numpy.arange — NumPy v2.2 Manual (original) (raw)

numpy.arange([start, ]stop, [step, ]dtype=None, *, device=None, like=None)#

Return evenly spaced values within a given interval.

arange can be called with a varying number of positional arguments:

• arange(stop): Values are generated within the half-open interval[0, stop) (in other words, the interval including start but excluding stop).
• arange(start, stop): Values are generated within the half-open interval [start, stop).
• arange(start, stop, step) Values are generated within the half-open interval [start, stop), with spacing between values given bystep.

For integer arguments the function is roughly equivalent to the Python built-in range, but returns an ndarray rather than a rangeinstance.

When using a non-integer step, such as 0.1, it is often better to usenumpy.linspace.

See the Warning sections below for more information.

Parameters:

startinteger or real, optional

Start of interval. The interval includes this value. The default start value is 0.

stopinteger or real

End of interval. The interval does not include this value, except in some cases where step is not an integer and floating point round-off affects the length of out.

stepinteger or real, optional

Spacing between values. For any output out, this is the distance between two adjacent values, out[i+1] - out[i]. The default step size is 1. If step is specified as a position argument,start must also be given.

dtypedtype, optional

The type of the output array. If dtype is not given, infer the data type from the other input arguments.

devicestr, optional

The device on which to place the created array. Default: None. For Array-API interoperability only, so must be "cpu" if passed.

New in version 2.0.0.

likearray_like, optional

Reference object to allow the creation of arrays which are not NumPy arrays. If an array-like passed in as like supports the __array_function__ protocol, the result will be defined by it. In this case, it ensures the creation of an array object compatible with that passed in via this argument.

New in version 1.20.0.

Returns:

arangendarray

Array of evenly spaced values.

For floating point arguments, the length of the result isceil((stop - start)/step). Because of floating point overflow, this rule may result in the last element of out being greater than stop.

Warning

The length of the output might not be numerically stable.

Another stability issue is due to the internal implementation ofnumpy.arange. The actual step value used to populate the array isdtype(start + step) - dtype(start) and not step. Precision loss can occur here, due to casting or due to using floating points when_start_ is much larger than step. This can lead to unexpected behaviour. For example:

np.arange(0, 5, 0.5, dtype=int) array([0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0]) np.arange(-3, 3, 0.5, dtype=int) array([-3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8])

In such cases, the use of numpy.linspace should be preferred.

The built-in range generates Python built-in integers that have arbitrary size, while numpy.arangeproduces numpy.int32 or numpy.int64 numbers. This may result in incorrect results for large integer values:

power = 40 modulo = 10000 x1 = [(n ** power) % modulo for n in range(8)] x2 = [(n ** power) % modulo for n in np.arange(8)] print(x1) [0, 1, 7776, 8801, 6176, 625, 6576, 4001] # correct print(x2) [0, 1, 7776, 7185, 0, 5969, 4816, 3361] # incorrect

Examples

import numpy as np np.arange(3) array([0, 1, 2]) np.arange(3.0) array([ 0., 1., 2.]) np.arange(3,7) array([3, 4, 5, 6]) np.arange(3,7,2) array([3, 5])