ammar soheel | Northern Technical University (original) (raw)
Papers by ammar soheel
Tikrit Universoty, 2024
The digester geometry significantly enhances household batch digesters' performance, especially... more The digester geometry significantly
enhances household batch digesters'
performance, especially the internal surface
area. The present study investigates the impact
of different extended surface areas augmented
around inside digesters on anaerobic digestion
performance. Four batch digesters were used,
i.e., A, B, C, and D, with no extended surfaces,
with four horizontal circular extended surfaces
of width 2, 4, and 6 cm, respectively. Cow dung
was used as a substrate in those digesters under
mesophilic conditions. Experimental results
show that the highest peak of methane contents
were 70.78, 72.61, 73.82, and 74.22 %. High
daily biogas production volumes were 18.4,
19.4, 19.5, and 20.8 L, and high accumulative
biogas production volumes were 354.1, 425.3,
471.4, and 509 L for digesters A, B, C, and D,
respectively. During the experiment start-up
phase, pH values dropped to 6.5, 6.4, 6.2, and
6.1 for digesters A, B, C, and D, respectively. The
four digesters' methane (CH4) content values
increased in the first days of the anaerobic
digestion (AD) process. Favored performance
and better biogas production outlined with
digester D had a high interior extended surface
area. The future work, organic loading rate
(OLR), and temperature at different reactors to
demonstrate its potential use in industrial
applications. Co-digestion of STW with multiple
organic wastes originating from a significant
quantity of biogas at a single point can be
investigated further.
The overall performance of airconditioning systems is necessary to evaluate the comfort condition... more The overall performance of airconditioning systems is necessary to evaluate the comfort conditions and equipment life. in order not to varnish energy. The aim of this study is to improve performance of air conditioning by adding nanoparticles to oil of compressor. The research applied computational fluid dynamics CFD to simulate the use of SiO 2 nanoparticles in airconditioning systems. Silicon dioxide (SiO 2) nanoparticles have better thermal properties than pure oil and can also significantly enhance the performance of compressor oils as well as heat transfer capability in HVAC systems. This research investigates the reactions between (0.1%, 0.4%, and %0.7) of SiO 2 nanoparticles with compressor oil, to determine their impacts on heat dissipation, lubricant efficiency as well as performance overall. Results show that the addition of nanoparticles to the oil lubricant increases the COP of the air conditioning system.
International Organization of IOTPE, 2023
In this study, the performance of flat plate (FP) and V-corrugated plate (VCP) solar water collec... more In this study, the performance of flat plate (FP) and V-corrugated plate (VCP) solar water collectors (SWCs) with double glassed have been evaluated experimentally for purposes of comparison. VCP and FP absorber plates have been well-designed and constructed individually to prevent heat losses. The surface area of each solar collector (SC) is 1.5 m 2. The absorber plates are made from copper with water tubes of 12.75 mm diameter fixed above the absorber plate in multi Ushaped along with the absorber plate. The study was achieved in winter 2022 (beginning in January and ending in March) utilizing Mosul's solar irradiation in Iraq, in clear sky circumstances, for about 7 hours through the day. Both collectors were manufactured and investigated in winter (January to March) under the same water flowrate is 0.0165 kg/s and under the same weather conditions. The most sun irradiation was reported in March, with the peak occurring between 12 and 1 p.m. The results showed that average values of experimental efficiencies for three months (January, February, and March) for VCP and FP collectors at midday hours are equal to 50% and 44%, respectively. Also, the mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) of experimental efficiencies between FP and VCP collectors and other works in the literature review was 8.8% and 7%, respectively. The current research offers a valuable tool for calculating the efficiency of solar water collectors (SWCs) in Mosul, Iraq.
International Organization of IOTPE, 2023
The surface area is a significant factor in anaerobic digestion since bacterial growth depends on... more The surface area is a significant factor in anaerobic digestion since bacterial growth depends on the spaces available on these surfaces. This study involves modifying the original two-step model to incorporate the influence of interior extended surface areas on digestion dynamics. In addition, initial substrate concentration effects on the anaerobic digestion performance also study. Cow dung was used as a substrate for digesters operating under mesophilic conditions. Four household batch anaerobic digesters augmented by four circular horizontal extended surfaces of width 0, 2, 4 and 6 cm were prepared. Particle swarm optimization coding (MATLAB 2018a) was used to estimate the model parameters according to measured data for each individual digester. The modeling results are safisticated parameter predictions and understanding of parameters' role in anaerobic digestion for each digester. It was found that digester performance is directly proportional to extended internal surface area. In addition, an acceptable agreement was observed between experimental and numerical data; the maximum mean absolute percent error was less than 16.3 %.
