Andrew Kiboneka | Uganda Wildlife Authority (original) (raw)

Papers by Andrew Kiboneka

Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research), May 29, 2023

African Health Sciences, Oct 17, 2016

Background: Asthma prevalence is high (>10%) in developed countries and although data is still mi... more Background: Asthma prevalence is high (>10%) in developed countries and although data is still missing for most of Africa, rates are increasing in developing regions as they become more westernized. We investigated the prevalence of asthma in school children in Gaborone, Botswana. Methods: This was a cross sectional descriptive study. ISAAC methodology was used. A representative proportionate size random sample of two age groups of children (13-14 year olds and 6-7 year olds) was consecutively enrolled from 10 schools. The schools were selected using a table of random numbers. A minimum sample size of 924 individuals (462 from each group) was adequate to achieve a precision of 3 % around our estimated prevalence of asthma of 10% with 95% confidence assuming a non-response rate of 20%. Data was collected using the validated International study of Asthma and Allergies in children (ISAAC) questionnaire. In accordance with the ISAAC criteria, Asthma was defined as wheezing in the previous 12 months. Data was captured in microsoft excel and analysed using SPSS version 23. Results: The prevalence of asthma (wheezing in the previous 12 months) was 16.5% (194/1175). Among the 6-7 year olds, the prevalence of asthma (wheezing in the previous 12 months) was 15.9%, while among the 13-14 years olds it was 16.8 %. The prevalence school type was 22.3 % in private schools versus 14.5 % in public schools. More severe asthma was associated with older children, 13-14 years. The older children reported more limited speech due to wheezing (OR= 2.0, 95% CI =1.034, 3.9, p-value=0.043), ever had asthma (OR= 1.5, 95% CI=1.031, 2.3, p-value=0.034) and wheezing during exercise (OR=3.4, 95% CI= 2.5, 4.9, p-value= <0.001) compared to the younger children 6-7 years. Children from private schools had more wheezing symptoms. They were more likely to have ever wheezed (OR=2.2, .95% CI=1.7,2.9, p-value < 0.0001), wheezed in the previous twelve months (have asthma) (OR=1.7,95%CI=1.2,2.4, p-value = 0.001), ever had asthma (OR=2.4, 95% CI=1.7,3.5, p-value<0.0001), and wheezed during exercise (OR=1.8, 95% CI=1.4,2.4, p-value < 0.0001). Conclusion: The prevalence of asthma amongst school children in Gaborone, Botswana is high with older children experiencing more severe symptoms of asthma.

Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research), Apr 30, 2021

Asthma is a complex common heterogenous syndrome that often starts in childhood and is chacterize... more Asthma is a complex common heterogenous syndrome that often starts in childhood and is chacterized by cough wheezing and increased airway responsiveness to a variety of environmental stimuli. The definition of asthma involves various phenotypes and endotypes.The immunopathogenesis of asthma involves many immune cell sand involves the airway epithelium as well as both innate and adaptive components of the immune system. Understanding the Immunology of asthma is essential in its treatment.Asthma is a rising significant global public health burden. The annual prevalence of severe asthma episodes is estimated from 1% to 21% for adults and over 20% for children aged 6-7 years. The prevalence of asthma varies widely around the world, ranging from 0.2% to 21.0% in adults and from 2.8% to 37.6% in 6-to 7-year-old children. The development of novel asthma phenotyping & endo typing plus better classification of patients using machine learning and big data have markedly improved asthma treatment outcomes in both children and Adults.Several research groups have developed cluster analyses of phenotypes and endo-types in severe asthma. These clusters support the importance of disease heterogeneity in asthma and suggest differences in pathophysiologic mechanisms that define these clusters.Biomarkers of asthma include Serum Immunoglobulin, Fractional excretion of nitric oxide and blood eosinophils amongst others. There are five food and drug administration approved biologicals for the treatment of severe asthma.

Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research), Apr 30, 2021

Asthma is a chronic heterogeneous inflammatory disorder/syndrome of the airways that affects more... more Asthma is a chronic heterogeneous inflammatory disorder/syndrome of the airways that affects more than 300 Million people worldwide. Asthma often starts in childhood (Allergic Asthma phenotype).Co morbidities often trigger asthma exacerbations. It's often difficult to diagnose asthma in young children. Objective tests of lung function aid in the diagnosis of asthma in children > six years of age. Asthma has phenotypes and endotypes. Biomarkers Ex. Fractional excretion of Nitric Oxide aid in the diagnosis of severe asthma in children and adults. Management of Severe Asthma has undergone a revolution. Asthma is responsible for considerable global morbidity and health-care costs. Substantial progress was made against key outcomes such as hospital admissions with asthma and mortality in the 1990s and early 2000s, but little improvement has been observed in the past 10 years, despite escalating treatment costs.

Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research), Dec 30, 2021

Immunity is the state of protection against foreign pathogens or substances(antigens). Host defen... more Immunity is the state of protection against foreign pathogens or substances(antigens). Host defence mechanisms consist of innate immunity (natural immunity), which mediates the initial protection against infections, and adaptive immunity (specific/acquired immunity), which develops more slowly and provides more specialized and more effective defence against infections. The immune system evolved to protect multicellular organisms against pathogens. The body is protected against pathogens by a variety of effector cells and molecules that together make up the immune system. All the cellular elements of blood, including the red blood cells, platelets and white blood cells of the immune system, ultimately derive from the hematopoietic stem cells of the bone marrow. The cells of the adaptive immune system consist of lymphocytes, antigen-presenting cells and effector cells that eliminate microbes. Strategies of avoidance, and tolerance represent different ways of dealing with pathogens. Anatomic barriers and chemical barriers e.g complement and antimicrobial proteins may be considered as primary forms of avoidance.Macrophages,neutrophils and dendritic cells are important cells that that detect infection. Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) recognize simple molecules and regular patterns of molecular structures called pathogen associated molecular patterns. Some PRR are transmembrane proteins e.g Toll like receptors (TLRs). Vaccination is a simple, safe, and effective way of protecting people against harmful diseases, before they come into contact with them. Immunization is the process whereby a person is made immune or resistant to an infectious disease, typically by the administration of a vaccine. Inappropriate immune responses can result into hypersensitivity, autoimmune disease or immune deficiency.

Children's Hospital Quarterly, Dec 1, 1994

Challenges in Disease and Health Research Vol. 6, 2021

Background: Asthma prevalence is high (> 10%) in developed co... more Background: Asthma prevalence is high (> 10%) in developed countries, and though data for most of Africa is still missing, rates are rising in developing countries as they grow more westernised. Asthma is the 14th most important chronic disease in the world in terms of the prevalence, extent, and duration of disability, affecting 334 million individuals of all ages. The prevalence in Africa has been reported ranging from 18% in Kenya to 20% in South Africa. We investigated the prevalence of asthma in school children in Gaborone, Botswana. Methods: This was a descriptive cross-sectional research. The ISAAC approach was employed. A proportionate size random sample of two age groups of children (13-14 year olds and 6-7 year olds) was enrolled in ten schools in a systematic manner. A table of random numbers was used to choose the schools. A minimum sample of 924 individuals (462 from each group) was sufficient to achieve a precision of 3% around our estimated prevalence of asthma of 10% with 95% confidence, assuming a 20% non-response rate. The International study of Asthma and Allergies in Children (ISAAC) questionnaire was used to collect information. In accordance with the ISAAC criteria, Asthma was defined as wheezing in the previous 12 months. Data was captured in microsoft excel and analysed using SPSS version 23. Results: Asthma (wheezing in the previous 12 months) was present in 16.5% (194/1175). The prevalence of asthma (wheezing in the previous 12 months) was 15.9% among 6-7 year olds and 16.8% among 13-14 year olds. The prevalence of school type in private schools was 22.3% versus 14.5% in public schools. More severe asthma was associated with older children, 13 -14 years. The older children reported more limited speech due to wheezing (OR= 2.0, 95% CI =1.034, 3.9, p-value=0.043), ever had asthma (OR= 1.5, 95% CI=1.031, 2.3, p-value=0.034) and wheezing during exercise (OR=3.4, 95% CI= 2.5, 4.9, p-value= <0.001) compared to the younger chil [...]

