an overall weak density dependence in total mortality. However, the proportion of stillbirths (5% in 1991 to 15% in 1994) showed a clear and significant trend toward an increase with increasing density. Low temperatures in April, which strongly affect the timing of the spring flush of high-quality forage during late gestation, also tended to contribute to higher mortality. Fawns that died were found to have reduced individual growth rates prior to death compared with fawns that survived. Fawns born to relatively light mothers or in triplet litters had higher mortality rates than those born to heavy mothers or in smaller litters. Maternal age and date of birth or sex of fawn had no effect on mortality.

Canadian Field Naturalist, 1998

Journal of Animal Ecology, 1991

... Divided by the size-specific digestibility of the twigs eaten (Hjeljord 1987; Viv&amp... more ... Divided by the size-specific digestibility of the twigs eaten (Hjeljord 1987; Viv'as & Sather 1987), this gives an estimate of the dry ... their complexity, the biological realism is often improved (Oaten 1977; Oster & Wilson 1978; Green 1980; Real 1980, 1981; McNair 1980, Engen ...

... Specialist authors from each country present an analysis of the species present ... whether m... more ... Specialist authors from each country present an analysis of the species present ... whether management for conservation, for control of damaging impacts or for exploitation). ... Federal Office for Environment, 3003 Bern, Switzerland Michaela Skuban Carpathian Wildlife Society, St. ...

PloS one, 2013

Habitat selection studies generally assume that animals select habitat and food resources at mult... more Habitat selection studies generally assume that animals select habitat and food resources at multiple scales to maximise their fitness. However, animals sometimes prefer habitats of apparently low quality, especially when considering the costs associated with spatially heterogeneous human disturbance. We used spatial variation in human disturbance, and its consequences on lynx survival, a direct fitness component, to test the Hierarchical Habitat Selection hypothesis from a population of Eurasian lynx Lynx lynx in southern Norway. Data from 46 lynx monitored with telemetry indicated that a high proportion of forest strongly reduced the risk of mortality from legal hunting at the home range scale, while increasing road density strongly increased such risk at the finer scale within the home range. We found hierarchical effects of the impact of human disturbance, with a higher road density at a large scale reinforcing its negative impact at a fine scale. Conversely, we demonstrated tha...

Habitat selection studies generally assume that animals select habitat and food resources at mult... more Habitat selection studies generally assume that animals select habitat and food resources at multiple scales to maximise their fitness. However, animals sometimes prefer habitats of apparently low quality, especially when considering the costs associated with spatially heterogeneous human disturbance. We used spatial variation in human disturbance, and its consequences on lynx survival, a direct fitness component, to test the Hierarchical Habitat Selection hypothesis from a population of Eurasian lynx Lynx lynx in southern Norway. Data from 46 lynx monitored with telemetry indicated that a high proportion of forest strongly reduced the risk of mortality from legal hunting at the home range scale, while increasing road density strongly increased such risk at the finer scale within the home range. We found hierarchical effects of the impact of human disturbance, with a higher road density at a large scale reinforcing its negative impact at a fine scale. Conversely, we demonstrated that lynx shifted their habitat selection to avoid areas with the highest road densities within their home ranges, thus supporting a compensatory mechanism at fine scale enabling lynx to mitigate the impact of large-scale disturbance. Human impact, positively associated with high road accessibility, was thus a stronger driver of lynx space use at a finer scale, with home range characteristics nevertheless constraining habitat selection. Our study demonstrates the truly hierarchical nature of habitat selection, which aims at maximising fitness by selecting against limiting factors at multiple spatial scales, and indicates that scale-specific heterogeneity of the environment is driving individual spatial behaviour, by means of trade-offs across spatial scales.

Large Herbivore Ecology, Ecosystem Dynamics and Conservation, 2006

Refers to the Eurasian lynx, Lynx lynx, which has a large carnivore type ecology. Canadian lynx, ... more Refers to the Eurasian lynx, Lynx lynx, which has a large carnivore type ecology. Canadian lynx, Lynx canadensis has almost no interactions with large herbivores. b Refers to both the European roe deer, Capreolus capreolus, and the Siberian roe deer, Capreolus pygargus.

Wildlife Biology, 2013

BioOne Complete (complete.BioOne.org) is a full-text database of 200 subscribed and open-access t... more BioOne Complete (complete.BioOne.org) is a full-text database of 200 subscribed and open-access titles in the biological, ecological, and environmental sciences published by nonprofit societies, associations, museums, institutions, and presses.