AL-Rafdain Engineering Journal (AREJ), 2013
This study presents an experimental and numerical investigation of the performance of a forced dr... more This study presents an experimental and numerical investigation of the performance of a forced draft counter flow cooling tower with two kinds of wire mesh packing. The packing used in this study is wire mesh with small square holes (WMSSHSP) and expanded wire mesh with diamond holes (EWMDHSP) configurations. In the numerical investigation, the two dimensional CFD model with finite volume scheme has utilized the standard () turbulence model to computes the air properties, while one-dimensional model is used to get the water properties. From the results it is concluded that the (EWMDHSP) enhance the performance of the cooling tower. That is due to the pressure drop in the (WMSSHSP) is higher than that for the (EWMDHSP) because air resistance of the former pack is higher than the latter pack. The agreement seems to be acceptable between the numerical and the experimental results.
International Journal of Engineering & Technology,, 2018
This paper presents a numerical investigation and comparison for heat transfer coefficient for ec... more This paper presents a numerical investigation and comparison for heat transfer coefficient for eco-friendly refrigerants R134a and R600a with Al2O3 and TiO2 nanoparticles at (1, 2, 3 and 4 %) concentration, flowing through a horizontal tube with a constant wall temperature at (310, 320 and 330 0K) using in vapor compression system. The numerical investigation is simulated by CFD model using FLUENT ANSYS 14.5 software. The numerical results indicate, when increasing the nanoparticles, the heat transfer coefficient of nanorefrigerants increases and the R134a+TiO2 nanorefrigerant was selected an optimal nanorefrigerant used in vapor compression system. Finally, the agreement seems to be acceptable between this study and other studies in literature with MPE 7.82 %.
This study presents an experimental and numerical investigation of the performance of a forced dr... more This study presents an experimental and numerical investigation of the performance of a forced draft counter flow cooling tower with two kinds of wire mesh packing. The packing used in this study is wire mesh with small square holes (WMSSHSP) and expanded wire mesh with diamond holes (EWMDHSP) configurations. In the numerical investigation, the two dimensional CFD model with finite volume scheme has utilized the standard () turbulence model to computes the air properties, while one-dimensional model is used to get the water properties. From the results it is concluded that the (EWMDHSP) enhance the performance of the cooling tower. That is due to the pressure drop in the (WMSSHSP) is higher than that for the (EWMDHSP) because air resistance of the former pack is higher than the latter pack. The agreement seems to be acceptable between the numerical and the experimental results.
The measurement of the thermal conductivity of the sawdust is one of the most difficult technique... more The measurement of the thermal conductivity of the sawdust is one of the most difficult techniques due to its uniformed shape, by using this instrument, it gives the ability of measuring the thermal conductivity of the sawdust, without changing its physical properties, during the experiment, as well as, there are no necessity to use the additional materials in form of adhesive materials, that gives an identified shape of the specimen. In this study, wood sawdust is classified into three groups depending on the size of the wood pellets, namely; wo1≥1.18mm, 1.18>wo2>0.6mm and wo3≤0.6mm. To keep out the thermal properties of the sawdust as it is, no mechanical or chemical processes were carried out on sawdust specimens, such as compressing or bonding. The effect of moisture content on the thermal properties of sawdust is eliminated by drying the specimens, the procedure is carried out by heating it up to 100℃ for a 30 min. During this study, it can be seen that the thermal conductivity of all samples is inversely proportional to the working temperature. At a relatively low temperature less than 45℃, it can be said that the first model (wo1) has the lowest thermal conductivity while the differences in the thermal conductivity of the samples are insignificant when the temperature exceed 50℃, therefore; the first model (wo1) represents a good choice for flat plate solar collector insulation because it has the same activity as well as it is light and cheap.
Front. Heat Mass Transf.
