Lindela Rowland Ndlovu | National University of Science & Technology (original) (raw)
Papers by Lindela Rowland Ndlovu
Canadian Journal of Animal Science, 1985
... L. R. NDLOVU and J. G. BUCHANAN-SMITH'z Department of Animal and Poultry Science, Univer... more ... L. R. NDLOVU and J. G. BUCHANAN-SMITH'z Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario NIG 2W1. Received 18 Oct. 1984, accepted 23 May 1985 ' ...NDLOVU AND BUCHANAN-SMITH ALFALFA ON ROUGHAGE DIGESTION Page 4. ...
Animal Feed Science and Technology, 2001
Four provenances each of Acacia karroo, Acacia nilotica, Acacia tortilis, Acacia senegal, Acacia ... more Four provenances each of Acacia karroo, Acacia nilotica, Acacia tortilis, Acacia senegal, Acacia erioloba and Faidherbia albida were sampled at Cyrene, Lucydale and Mahiye in the Matopos Research Station. Provenances were not replicated within site. The leaves and leaf stalks sampled were dried at 558C and then analysed for total phenolics and proanthocyanidins (PAs). Variations in content of PAs and total phenolics of the Acacias were studied. Three assay methods for phenolics were evaluated.
Small Ruminant Research, 1996
Three mature female goats fitted with permanent rumen cannulae were used to estimate rumen degrad... more Three mature female goats fitted with permanent rumen cannulae were used to estimate rumen degradation kinetics of diets consisting of 70:30 (w/w) (Diet 1) and SO:50 (w/w) (Diet 2) proportions of maize stover and dolichos lablab. The DM degradation constants (a, b, c) from the equation P = a + 6(1 -e-"1 were 11.8, 49.0, 0.029 and 13.1, 48.5, 0.030, for Diet 1 and Diet 2, respectively. Diets were fed to pregnant does to study their effect on reproductive performance and to non-pregnant does to study effects on carcass traits. In pregnant does Diet 2 resulted in higher (P < 0.05) intakes of DM, OM and N (55 vs. 53 g kg-0.7', 48 vs. 46 g kg-'." and 0.7 vs. 0.6 g kg-0.75, respectively) compared with Diet 1, but kid birth weights were similar (2.4 vs. 1.9 kg for does on Diets 2 and 1, respectively; P > 0.05). Daily milk yield (884 vs. 434 g day-'), average daily gain of does (22.2 vs. 6.3 g day-') and average daily gain of kids (49 vs. 21.9 g day-') differed (P < 0.05) for Diet 2 vs. Diet 1, respectively. In non-pregnant does, the diets had no effect (P > 0.05) on carcass traits and resulted in hot carcass weights of 7.1 kg and 7.6 kg, cold carcass weights of 6.9 kg and 7.4 kg and killing-out proportions of 360 g kg-' and 384 g kg-' for Diet 1 and Diet 2, respectively. It was concluded that diets based on maize stover and dolichos lablab could provide adequate nutrients to maintain goat productivity during the cropping season, without compromising labour availability to cropping activities.
Animal Feed Science and Technology, 1998
Three psyllid resistant Leucaena species (Leucaena esculenta sub-species paniculata (Oxford Fores... more Three psyllid resistant Leucaena species (Leucaena esculenta sub-species paniculata (Oxford Forestry Institute, accession number 52/87), L. diversifolia sub-species stenorcarpa (Oxford Forestry Institute, accession number 53/88) and L. pallida offspring of Commonwealth Plant Introduction, number 85890)) and Calliandra calothyrsus (Oxford Forestry Institute, accession number 9/89) were evaluated for their potential as supplements for growing goats fed maize (Zea mays) stover, using chemical analyses, in vivo digestibility and a growth trial. Leucaena esculenta forage had the highest (P<0.001) content of nitrogen (38.3 g kg À1 DM) compared to L. diversifolia, L. pallida and C. calothyrsus, with 36.3, 34.8 and 34.0 g kg À1 DM, respectively. Levels of insoluble proanthocyanidins and soluble phenolics were highest (P<0.001) in C. calothyrsus forage, moderate in L. esculenta and L. diversifolia and lowest (P<0.001) in L. Pallida. Soluble proanthocyanidin concentrations differed significantly (P<0.001) between fodder tree legumes and ranked in the order L. esculenta and L. diversifolia > C. calothyrsus > L. pallida. Mean apparent digestibility coefficient of nitrogen for the diets supplemented with C. calothyrsus, L. diversifolia and L. pallida was 0.56 and differed significantly (P<0.001) from that reported for goats on L. esculenta (0.46). Highest (P>0.05) nitrogen retention was reported for goats on the L. diversifolia supplement (0.45 g kg À1 W 0.75 per day) and the mean nitrogen retention for goats on C. calothyrsus, L. esculenta and L. pallida was 0.43 g kg À1 W 0.75 per day. In the growth trial, total dry matter intake was highest (P<0.05) with goats on the L. pallida and Animal Feed Science and Technology 74 (1998) 15±28 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved PII S 0 3 7 7 -8 4 0 1 ( 9 8 ) 0 0 1 6 4 -3 C. calothyrsus supplemented diets. Growth rate during the last 35 days of the study was highest (P<0.001) for goats on the C. calothyrsus supplement (44.2 g per day) reflecting a high nitrogen use efficiency, while those fed the L. esculenta, L. diversifolia and L. pallida gained 27.5, 37.8 and 40.6 g per day, respectively. The different impact of tree fodder proanthocyanidins on animal responses emphasises the need to identify and define their chemical and functional structures in order to understand the biological effects of different proanthocyanidins on ruminant performance. # 1998 Elsevier Science B.V.