The Holocene, 2013

It is predicted that future climate change will have a significant impact on the distribution of ... more It is predicted that future climate change will have a significant impact on the distribution of large ungulates on a continental scale. At the same time, changes in human land use on a more local scale may affect their distribution and dispersal abilities, possibly confounding the effects of climate. We analyze changes in the Holocene distribution and relative abundance of Alces alces (moose) and Cervus elaphus (red deer) skeletal remains along an overlapping range boundary of these species in western Norway. As moose and red deer are adapted to different climatic conditions we would expect the distribution of finds to reflect large-scale changes in climate. In accordance with this prediction our results indicate that red deer became the predominant ungulate in this area during the mid-Holocene warm period, c. 8000–4000 cal. BP. Contrary to this, remains of moose became even less abundant in the subsequent colder period to the present. This decrease seems tied to the spread of agri...

Biodiversity and Conservation, 2007

The indirect effect of moose Alces alces browsing on ground beetle&am... more The indirect effect of moose Alces alces browsing on ground beetle's abundance and diversity was investigated by pitfall trapping in a mixed coniferous forest in Vestfold County (59°19′ N, 9°50′ E, Norway), during the summer of 2002. Three areas with different browsing pressures, ranging from non- to medium- and heavily browsed were chosen and dry weight of bilberry Vaccinium myrtillus

Biodiversity and …, 2007

... The typical winter diet of moose consists of dwarf shrubs, bark and twigs (Andersen and Sæthe... more ... The typical winter diet of moose consists of dwarf shrubs, bark and twigs (Andersen and Sæther 1996). Browsing pressure on bilberry is therefore a good indicator of moose density during winter. ... Patrobus atrorufus (Stro¨m, 1768) 0 3 1 4 ... Shannon–Wiener index 0.56 0.78 0.79 ...

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Oecologia, Jul 31, 2001

... Oecologia (2001) 128:499–508 DOI 10.1007/s004420100683 Ian AR Hulbert · Reidar Andersen ... H... more ... Oecologia (2001) 128:499–508 DOI 10.1007/s004420100683 Ian AR Hulbert · Reidar Andersen ... However, the use of such an instru-ment was too time-consuming and a more rapid technique was re-quired. This was achieved by designing three copper “combs”. ...

Acta Theriologica, Mar 1, 2004

Canadian Journal of Zoology, Feb 15, 2011

The mortality of roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) fawns in summer was studied on Storfosna Island (... more The mortality of roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) fawns in summer was studied on Storfosna Island (10 km²), a predator-free island 2 km off the west-central coast of Norway, during a period of rapid population increase. Between 1991 and 1994 the population density increased from about 10 to 40 roe deer/km 2. During this period 285 live and 36 stillborn fawns were found and the live fawns were all subsequently radio-collared. All observed mortality occurred within the first 35 days of life. The main causes of death were stillbirth, starvation/hypothermia, drowning, car accidents, and falls. The average annual total mortality for all 4 years was 18%. Although there was a large increase in mortality between 1991 and 1992 (from 10 to 18%), there was little subsequent increase in the last 3 years, resulting in an overall weak density dependence in total mortality. However, the proportion of stillbirths (5% in 1991 to 15% in 1994) showed a clear and significant trend toward an increase with increasing density. Low temperatures in April, which strongly affect the timing of the spring flush of high-quality forage during late gestation, also tended to contribute to higher mortality. Fawns that died were found to have reduced individual growth rates prior to death compared with fawns that survived. Fawns born to relatively light mothers or in triplet litters had higher mortality rates than those born to heavy mothers or in smaller litters. Maternal age and date of birth or sex of fawn had no effect on mortality.

Canadian Field Naturalist, 1998

Journal of Animal Ecology, 1991

... Divided by the size-specific digestibility of the twigs eaten (Hjeljord 1987; Viv&amp... more ... Divided by the size-specific digestibility of the twigs eaten (Hjeljord 1987; Viv'as & Sather 1987), this gives an estimate of the dry ... their complexity, the biological realism is often improved (Oaten 1977; Oster & Wilson 1978; Green 1980; Real 1980, 1981; McNair 1980, Engen ...

... Specialist authors from each country present an analysis of the species present ... whether m... more ... Specialist authors from each country present an analysis of the species present ... whether management for conservation, for control of damaging impacts or for exploitation). ... Federal Office for Environment, 3003 Bern, Switzerland Michaela Skuban Carpathian Wildlife Society, St. ...