The household batch reactor using cow manure as the substrate generates methane gas used as fuel.... more The household batch reactor using cow manure as the substrate generates methane gas used as fuel. This paper presents two-dimensional (3D) axisymmetric using commercial COMSOL 5.5 Multiphysics software. This is a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model based on conservation equations with the chemical reaction model of anaerobic digestion (AD) processes to investigate the influence of different horizontal circular extended surfaces augmented to the inside digesters on the performance of the anaerobic digestion. Using four batch digesters, D1 with no extended surfaces and D2, D3, and D4 have augmented with four horizontal circular extended surfaces of width 2,4 and 6 cm, respectively. The numerical results showed that the cow manure's velocity distribution depends on the chemical reaction's heat, which produces natural convection currents. Furthermore, the temperature and species profiles of the anaerobic digestion process depended on the extended surface area. The D4 has a maximum methane molar concentration, augmented with a higher extended surface area than other digesters. Simulation results agreed with the experimental literature results of various anaerobic digestion processes: for all cases, the mean absolute present error (MAPE) was less than 10%, which is acceptable.
The household batch reactor using cow manure as the substrate generates methane gas used as fuel.... more The household batch reactor using cow manure as the substrate generates methane gas used as fuel. This paper presents two-dimensional (3D) axisymmetric using commercial COMSOL 5.5 Multiphysics software. This is a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model based on conservation equations with the chemical reaction model of anaerobic digestion (AD) processes to investigate the influence of different horizontal circular extended surfaces augmented to the inside digesters on the performance of the anaerobic digestion. Using four batch digesters, D1 with no extended surfaces and D2, D3, and D4 have augmented with four horizontal circular extended surfaces of width 2,4 and 6 cm, respectively. The numerical results showed that the cow manure's velocity distribution depends on the chemical reaction's heat, which produces natural convection currents. Furthermore, the temperature and species profiles of the anaerobic digestion process depended on the extended surface area. The D4 has a maximum methane molar concentration, augmented with a higher extended surface area than other digesters. Simulation results agreed with the experimental literature results of various anaerobic digestion processes: for all cases, the mean absolute present error (MAPE) was less than 10%, which is acceptable.
Frontiers in Heat and Mass Transfer, 2021
This paper presents a simulation and investigation of the heat transfer coefficient, pressure dro... more This paper presents a simulation and investigation of the heat transfer coefficient, pressure drop, and thermal conductivity of two-phase flow. The simulation was performed of mixtures (Al2O3 nanoparticles with R134a refrigerant). The size of nanoparticles (Al2O3) which is used in this study is 30 nm and volume concentrations are 0.015 and 0.03. The two-phase flowing through a horizontal circular microchannel of (diameter 100 µm, and length 20 mm) under constant heat flux (3000 W/m 2) and constant wall temperature (330 K), also in this study used the inlet temperature at-20 o C and mass flow rates are 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7 and 0.8 g/s using in the dissipation of heat from electronic circuits by evaporation. The simulation is achieved by CFD numerical model using FLUENT ANSYS version 15 software. The results indicate the best temperature, pressure drop, density and volume fraction for two-phase flow nanorefrigerant in the microchannel. The higher heat transfer coefficient and pressure drop of two-phase nanorefrigerant flow at a high volume concentration (0.03) of Al2O3 when the mass flow rate is maximum. Finally, compared heat transfer coefficient of this study with the results of Kumar et al. (2013) at variation the mass flow rate, and found the root mean square of error (10%), also compared heat transfer coefficient of this study with results of Hernández et al. (2016) at variable volume concentration of nanoparticles Al2O3, and found the root mean square of error (3.7%).
This research discusses about observation & possibilities of energy observation method for nano f... more This research discusses about observation & possibilities of energy observation method for nano fluid under vapour compression refrigeration technique. Nowadays refrigeration method has been big utility for energy consumer; hence under current architecture of Depleting instruments, it has been necessary sufficient time for increasing energy efficiency for technique of refrigeration. This research describe collaboration of nano fluid under lubricants which has been assist under enhancing transfer of heat elements of refrigeration technique hence it was reducing implementation of compressor. Refrigerant has been utilized R134a like it has been 0 area depletion particularly & user friendly. Fluid has been utilized as Poly ol Ester. There are several nano elements has been utilized which has been CNT, ZrO2, SiO2, A1203. Nano elements have been suspended under fluid through magnetic & ultra sonification string for getting unformed nano elements under system.