Journal of Agricultural Science, 1995
... The study was carried out in the Chunga communal domestic ruminants can (Devendra 1978; Merri... more ... The study was carried out in the Chunga communal domestic ruminants can (Devendra 1978; Merrill &amp;amp; area (17° S, 28° 15&amp;#x27;E) in the Binga region in ... mean weight 22-1 + 3-4 kg), ten castrated male goats aged 15-24 months (mean weight 19-2 ±3-6 kg), and 35 young stock (&amp;lt; 1 ...
Small Ruminant Research, 1996
An amalgamated flock of traditionally managed Mashona Small East African goats was monitored over... more An amalgamated flock of traditionally managed Mashona Small East African goats was monitored over a 6 yr period. Kids born in the hot dry season were heavier (P < 0.05) at 60, 90 and 180 d (6.4, 8.0 and 10.9 vs 5.7, 6.7 and 9.2 kg, respectively) than kids born in the hot wet season. Sex had no significant effect (P > 0.05) on weight increase. There was a steady decline in growth rates from age 15 d (60.2 g/d) to weaning age of 180 d (41.7 g/d). Overall, 19.4% of the 294 kids born during the study period exited the flocks before age 180 d. Major causes of exits were lost kids and predation, which together accounted for 61% of exits by kids. Seasonal effects on exits were mainly at ages below 30 d where 10.3% of kids born in the hot dry season exited compared to 4.3% and 4.6% for the hot wet and cool dry seasons. Kidding intervals were 321 (s.e. 23.6), 325 (s.e. 30.9) and 259 (s.e. 50.l)d for does kidding in the hot dry, hot wet and cool dry seasons, respectively. Due to the slow growth rates and long kidding intervals the flock productivity in terms of weaned live kid weight (kg) per doe per year was low.
Small Ruminant Research, 1996
Two feeding trials of I12 and 84 days duration were conducted with indigenous goat kids with aver... more Two feeding trials of I12 and 84 days duration were conducted with indigenous goat kids with average liveweight of 11.5 k 0.3 kg to evaluate the potential of dolichos lablab and Acacia tort& pods in mitigating liveweight losses and improving survival, In Trial 1, the kids were offered 200-300 g day-' of dolichos lablab or luceme hay, while in Trial 2 they were offered 300400 g day-' of Acacia tortilis pods or dolichos lablab hay. Weight gains, though low (31 g day-' for luceme and 23 g day-' for dolichos lablab), were positive and there was no mortality. In Trial 2, A. tortilis pods resulted in growth rates of up to 67 g day _I. It is concluded that A. tortilis pods are a suitable supplement in a feeding system where kids are penned for most of the day and only released in the afternoon to graze near the home.
Small Ruminant Research, 1999
Fifty individually-penned Matebele does of average liveweight 41.4 ± 0.2 kg were randomly allocat... more Fifty individually-penned Matebele does of average liveweight 41.4 ± 0.2 kg were randomly allocated to three dietary treatments during gestation (18–0.28, 16–0.22 and 16–0.17 MJ ME kg −1 metabolic liveweight (W 0.75 )) and ...
Journal of Agricultural Science, 1997
SUMMARY Individually-penned Matebele does were randomly allocated to three dietary treatments dur... more SUMMARY Individually-penned Matebele does were randomly allocated to three dietary treatments during gestation (0n66, 0n50 and 0n33 MJ ME\kg metabolic weight) and subsequently offered either 0n95 or 0n6 MJ ME\kg metabolic ...
Small Ruminant Research, 1999
... Carcass characteristics of the marketed Matebele goat from south-western Zimbabwe. L. Simela,... more ... Carcass characteristics of the marketed Matebele goat from south-western Zimbabwe. L. Simela, LR Ndlovu * and LM Sibanda. Faculty ...