PloS one, 2013

Habitat selection studies generally assume that animals select habitat and food resources at mult... more Habitat selection studies generally assume that animals select habitat and food resources at multiple scales to maximise their fitness. However, animals sometimes prefer habitats of apparently low quality, especially when considering the costs associated with spatially heterogeneous human disturbance. We used spatial variation in human disturbance, and its consequences on lynx survival, a direct fitness component, to test the Hierarchical Habitat Selection hypothesis from a population of Eurasian lynx Lynx lynx in southern Norway. Data from 46 lynx monitored with telemetry indicated that a high proportion of forest strongly reduced the risk of mortality from legal hunting at the home range scale, while increasing road density strongly increased such risk at the finer scale within the home range. We found hierarchical effects of the impact of human disturbance, with a higher road density at a large scale reinforcing its negative impact at a fine scale. Conversely, we demonstrated tha...

Habitat selection studies generally assume that animals select habitat and food resources at mult... more Habitat selection studies generally assume that animals select habitat and food resources at multiple scales to maximise their fitness. However, animals sometimes prefer habitats of apparently low quality, especially when considering the costs associated with spatially heterogeneous human disturbance. We used spatial variation in human disturbance, and its consequences on lynx survival, a direct fitness component, to test the Hierarchical Habitat Selection hypothesis from a population of Eurasian lynx Lynx lynx in southern Norway. Data from 46 lynx monitored with telemetry indicated that a high proportion of forest strongly reduced the risk of mortality from legal hunting at the home range scale, while increasing road density strongly increased such risk at the finer scale within the home range. We found hierarchical effects of the impact of human disturbance, with a higher road density at a large scale reinforcing its negative impact at a fine scale. Conversely, we demonstrated that lynx shifted their habitat selection to avoid areas with the highest road densities within their home ranges, thus supporting a compensatory mechanism at fine scale enabling lynx to mitigate the impact of large-scale disturbance. Human impact, positively associated with high road accessibility, was thus a stronger driver of lynx space use at a finer scale, with home range characteristics nevertheless constraining habitat selection. Our study demonstrates the truly hierarchical nature of habitat selection, which aims at maximising fitness by selecting against limiting factors at multiple spatial scales, and indicates that scale-specific heterogeneity of the environment is driving individual spatial behaviour, by means of trade-offs across spatial scales.

Large Herbivore Ecology, Ecosystem Dynamics and Conservation, 2006

Refers to the Eurasian lynx, Lynx lynx, which has a large carnivore type ecology. Canadian lynx, ... more Refers to the Eurasian lynx, Lynx lynx, which has a large carnivore type ecology. Canadian lynx, Lynx canadensis has almost no interactions with large herbivores. b Refers to both the European roe deer, Capreolus capreolus, and the Siberian roe deer, Capreolus pygargus.

Wildlife Biology, 2013

BioOne Complete (complete.BioOne.org) is a full-text database of 200 subscribed and open-access t... more BioOne Complete (complete.BioOne.org) is a full-text database of 200 subscribed and open-access titles in the biological, ecological, and environmental sciences published by nonprofit societies, associations, museums, institutions, and presses.

The Holocene, 2013

It is predicted that future climate change will have a significant impact on the distribution of ... more It is predicted that future climate change will have a significant impact on the distribution of large ungulates on a continental scale. At the same time, changes in human land use on a more local scale may affect their distribution and dispersal abilities, possibly confounding the effects of climate. We analyze changes in the Holocene distribution and relative abundance of Alces alces (moose) and Cervus elaphus (red deer) skeletal remains along an overlapping range boundary of these species in western Norway. As moose and red deer are adapted to different climatic conditions we would expect the distribution of finds to reflect large-scale changes in climate. In accordance with this prediction our results indicate that red deer became the predominant ungulate in this area during the mid-Holocene warm period, c. 8000–4000 cal. BP. Contrary to this, remains of moose became even less abundant in the subsequent colder period to the present. This decrease seems tied to the spread of agri...

Biodiversity and Conservation, 2007

The indirect effect of moose Alces alces browsing on ground beetle&am... more The indirect effect of moose Alces alces browsing on ground beetle's abundance and diversity was investigated by pitfall trapping in a mixed coniferous forest in Vestfold County (59°19′ N, 9°50′ E, Norway), during the summer of 2002. Three areas with different browsing pressures, ranging from non- to medium- and heavily browsed were chosen and dry weight of bilberry Vaccinium myrtillus

Biodiversity and …, 2007

... The typical winter diet of moose consists of dwarf shrubs, bark and twigs (Andersen and Sæthe... more ... The typical winter diet of moose consists of dwarf shrubs, bark and twigs (Andersen and Sæther 1996). Browsing pressure on bilberry is therefore a good indicator of moose density during winter. ... Patrobus atrorufus (Stro¨m, 1768) 0 3 1 4 ... Shannon–Wiener index 0.56 0.78 0.79 ...

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