Tikrit Universoty, 2024
The digester geometry significantly enhances household batch digesters' performance, especially... more The digester geometry significantly
enhances household batch digesters'
performance, especially the internal surface
area. The present study investigates the impact
of different extended surface areas augmented
around inside digesters on anaerobic digestion
performance. Four batch digesters were used,
i.e., A, B, C, and D, with no extended surfaces,
with four horizontal circular extended surfaces
of width 2, 4, and 6 cm, respectively. Cow dung
was used as a substrate in those digesters under
mesophilic conditions. Experimental results
show that the highest peak of methane contents
were 70.78, 72.61, 73.82, and 74.22 %. High
daily biogas production volumes were 18.4,
19.4, 19.5, and 20.8 L, and high accumulative
biogas production volumes were 354.1, 425.3,
471.4, and 509 L for digesters A, B, C, and D,
respectively. During the experiment start-up
phase, pH values dropped to 6.5, 6.4, 6.2, and
6.1 for digesters A, B, C, and D, respectively. The
four digesters' methane (CH4) content values
increased in the first days of the anaerobic
digestion (AD) process. Favored performance
and better biogas production outlined with
digester D had a high interior extended surface
area. The future work, organic loading rate
(OLR), and temperature at different reactors to
demonstrate its potential use in industrial
applications. Co-digestion of STW with multiple
organic wastes originating from a significant
quantity of biogas at a single point can be
investigated further.
The overall performance of airconditioning systems is necessary to evaluate the comfort condition... more The overall performance of airconditioning systems is necessary to evaluate the comfort conditions and equipment life. in order not to varnish energy. The aim of this study is to improve performance of air conditioning by adding nanoparticles to oil of compressor. The research applied computational fluid dynamics CFD to simulate the use of SiO 2 nanoparticles in airconditioning systems. Silicon dioxide (SiO 2) nanoparticles have better thermal properties than pure oil and can also significantly enhance the performance of compressor oils as well as heat transfer capability in HVAC systems. This research investigates the reactions between (0.1%, 0.4%, and %0.7) of SiO 2 nanoparticles with compressor oil, to determine their impacts on heat dissipation, lubricant efficiency as well as performance overall. Results show that the addition of nanoparticles to the oil lubricant increases the COP of the air conditioning system.
International Organization of IOTPE, 2023
In this study, the performance of flat plate (FP) and V-corrugated plate (VCP) solar water collec... more In this study, the performance of flat plate (FP) and V-corrugated plate (VCP) solar water collectors (SWCs) with double glassed have been evaluated experimentally for purposes of comparison. VCP and FP absorber plates have been well-designed and constructed individually to prevent heat losses. The surface area of each solar collector (SC) is 1.5 m 2. The absorber plates are made from copper with water tubes of 12.75 mm diameter fixed above the absorber plate in multi Ushaped along with the absorber plate. The study was achieved in winter 2022 (beginning in January and ending in March) utilizing Mosul's solar irradiation in Iraq, in clear sky circumstances, for about 7 hours through the day. Both collectors were manufactured and investigated in winter (January to March) under the same water flowrate is 0.0165 kg/s and under the same weather conditions. The most sun irradiation was reported in March, with the peak occurring between 12 and 1 p.m. The results showed that average values of experimental efficiencies for three months (January, February, and March) for VCP and FP collectors at midday hours are equal to 50% and 44%, respectively. Also, the mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) of experimental efficiencies between FP and VCP collectors and other works in the literature review was 8.8% and 7%, respectively. The current research offers a valuable tool for calculating the efficiency of solar water collectors (SWCs) in Mosul, Iraq.
International Organization of IOTPE, 2023
The surface area is a significant factor in anaerobic digestion since bacterial growth depends on... more The surface area is a significant factor in anaerobic digestion since bacterial growth depends on the spaces available on these surfaces. This study involves modifying the original two-step model to incorporate the influence of interior extended surface areas on digestion dynamics. In addition, initial substrate concentration effects on the anaerobic digestion performance also study. Cow dung was used as a substrate for digesters operating under mesophilic conditions. Four household batch anaerobic digesters augmented by four circular horizontal extended surfaces of width 0, 2, 4 and 6 cm were prepared. Particle swarm optimization coding (MATLAB 2018a) was used to estimate the model parameters according to measured data for each individual digester. The modeling results are safisticated parameter predictions and understanding of parameters' role in anaerobic digestion for each digester. It was found that digester performance is directly proportional to extended internal surface area. In addition, an acceptable agreement was observed between experimental and numerical data; the maximum mean absolute percent error was less than 16.3 %.