Small Ruminant Research, 2001
The objective of the study was to determine the effects of three dietary energy levels: 0.27 (low... more The objective of the study was to determine the effects of three dietary energy levels: 0.27 (low level: LL); 0.53 (medium level: ML), and 1.06 (high level: HL) MJ ME kg À1 W 0.75 on estrus synchronization and fertility in Mashona goat does. Forty-®ve multiparous Mashona goat does of average bodyweight 19X9 AE 2X5 kg were randomly allocated in equal numbers to the three dietary energy levels. The diets were made from a complete feed ration providing 9.83 MJ ME kg À1 DM and 15.5% CP kg À1 DM. Does were fed initially during a 60-day pre-synchronization period, and blood samples were collected twice a week for the determination of plasma progesterone concentrations to ascertain ovarian activity. Intramuscular injections of cloprostenol (100 mg each) were administered 11 days apart. Immediately after the second injection of cloprostenol, three fertile bucks were introduced to the does and were left with the does for 21 days. The does were maintained on their dietary treatments throughout gestation except for those does in the LL treatment. Pregnancy was diagnosed 90 days post-mating using an ultrasound scanner. After pregnancy diagnosis, does on the LL treatment were randomly allocated to ML (n 7) and HL (n 8) treatments. During the pre-synchronization period, does on the LL treatment lost 12.3% whereas those on ML and HL treatments gained 2.1 and 28.8% of their initial bodymasses, respectively. The proportion of does exhibiting overt estrus within 96 h after the last cloprostenol injection was signi®cantly lower (P`0X05) for does on the LL treatment (60%) than for those on ML (93%) or HL (100%) treatments, respectively. However, based on plasma progesterone concentrations, the percentage of does on the LL treatment that exhibited ovarian cycles was numerically lower than that of does that were bred (40 versus 73%). Conception, fecundity and twinning rates were signi®cantly lower (P`0X05) on the LL treatment than on the ML and HL treatments. These results indicate that feeding Mashona goat does 0.27 MJ ME kg À1 W 0.75 compared to 0.53 and 1.06 MJ ME kg À1 W 0.75 reduces the expression of estrus, conception, fecundity and twinning rates, and that feeding 0.53 MJ ME kg À1 W 0.75 suf®ces for optimum reproduction. In addition, the results suggest that cloprostenol administration may induce ovarian cycles in reproductively quiescent does on dietary energy restriction. #
Small Ruminant Research, 2000
Four ruminally cannulated wethers (31+/-1.3kg) were used in an experiment with a 4x4 Latin square... more Four ruminally cannulated wethers (31+/-1.3kg) were used in an experiment with a 4x4 Latin square design to estimate the DM intake, apparent digestibility, nitrogen balance, rumen ammonia and microbial protein production. The sheep had ad libitum access to either Cassia rotundifolia (Cassia), Lablab purpureus (Lablab), Macroptilium atropurpureum (Siratro) or Stylosanthes guianensis (Stylo). Dry matter intake of cassia was lower (P<0.001) than that of lablab, siratro and stylo hays. Organic matter intake was greater (P<0.001) for lablab, siratro and stylo hays than that of cassia. Dry matter digestibility was higher (P<0.05) for lablab hay, than that of cassia, siratro and stylo hays. The organic matter digestibility ranged from 0.579 for cassia hay to 0.617 for stylo hay and there were no differences (P0.05) among the legume hays. Nitrogen intake was highest (P<0.05) in sheep given stylo hay and least in sheep fed cassia hay. Animals given lablab, siratro and stylo hays had higher (P<0.05) faecal and urinary N compared to those on cassia hay. Rumen ammonia N concentration was highest (P<0.05) in sheep given lablab while sheep offered siratro and stylo had intermediate values, and least in animals fed cassia hay. The ammonia levels were above the recommended optimal level of 50mg N/l. The total purine derivative excretion in the urine and microbial N supply was not different (P0.05) among treatments. From the presented findings it is concluded that the intake and digestibility in sheep of the four legume hays are variable and provide adequate rumen ammonia N for maximum rumen microbial growth making then ideal protein supplements to ruminants fed low quality roughages.
Animal Feed Science and Technology, 1997
A 5 x 5 latin square design experiment using five male sheep (60-70 kg live weight) was carried o... more A 5 x 5 latin square design experiment using five male sheep (60-70 kg live weight) was carried out to assess the effects of supplementing poor quality veld hay with groundnut hay on intake, digestibility, rumen environment and digesta kinetics. Five diets were formulated in which veld hay with 1% urea was fed alone (Control) or together with 100 g, 200 g or 300 g groundnut hay (lOOGnut, 200Gnut or 300Gnut, respectively) and groundnut hay fed alone (Gnut). The forages were coarsely chopped prior to feeding. The groundnut hay supplements increased total feed intake and in vivo digestibility of the diets (P < 0.05). Intake of veld hay tended to decline with increasing levels of groundnut hay in the diet. This decline in veld hay intake was however less than anticipated if there had been simple substitution. Supplementation increased the concentration of ammonia and volatile fatty acids in the rumen fluid, but had no significant effect on in sacco degradation of veld hay. Measurements using chromium-mordanted hay and Co-EDTA, showed that rumen digesta volume/pool size were not affected by supplementation, while digesta outflow rate was increased. In the absence of positive associative effects on digestion of the poor quality forage, the increase in digesta outflow rate was probably the mechanism facilitating an increase in feed intake. 0 1997 Elsevier Science B.V.
Livestock Production Science, 1997
... or groundnut hay as supplements in diets of sheep consuming poor quality natural pasture hay ... more ... or groundnut hay as supplements in diets of sheep consuming poor quality natural pasture hay 1. Effect on intake and digestibility B. Manyuchi a*, FD Deb Hovell b, LR Ndlovu c, JH Topps c, A. Tigere da Africa ... d Constants in the model: p=a+b(le'"':t) (0rskov and Mc Donald, 1979 ...
This policy brief outlines the major constraints to livestock development in ACP countries. It pl... more This policy brief outlines the major constraints to livestock development in ACP countries. It places emphasis on the need for building science and technology capacity and applying advances in science and technology to enhance innovation in livestock productivity, marketing and trade. It also identifies the need for improving the ST&I policy framework for creating the enabling environment to enhance the performance of the livestock sector and its contribution to food and nutrition security, trade and economic growth and prosperity.
Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture, 2000
The effects of sorghum grain proanthocyanidins (PAs) on the digestive enzyme activity of broiler ... more The effects of sorghum grain proanthocyanidins (PAs) on the digestive enzyme activity of broiler chickens were investigated in vitro and in vivo using seven sorghum varieties grown in Zimbabwe. All seven sorghum varieties, classi®ed as either high-PA (DC-75, Mutode, Red Swazi and Chirimaugute) or low-PA (SV2, Brown Tsweta and Chibonda), were used to assess the PA±protein binding capacity and inhibition of trypsin and amylase in vitro. Three of the varieties (Chirimaugute, Chibonda and Brown Tsweta) were subsequently used in broiler diets to test the effects of PAs on the growth performance and digestive enzyme activity of 48 broiler chicks at 42 days of age. Protein precipitation and trypsin and amylase inhibition increased (P`0.05) with an increase in level of PAs from the low-PA varieties (by 1±10%) to the high-PA varieties (by 40±70%). The activity of trypsin in the duodenal lumen of chicks fed the control diet was almost double that of chicks fed Chirimaugute. Amylase activity in the high-PA group was lowered signi®cantly (P`0.01) relative to the control and low-PA groups. The difference between in vitro and in vivo residual enzyme activities was 10±20% for amylase and 5±10% for trypsin. Chicks fed the high-PA diet showed lower performance than chicks fed the control and low-PA diets. Mean body weight gains were 59.9, 34.4, 57.3 and 61.4 (SE 4.02) g day À1 , ®nal weights were 1936.4, 1363.3, 1773.2 and 1857.0 (SE 78.5) g and feed ef®ciencies were 1.85, 2.26, 1.65 and 2.13 (SE 0.014) for the control, Chirimaugute, Brown Tsweta and Chibonda groups respectively. The results indicate that PA±enzyme interaction, in addition to dietary protein±PA binding, contributes to the poor performance of chickens fed high-PA sorghum diets.
Small Ruminant Research, 2000
The live weights of Matebele does kept in seven communally grazed flocks in southern Zimbabwe wer... more The live weights of Matebele does kept in seven communally grazed flocks in southern Zimbabwe were established by survey over a two-year period. The does showed a cyclical change in weight around the breeding cycle, the mean live weight at mating, immediately after kidding and 60 days after kidding were 30.0, 35.2 and 32.8kg, respectively. The month of mating and
Animal Feed Science and Technology, 1997
Zimbabwean browse species were analysed for crude protein (CP), neutral and acid detergent fibre ... more Zimbabwean browse species were analysed for crude protein (CP), neutral and acid detergent fibre (NDF and ADF), acid detergent lignin (ADL), insoluble proanthocyanidins (IPAs) and protein precipitating polyphenolics (PPPs). Gas production of the species was measured over 96 h and gas-production constants estimated using the equation: gas produced = b(1 -epcf). The browse varied greatly in their CP, fibre and phenolic content. Crude protein ranged from 56 to 210 g kg-' dry matter (DM), NDF from 294 to 835 g kg-' DM and PAS from 14.2 to 389 Ass,, nm g-' NDF. None of the polyphenolics assayed were related to gas-production constants (P > 0.05) but NDF, ADF and ADL were negatively correlated (P < 0.05) to rate and extent of gas production. The results indicate that the effect of polyphenolics on gas production is complex and varies across browse species and that the fibre fraction of browse may be more important than tannins in limiting fermentation in vitro. 0 1997 Elsevier Science B.V.
Tree pods (fruits) are being evaluated as dry season protein supplements to complement low qualit... more Tree pods (fruits) are being evaluated as dry season protein supplements to complement low quality cereal crop residues and dry veld grass. Antinutritional compounds (e.g. tannins) can occur in large quantities in pods and are being investigated. Polyethylene glycol (PEG) has been used to determine the effects of tannins on in vitro fermentation characteristics. Increased gas production and digestible organic matter (OMD) values in response to the addition of PEG showed that tannins inhibited in vitro fermentation of fruits (pods) and separated fractions (seeds and hulls). Very low levels of tannins resulted in no response to the addition of PEG. However, response of fruit fractions with higher levels was not directly proportional to tannin quantity. This suggests that the chemical composition of the tannins is important in determining their reactivity in vitro. Thus colorimetric assays for phenolic compounds alone do not fully explain the variation in the gas production and degradation characteristics of tree fruits treated with PEG.
Animal Feed Science and Technology, 2001
Nutrient intake and utilisation by goats fed dried leaves of the shrub legumes Acacia angustissim... more Nutrient intake and utilisation by goats fed dried leaves of the shrub legumes Acacia angustissima, Calliandra calothyrsus and Leucaena leucocephala as supplements to native pasture hay Abstract Thirty-six indigenous goats were used to determine the potential of sun-dried leaves of the shrub legumes Acacia angustissima, Calliandra calothyrsus and Leucaena leucocephala as supplements to native pasture hay (NPH). The dried leaves were included at the rates of 80, 160 and 320 g/head/ day. Cottonseed meal fed at the same levels, and NPH fed alone were included as controls. Among the browses, C. calothyrsus had the lowest N content of 19.0 g/kg dry matter (DM) and A. angustissima the highest of 35.0 g/kg DM. The leaves from the legumes had signi®cantly less N and higher cell wall, neutral detergent insoluble N (NDIN) and acid detergent insoluble N (ADIN) contents than cottonseed meal. The values of NDIN as a fraction of total N were 19, 456, 526 and 816 g/kg for cottonseed meal, L. leucocephala, A. angustissima and C. calothyrsus, respectively.