World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews

World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews, 2021

The practice of immunization dates back hundreds of years. Buddhist monks drank snake venom to co... more The practice of immunization dates back hundreds of years. Buddhist monks drank snake venom to confer immunity to snake bite and variolation (smearing of a skin tear with cowpox to confer immunity to smallpox) was practiced in 17th century China. Edward Jenner is considered the founder of vaccinology in the West in 1796, after he inoculated an 8 year-old-boy with vaccinia virus (cowpox), and demonstrated immunity to smallpox. In 1798, the first smallpox vaccine was developed. Over the 18th and 19th centuries, systematic implementation of mass smallpox immunization culminated in its global eradication in 1979. Vaccination is when a vaccine is administered to you (usually by injection). Immunization is what happens in your body after you have the vaccination. The vaccine stimulates your immune system so that it can recognize the disease and protect you from future infection (i.e., you become immune to the infection.). Immunization is a proven tool for controlling and eliminating life-...

Microorganisms such as bacteria that penetrate the epithelial surfaces of the body for the first ... more Microorganisms such as bacteria that penetrate the epithelial surfaces of the body for the first time are met immediately by cells and molecules that can mount an innate immune response. Phagocytic macrophages conduct the defense against bacteria by means of surface receptors that are able to recognize and bind common constituents of many bacterial surfaces. Bacterial molecules binding to these receptors trigger the macrophage to engulf the bacterium and also induce the secretion of biologically active molecules. Activated macrophages secrete cytokines, which are defined as proteins released by cells that affect the behavior of other cells that bear receptors for them. They also release proteins known as chemokines that attract cells with chemokine receptors such as neutrophils and monocytes from the bloodstream. Macrophages in response to bacterial constituents initiate the process known as inflammation. Antigen-presenting cells (APCs) are a heterogeneous group of immune cells that...

The immune system is a complex collection of cells, tissues, and soluble mediators positioned thr... more The immune system is a complex collection of cells, tissues, and soluble mediators positioned throughout the body, whose primary purpose is to protect us against infection however its function is fundamental not only in protection from infectious disease but also as a consequence of an aberrant response in allergy. Asthma is much more than a T cell-mediated disease, and innate epithelial and immune cell functions are critical in its pathogenesis. A hyperactive type 2 immune response contributes to the pathogenesis of asthma in a subgroup of patients however not in all patients with asthma. Blood, and airway biomarkers of increased, IL4, IL5, IL-13 activity(eosinophilia) can identify those with a socalled “Th2-high” type of disease. The pathophysiology of T2 low asthma is not well under-stood, but is characterized by the absence of T2 markers of activation and downstream signatures, such as eosinophilia. The interaction between the airway epithelium and the inhaled environment is cru...

Asthma is a complicated not unusual place heterogenous syndrome that frequently begins offevolved... more Asthma is a complicated not unusual place heterogenous syndrome that frequently begins offevolved in youth and is chacterized with the aid of using cough wheezing and accelerated airway responsiveness to a whole lot of environmental stimuli. The definition of bronchial allergies includes diverse phenotypes and endotypes. The immunopathogenesis of asthma involves many immune cells and involves the airway epithelium as well as both innate and adaptive components of the immune system. Understanding the Immunology of asthma is essential in its treatment. Asthma is a rising significant global public health burden. The annual prevalence of severe asthma episodes is estimated from 1% to 21% for adults and over 20% for children aged 6–7 years. The prevalence of asthma varies widely around the world, ranging from 0.2% to 21.0% in adults and from 2.8% to 37.6% in 6- to 7-year-old children. The development of novel asthma phenotyping & endo typing plus better classification of patients using m...