AL-Rafdain Engineering Journal (AREJ), 2013
This study presents an experimental and numerical investigation of the performance of a forced dr... more This study presents an experimental and numerical investigation of the performance of a forced draft counter flow cooling tower with two kinds of wire mesh packing. The packing used in this study is wire mesh with small square holes (WMSSHSP) and expanded wire mesh with diamond holes (EWMDHSP) configurations. In the numerical investigation, the two dimensional CFD model with finite volume scheme has utilized the standard () turbulence model to computes the air properties, while one-dimensional model is used to get the water properties. From the results it is concluded that the (EWMDHSP) enhance the performance of the cooling tower. That is due to the pressure drop in the (WMSSHSP) is higher than that for the (EWMDHSP) because air resistance of the former pack is higher than the latter pack. The agreement seems to be acceptable between the numerical and the experimental results.
International Journal of Engineering & Technology,, 2018
This paper presents a numerical investigation and comparison for heat transfer coefficient for ec... more This paper presents a numerical investigation and comparison for heat transfer coefficient for eco-friendly refrigerants R134a and R600a with Al2O3 and TiO2 nanoparticles at (1, 2, 3 and 4 %) concentration, flowing through a horizontal tube with a constant wall temperature at (310, 320 and 330 0K) using in vapor compression system. The numerical investigation is simulated by CFD model using FLUENT ANSYS 14.5 software. The numerical results indicate, when increasing the nanoparticles, the heat transfer coefficient of nanorefrigerants increases and the R134a+TiO2 nanorefrigerant was selected an optimal nanorefrigerant used in vapor compression system. Finally, the agreement seems to be acceptable between this study and other studies in literature with MPE 7.82 %.
This study presents an experimental and numerical investigation of the performance of a forced dr... more This study presents an experimental and numerical investigation of the performance of a forced draft counter flow cooling tower with two kinds of wire mesh packing. The packing used in this study is wire mesh with small square holes (WMSSHSP) and expanded wire mesh with diamond holes (EWMDHSP) configurations. In the numerical investigation, the two dimensional CFD model with finite volume scheme has utilized the standard () turbulence model to computes the air properties, while one-dimensional model is used to get the water properties. From the results it is concluded that the (EWMDHSP) enhance the performance of the cooling tower. That is due to the pressure drop in the (WMSSHSP) is higher than that for the (EWMDHSP) because air resistance of the former pack is higher than the latter pack. The agreement seems to be acceptable between the numerical and the experimental results.
The measurement of the thermal conductivity of the sawdust is one of the most difficult technique... more The measurement of the thermal conductivity of the sawdust is one of the most difficult techniques due to its uniformed shape, by using this instrument, it gives the ability of measuring the thermal conductivity of the sawdust, without changing its physical properties, during the experiment, as well as, there are no necessity to use the additional materials in form of adhesive materials, that gives an identified shape of the specimen. In this study, wood sawdust is classified into three groups depending on the size of the wood pellets, namely; wo1≥1.18mm, 1.18>wo2>0.6mm and wo3≤0.6mm. To keep out the thermal properties of the sawdust as it is, no mechanical or chemical processes were carried out on sawdust specimens, such as compressing or bonding. The effect of moisture content on the thermal properties of sawdust is eliminated by drying the specimens, the procedure is carried out by heating it up to 100℃ for a 30 min. During this study, it can be seen that the thermal conductivity of all samples is inversely proportional to the working temperature. At a relatively low temperature less than 45℃, it can be said that the first model (wo1) has the lowest thermal conductivity while the differences in the thermal conductivity of the samples are insignificant when the temperature exceed 50℃, therefore; the first model (wo1) represents a good choice for flat plate solar collector insulation because it has the same activity as well as it is light and cheap.
Front. Heat Mass Transf.