Canadian Journal of Animal Science, 1985
... L. R. NDLOVU and J. G. BUCHANAN-SMITH'z Department of Animal and Poultry Science, Univer... more ... L. R. NDLOVU and J. G. BUCHANAN-SMITH'z Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario NIG 2W1. Received 18 Oct. 1984, accepted 23 May 1985 ' ...NDLOVU AND BUCHANAN-SMITH ALFALFA ON ROUGHAGE DIGESTION Page 4. ...
Animal Feed Science and Technology, 2001
Four provenances each of Acacia karroo, Acacia nilotica, Acacia tortilis, Acacia senegal, Acacia ... more Four provenances each of Acacia karroo, Acacia nilotica, Acacia tortilis, Acacia senegal, Acacia erioloba and Faidherbia albida were sampled at Cyrene, Lucydale and Mahiye in the Matopos Research Station. Provenances were not replicated within site. The leaves and leaf stalks sampled were dried at 558C and then analysed for total phenolics and proanthocyanidins (PAs). Variations in content of PAs and total phenolics of the Acacias were studied. Three assay methods for phenolics were evaluated.
Small Ruminant Research, 1996
Three mature female goats fitted with permanent rumen cannulae were used to estimate rumen degrad... more Three mature female goats fitted with permanent rumen cannulae were used to estimate rumen degradation kinetics of diets consisting of 70:30 (w/w) (Diet 1) and SO:50 (w/w) (Diet 2) proportions of maize stover and dolichos lablab. The DM degradation constants (a, b, c) from the equation P = a + 6(1 -e-"1 were 11.8, 49.0, 0.029 and 13.1, 48.5, 0.030, for Diet 1 and Diet 2, respectively. Diets were fed to pregnant does to study their effect on reproductive performance and to non-pregnant does to study effects on carcass traits. In pregnant does Diet 2 resulted in higher (P < 0.05) intakes of DM, OM and N (55 vs. 53 g kg-0.7', 48 vs. 46 g kg-'." and 0.7 vs. 0.6 g kg-0.75, respectively) compared with Diet 1, but kid birth weights were similar (2.4 vs. 1.9 kg for does on Diets 2 and 1, respectively; P > 0.05). Daily milk yield (884 vs. 434 g day-'), average daily gain of does (22.2 vs. 6.3 g day-') and average daily gain of kids (49 vs. 21.9 g day-') differed (P < 0.05) for Diet 2 vs. Diet 1, respectively. In non-pregnant does, the diets had no effect (P > 0.05) on carcass traits and resulted in hot carcass weights of 7.1 kg and 7.6 kg, cold carcass weights of 6.9 kg and 7.4 kg and killing-out proportions of 360 g kg-' and 384 g kg-' for Diet 1 and Diet 2, respectively. It was concluded that diets based on maize stover and dolichos lablab could provide adequate nutrients to maintain goat productivity during the cropping season, without compromising labour availability to cropping activities.
Animal Feed Science and Technology, 1998
Three psyllid resistant Leucaena species (Leucaena esculenta sub-species paniculata (Oxford Fores... more Three psyllid resistant Leucaena species (Leucaena esculenta sub-species paniculata (Oxford Forestry Institute, accession number 52/87), L. diversifolia sub-species stenorcarpa (Oxford Forestry Institute, accession number 53/88) and L. pallida offspring of Commonwealth Plant Introduction, number 85890)) and Calliandra calothyrsus (Oxford Forestry Institute, accession number 9/89) were evaluated for their potential as supplements for growing goats fed maize (Zea mays) stover, using chemical analyses, in vivo digestibility and a growth trial. Leucaena esculenta forage had the highest (P<0.001) content of nitrogen (38.3 g kg À1 DM) compared to L. diversifolia, L. pallida and C. calothyrsus, with 36.3, 34.8 and 34.0 g kg À1 DM, respectively. Levels of insoluble proanthocyanidins and soluble phenolics were highest (P<0.001) in C. calothyrsus forage, moderate in L. esculenta and L. diversifolia and lowest (P<0.001) in L. Pallida. Soluble proanthocyanidin concentrations differed significantly (P<0.001) between fodder tree legumes and ranked in the order L. esculenta and L. diversifolia > C. calothyrsus > L. pallida. Mean apparent digestibility coefficient of nitrogen for the diets supplemented with C. calothyrsus, L. diversifolia and L. pallida was 0.56 and differed significantly (P<0.001) from that reported for goats on L. esculenta (0.46). Highest (P>0.05) nitrogen retention was reported for goats on the L. diversifolia supplement (0.45 g kg À1 W 0.75 per day) and the mean nitrogen retention for goats on C. calothyrsus, L. esculenta and L. pallida was 0.43 g kg À1 W 0.75 per day. In the growth trial, total dry matter intake was highest (P<0.05) with goats on the L. pallida and Animal Feed Science and Technology 74 (1998) 15±28 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved PII S 0 3 7 7 -8 4 0 1 ( 9 8 ) 0 0 1 6 4 -3 C. calothyrsus supplemented diets. Growth rate during the last 35 days of the study was highest (P<0.001) for goats on the C. calothyrsus supplement (44.2 g per day) reflecting a high nitrogen use efficiency, while those fed the L. esculenta, L. diversifolia and L. pallida gained 27.5, 37.8 and 40.6 g per day, respectively. The different impact of tree fodder proanthocyanidins on animal responses emphasises the need to identify and define their chemical and functional structures in order to understand the biological effects of different proanthocyanidins on ruminant performance. # 1998 Elsevier Science B.V.
Journal of Agricultural Science, 1995
... The study was carried out in the Chunga communal domestic ruminants can (Devendra 1978; Merri... more ... The study was carried out in the Chunga communal domestic ruminants can (Devendra 1978; Merrill &amp;amp; area (17° S, 28° 15&amp;#x27;E) in the Binga region in ... mean weight 22-1 + 3-4 kg), ten castrated male goats aged 15-24 months (mean weight 19-2 ±3-6 kg), and 35 young stock (&amp;lt; 1 ...
Small Ruminant Research, 1996
An amalgamated flock of traditionally managed Mashona Small East African goats was monitored over... more An amalgamated flock of traditionally managed Mashona Small East African goats was monitored over a 6 yr period. Kids born in the hot dry season were heavier (P < 0.05) at 60, 90 and 180 d (6.4, 8.0 and 10.9 vs 5.7, 6.7 and 9.2 kg, respectively) than kids born in the hot wet season. Sex had no significant effect (P > 0.05) on weight increase. There was a steady decline in growth rates from age 15 d (60.2 g/d) to weaning age of 180 d (41.7 g/d). Overall, 19.4% of the 294 kids born during the study period exited the flocks before age 180 d. Major causes of exits were lost kids and predation, which together accounted for 61% of exits by kids. Seasonal effects on exits were mainly at ages below 30 d where 10.3% of kids born in the hot dry season exited compared to 4.3% and 4.6% for the hot wet and cool dry seasons. Kidding intervals were 321 (s.e. 23.6), 325 (s.e. 30.9) and 259 (s.e. 50.l)d for does kidding in the hot dry, hot wet and cool dry seasons, respectively. Due to the slow growth rates and long kidding intervals the flock productivity in terms of weaned live kid weight (kg) per doe per year was low.
Small Ruminant Research, 1996
Two feeding trials of I12 and 84 days duration were conducted with indigenous goat kids with aver... more Two feeding trials of I12 and 84 days duration were conducted with indigenous goat kids with average liveweight of 11.5 k 0.3 kg to evaluate the potential of dolichos lablab and Acacia tort& pods in mitigating liveweight losses and improving survival, In Trial 1, the kids were offered 200-300 g day-' of dolichos lablab or luceme hay, while in Trial 2 they were offered 300400 g day-' of Acacia tortilis pods or dolichos lablab hay. Weight gains, though low (31 g day-' for luceme and 23 g day-' for dolichos lablab), were positive and there was no mortality. In Trial 2, A. tortilis pods resulted in growth rates of up to 67 g day _I. It is concluded that A. tortilis pods are a suitable supplement in a feeding system where kids are penned for most of the day and only released in the afternoon to graze near the home.
Small Ruminant Research, 1999
Fifty individually-penned Matebele does of average liveweight 41.4 ± 0.2 kg were randomly allocat... more Fifty individually-penned Matebele does of average liveweight 41.4 ± 0.2 kg were randomly allocated to three dietary treatments during gestation (18–0.28, 16–0.22 and 16–0.17 MJ ME kg −1 metabolic liveweight (W 0.75 )) and ...
Journal of Agricultural Science, 1997
SUMMARY Individually-penned Matebele does were randomly allocated to three dietary treatments dur... more SUMMARY Individually-penned Matebele does were randomly allocated to three dietary treatments during gestation (0n66, 0n50 and 0n33 MJ ME\kg metabolic weight) and subsequently offered either 0n95 or 0n6 MJ ME\kg metabolic ...
Small Ruminant Research, 1999
... Carcass characteristics of the marketed Matebele goat from south-western Zimbabwe. L. Simela,... more ... Carcass characteristics of the marketed Matebele goat from south-western Zimbabwe. L. Simela, LR Ndlovu * and LM Sibanda. Faculty ...