The household batch reactor using cow manure as the substrate generates methane gas used as fuel.... more The household batch reactor using cow manure as the substrate generates methane gas used as fuel. This paper presents two-dimensional (3D) axisymmetric using commercial COMSOL 5.5 Multiphysics software. This is a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model based on conservation equations with the chemical reaction model of anaerobic digestion (AD) processes to investigate the influence of different horizontal circular extended surfaces augmented to the inside digesters on the performance of the anaerobic digestion. Using four batch digesters, D1 with no extended surfaces and D2, D3, and D4 have augmented with four horizontal circular extended surfaces of width 2,4 and 6 cm, respectively. The numerical results showed that the cow manure's velocity distribution depends on the chemical reaction's heat, which produces natural convection currents. Furthermore, the temperature and species profiles of the anaerobic digestion process depended on the extended surface area. The D4 has a maximum methane molar concentration, augmented with a higher extended surface area than other digesters. Simulation results agreed with the experimental literature results of various anaerobic digestion processes: for all cases, the mean absolute present error (MAPE) was less than 10%, which is acceptable.
The household batch reactor using cow manure as the substrate generates methane gas used as fuel.... more The household batch reactor using cow manure as the substrate generates methane gas used as fuel. This paper presents two-dimensional (3D) axisymmetric using commercial COMSOL 5.5 Multiphysics software. This is a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model based on conservation equations with the chemical reaction model of anaerobic digestion (AD) processes to investigate the influence of different horizontal circular extended surfaces augmented to the inside digesters on the performance of the anaerobic digestion. Using four batch digesters, D1 with no extended surfaces and D2, D3, and D4 have augmented with four horizontal circular extended surfaces of width 2,4 and 6 cm, respectively. The numerical results showed that the cow manure's velocity distribution depends on the chemical reaction's heat, which produces natural convection currents. Furthermore, the temperature and species profiles of the anaerobic digestion process depended on the extended surface area. The D4 has a maximum methane molar concentration, augmented with a higher extended surface area than other digesters. Simulation results agreed with the experimental literature results of various anaerobic digestion processes: for all cases, the mean absolute present error (MAPE) was less than 10%, which is acceptable.
Frontiers in Heat and Mass Transfer, 2021
This paper presents a simulation and investigation of the heat transfer coefficient, pressure dro... more This paper presents a simulation and investigation of the heat transfer coefficient, pressure drop, and thermal conductivity of two-phase flow. The simulation was performed of mixtures (Al2O3 nanoparticles with R134a refrigerant). The size of nanoparticles (Al2O3) which is used in this study is 30 nm and volume concentrations are 0.015 and 0.03. The two-phase flowing through a horizontal circular microchannel of (diameter 100 µm, and length 20 mm) under constant heat flux (3000 W/m 2) and constant wall temperature (330 K), also in this study used the inlet temperature at-20 o C and mass flow rates are 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7 and 0.8 g/s using in the dissipation of heat from electronic circuits by evaporation. The simulation is achieved by CFD numerical model using FLUENT ANSYS version 15 software. The results indicate the best temperature, pressure drop, density and volume fraction for two-phase flow nanorefrigerant in the microchannel. The higher heat transfer coefficient and pressure drop of two-phase nanorefrigerant flow at a high volume concentration (0.03) of Al2O3 when the mass flow rate is maximum. Finally, compared heat transfer coefficient of this study with the results of Kumar et al. (2013) at variation the mass flow rate, and found the root mean square of error (10%), also compared heat transfer coefficient of this study with results of Hernández et al. (2016) at variable volume concentration of nanoparticles Al2O3, and found the root mean square of error (3.7%).
This research discusses about observation & possibilities of energy observation method for nano f... more This research discusses about observation & possibilities of energy observation method for nano fluid under vapour compression refrigeration technique. Nowadays refrigeration method has been big utility for energy consumer; hence under current architecture of Depleting instruments, it has been necessary sufficient time for increasing energy efficiency for technique of refrigeration. This research describe collaboration of nano fluid under lubricants which has been assist under enhancing transfer of heat elements of refrigeration technique hence it was reducing implementation of compressor. Refrigerant has been utilized R134a like it has been 0 area depletion particularly & user friendly. Fluid has been utilized as Poly ol Ester. There are several nano elements has been utilized which has been CNT, ZrO2, SiO2, A1203. Nano elements have been suspended under fluid through magnetic & ultra sonification string for getting unformed nano elements under system.