Small Ruminant Research, 2001
The objective of the study was to determine the effects of three dietary energy levels: 0.27 (low... more The objective of the study was to determine the effects of three dietary energy levels: 0.27 (low level: LL); 0.53 (medium level: ML), and 1.06 (high level: HL) MJ ME kg À1 W 0.75 on estrus synchronization and fertility in Mashona goat does. Forty-®ve multiparous Mashona goat does of average bodyweight 19X9 AE 2X5 kg were randomly allocated in equal numbers to the three dietary energy levels. The diets were made from a complete feed ration providing 9.83 MJ ME kg À1 DM and 15.5% CP kg À1 DM. Does were fed initially during a 60-day pre-synchronization period, and blood samples were collected twice a week for the determination of plasma progesterone concentrations to ascertain ovarian activity. Intramuscular injections of cloprostenol (100 mg each) were administered 11 days apart. Immediately after the second injection of cloprostenol, three fertile bucks were introduced to the does and were left with the does for 21 days. The does were maintained on their dietary treatments throughout gestation except for those does in the LL treatment. Pregnancy was diagnosed 90 days post-mating using an ultrasound scanner. After pregnancy diagnosis, does on the LL treatment were randomly allocated to ML (n 7) and HL (n 8) treatments. During the pre-synchronization period, does on the LL treatment lost 12.3% whereas those on ML and HL treatments gained 2.1 and 28.8% of their initial bodymasses, respectively. The proportion of does exhibiting overt estrus within 96 h after the last cloprostenol injection was signi®cantly lower (P`0X05) for does on the LL treatment (60%) than for those on ML (93%) or HL (100%) treatments, respectively. However, based on plasma progesterone concentrations, the percentage of does on the LL treatment that exhibited ovarian cycles was numerically lower than that of does that were bred (40 versus 73%). Conception, fecundity and twinning rates were signi®cantly lower (P`0X05) on the LL treatment than on the ML and HL treatments. These results indicate that feeding Mashona goat does 0.27 MJ ME kg À1 W 0.75 compared to 0.53 and 1.06 MJ ME kg À1 W 0.75 reduces the expression of estrus, conception, fecundity and twinning rates, and that feeding 0.53 MJ ME kg À1 W 0.75 suf®ces for optimum reproduction. In addition, the results suggest that cloprostenol administration may induce ovarian cycles in reproductively quiescent does on dietary energy restriction. #
Small Ruminant Research, 2000
Four ruminally cannulated wethers (31+/-1.3kg) were used in an experiment with a 4x4 Latin square... more Four ruminally cannulated wethers (31+/-1.3kg) were used in an experiment with a 4x4 Latin square design to estimate the DM intake, apparent digestibility, nitrogen balance, rumen ammonia and microbial protein production. The sheep had ad libitum access to either Cassia rotundifolia (Cassia), Lablab purpureus (Lablab), Macroptilium atropurpureum (Siratro) or Stylosanthes guianensis (Stylo). Dry matter intake of cassia was lower (P<0.001) than that of lablab, siratro and stylo hays. Organic matter intake was greater (P<0.001) for lablab, siratro and stylo hays than that of cassia. Dry matter digestibility was higher (P<0.05) for lablab hay, than that of cassia, siratro and stylo hays. The organic matter digestibility ranged from 0.579 for cassia hay to 0.617 for stylo hay and there were no differences (P0.05) among the legume hays. Nitrogen intake was highest (P<0.05) in sheep given stylo hay and least in sheep fed cassia hay. Animals given lablab, siratro and stylo hays had higher (P<0.05) faecal and urinary N compared to those on cassia hay. Rumen ammonia N concentration was highest (P<0.05) in sheep given lablab while sheep offered siratro and stylo had intermediate values, and least in animals fed cassia hay. The ammonia levels were above the recommended optimal level of 50mg N/l. The total purine derivative excretion in the urine and microbial N supply was not different (P0.05) among treatments. From the presented findings it is concluded that the intake and digestibility in sheep of the four legume hays are variable and provide adequate rumen ammonia N for maximum rumen microbial growth making then ideal protein supplements to ruminants fed low quality roughages.
Animal Feed Science and Technology, 1997
A 5 x 5 latin square design experiment using five male sheep (60-70 kg live weight) was carried o... more A 5 x 5 latin square design experiment using five male sheep (60-70 kg live weight) was carried out to assess the effects of supplementing poor quality veld hay with groundnut hay on intake, digestibility, rumen environment and digesta kinetics. Five diets were formulated in which veld hay with 1% urea was fed alone (Control) or together with 100 g, 200 g or 300 g groundnut hay (lOOGnut, 200Gnut or 300Gnut, respectively) and groundnut hay fed alone (Gnut). The forages were coarsely chopped prior to feeding. The groundnut hay supplements increased total feed intake and in vivo digestibility of the diets (P < 0.05). Intake of veld hay tended to decline with increasing levels of groundnut hay in the diet. This decline in veld hay intake was however less than anticipated if there had been simple substitution. Supplementation increased the concentration of ammonia and volatile fatty acids in the rumen fluid, but had no significant effect on in sacco degradation of veld hay. Measurements using chromium-mordanted hay and Co-EDTA, showed that rumen digesta volume/pool size were not affected by supplementation, while digesta outflow rate was increased. In the absence of positive associative effects on digestion of the poor quality forage, the increase in digesta outflow rate was probably the mechanism facilitating an increase in feed intake. 0 1997 Elsevier Science B.V.
Livestock Production Science, 1997
... or groundnut hay as supplements in diets of sheep consuming poor quality natural pasture hay ... more ... or groundnut hay as supplements in diets of sheep consuming poor quality natural pasture hay 1. Effect on intake and digestibility B. Manyuchi a*, FD Deb Hovell b, LR Ndlovu c, JH Topps c, A. Tigere da Africa ... d Constants in the model: p=a+b(le'"':t) (0rskov and Mc Donald, 1979 ...
This policy brief outlines the major constraints to livestock development in ACP countries. It pl... more This policy brief outlines the major constraints to livestock development in ACP countries. It places emphasis on the need for building science and technology capacity and applying advances in science and technology to enhance innovation in livestock productivity, marketing and trade. It also identifies the need for improving the ST&I policy framework for creating the enabling environment to enhance the performance of the livestock sector and its contribution to food and nutrition security, trade and economic growth and prosperity.
Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture, 2000
The effects of sorghum grain proanthocyanidins (PAs) on the digestive enzyme activity of broiler ... more The effects of sorghum grain proanthocyanidins (PAs) on the digestive enzyme activity of broiler chickens were investigated in vitro and in vivo using seven sorghum varieties grown in Zimbabwe. All seven sorghum varieties, classi®ed as either high-PA (DC-75, Mutode, Red Swazi and Chirimaugute) or low-PA (SV2, Brown Tsweta and Chibonda), were used to assess the PA±protein binding capacity and inhibition of trypsin and amylase in vitro. Three of the varieties (Chirimaugute, Chibonda and Brown Tsweta) were subsequently used in broiler diets to test the effects of PAs on the growth performance and digestive enzyme activity of 48 broiler chicks at 42 days of age. Protein precipitation and trypsin and amylase inhibition increased (P`0.05) with an increase in level of PAs from the low-PA varieties (by 1±10%) to the high-PA varieties (by 40±70%). The activity of trypsin in the duodenal lumen of chicks fed the control diet was almost double that of chicks fed Chirimaugute. Amylase activity in the high-PA group was lowered signi®cantly (P`0.01) relative to the control and low-PA groups. The difference between in vitro and in vivo residual enzyme activities was 10±20% for amylase and 5±10% for trypsin. Chicks fed the high-PA diet showed lower performance than chicks fed the control and low-PA diets. Mean body weight gains were 59.9, 34.4, 57.3 and 61.4 (SE 4.02) g day À1 , ®nal weights were 1936.4, 1363.3, 1773.2 and 1857.0 (SE 78.5) g and feed ef®ciencies were 1.85, 2.26, 1.65 and 2.13 (SE 0.014) for the control, Chirimaugute, Brown Tsweta and Chibonda groups respectively. The results indicate that PA±enzyme interaction, in addition to dietary protein±PA binding, contributes to the poor performance of chickens fed high-PA sorghum diets.
Small Ruminant Research, 2000
The live weights of Matebele does kept in seven communally grazed flocks in southern Zimbabwe wer... more The live weights of Matebele does kept in seven communally grazed flocks in southern Zimbabwe were established by survey over a two-year period. The does showed a cyclical change in weight around the breeding cycle, the mean live weight at mating, immediately after kidding and 60 days after kidding were 30.0, 35.2 and 32.8kg, respectively. The month of mating and
Animal Feed Science and Technology, 1997
Zimbabwean browse species were analysed for crude protein (CP), neutral and acid detergent fibre ... more Zimbabwean browse species were analysed for crude protein (CP), neutral and acid detergent fibre (NDF and ADF), acid detergent lignin (ADL), insoluble proanthocyanidins (IPAs) and protein precipitating polyphenolics (PPPs). Gas production of the species was measured over 96 h and gas-production constants estimated using the equation: gas produced = b(1 -epcf). The browse varied greatly in their CP, fibre and phenolic content. Crude protein ranged from 56 to 210 g kg-' dry matter (DM), NDF from 294 to 835 g kg-' DM and PAS from 14.2 to 389 Ass,, nm g-' NDF. None of the polyphenolics assayed were related to gas-production constants (P > 0.05) but NDF, ADF and ADL were negatively correlated (P < 0.05) to rate and extent of gas production. The results indicate that the effect of polyphenolics on gas production is complex and varies across browse species and that the fibre fraction of browse may be more important than tannins in limiting fermentation in vitro. 0 1997 Elsevier Science B.V.
Tree pods (fruits) are being evaluated as dry season protein supplements to complement low qualit... more Tree pods (fruits) are being evaluated as dry season protein supplements to complement low quality cereal crop residues and dry veld grass. Antinutritional compounds (e.g. tannins) can occur in large quantities in pods and are being investigated. Polyethylene glycol (PEG) has been used to determine the effects of tannins on in vitro fermentation characteristics. Increased gas production and digestible organic matter (OMD) values in response to the addition of PEG showed that tannins inhibited in vitro fermentation of fruits (pods) and separated fractions (seeds and hulls). Very low levels of tannins resulted in no response to the addition of PEG. However, response of fruit fractions with higher levels was not directly proportional to tannin quantity. This suggests that the chemical composition of the tannins is important in determining their reactivity in vitro. Thus colorimetric assays for phenolic compounds alone do not fully explain the variation in the gas production and degradation characteristics of tree fruits treated with PEG.
Animal Feed Science and Technology, 2001
Nutrient intake and utilisation by goats fed dried leaves of the shrub legumes Acacia angustissim... more Nutrient intake and utilisation by goats fed dried leaves of the shrub legumes Acacia angustissima, Calliandra calothyrsus and Leucaena leucocephala as supplements to native pasture hay Abstract Thirty-six indigenous goats were used to determine the potential of sun-dried leaves of the shrub legumes Acacia angustissima, Calliandra calothyrsus and Leucaena leucocephala as supplements to native pasture hay (NPH). The dried leaves were included at the rates of 80, 160 and 320 g/head/ day. Cottonseed meal fed at the same levels, and NPH fed alone were included as controls. Among the browses, C. calothyrsus had the lowest N content of 19.0 g/kg dry matter (DM) and A. angustissima the highest of 35.0 g/kg DM. The leaves from the legumes had signi®cantly less N and higher cell wall, neutral detergent insoluble N (NDIN) and acid detergent insoluble N (ADIN) contents than cottonseed meal. The values of NDIN as a fraction of total N were 19, 456, 526 and 816 g/kg for cottonseed meal, L. leucocephala, A. angustissima and C. calothyrsus, respectively.