Rhinosinusitis, Dec 4, 2019

The immune system is a complex collection of cells, tissues, and chemical mediators positioned th... more The immune system is a complex collection of cells, tissues, and chemical mediators positioned throughout the body, whose primary purpose is to protect us against infection. However, its function is not only fundamental in protection from infectious disease but also provides aberrant response in allergens such as with asthma and allergic rhinitis. Allergic diseases like asthma and allergic rhinitis are characterized by a distinct type of inflammatory response, driven by immunoglobulin E (IgE)-dependent mechanisms. In asthma and allergic rhinitis, the inflammatory response is mediated by interaction of several immune cells (monocytes, lymphocytes, and polymorphonuclear cells) and cellular chemical mediators. In particular, atopic allergic response leads to destruction of multiple target cells such as epithelial, parenchymal and vascular and connective tissue of the airways. In addition, in inflammatory response in asthma and allergic rhinitis, sensory nerves are sensitized, leading to clinical manifestations. Sneezing and coughing are hypersensitivity responses of sensory nerves in allergic rhinitis and asthma, respectively. Similarly, nasal congestion and discharge in allergic rhinitis are due to vasodilatation that leads to plasma exudates as well as mucous secretion. The allergic inflammatory response is regulated by several transcription factors, particularly nuclear factor-κb (NF-κB), GATA-3 protein 3, and GATA binding protein.

World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews

Asthma is a chronic heterogeneous inflammatory disorder/syndrome of the airways that affects more... more Asthma is a chronic heterogeneous inflammatory disorder/syndrome of the airways that affects more than 300 Million people worldwide. Asthma often starts in childhood (Allergic Asthma phenotype).Co morbidities often trigger asthma exacerbations. It’s often difficult to diagnose asthma in young children. Objective tests of lung function aid in the diagnosis of asthma in children > six years of age. Asthma has phenotypes and endotypes. Biomarkers Ex. Fractional excretion of Nitric Oxide aid in the diagnosis of severe asthma in children and adults. Management of Severe Asthma has undergone a revolution. Asthma is responsible for considerable global morbidity and health-care costs. Substantial progress was made against key outcomes such as hospital admissions with asthma and mortality in the 1990s and early 2000s, but little improvement has been observed in the past 10 years, despite escalating treatment costs.

World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews

wheezing and increased airway responsiveness to a variety of environmental stimuli. The definitio... more wheezing and increased airway responsiveness to a variety of environmental stimuli. The definition of asthma involves various phenotypes and endotypes.The immunopathogenesis of asthma involves many immune cell sand involves the airway epithelium as well as both innate and adaptive components of the immune system. Understanding the Immunology of asthma is essential in its treatment.Asthma is a rising significant global public health burden. The annual prevalence of severe asthma episodes is estimated from 1% to 21% for adults and over 20% for children aged 6–7 years. The prevalence of asthma varies widely around the world, ranging from 0.2% to 21.0% in adults and from 2.8% to 37.6% in 6- to 7-year-old children. The development of novel asthma phenotyping & endo typing plus better classification of patients using machine learning and big data have markedly improved asthma treatment outcomes in both children and Adults.Several research groups have developed cluster analyses of phenotyp...

World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews

Asthma is a rising significant global public health burden especially in the developing countries... more Asthma is a rising significant global public health burden especially in the developing countries. The annual prevalence of severe asthma episodes is estimated from 1% to 21% for adults and over 20% for children aged 6–7 years. The prevalence of asthma varies widely around the world, ranging from 0.2% to 21.0% in adults and from 2.8% to 37.6% in 6- to 7-year-old children. The International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Children (ISAAC) reports a significant increase in the global prevalence of asthmatic episodes among children. t was estimated that more than 339 million people had Asthma globally in 2016. It is a common disease among children. The common disease asthma is probably not a single disease, but rather a complex of multiple, separate syndromes that overlap. Most asthma-related deaths occur in low- and lower-middle income countries. According to the World Health Organization (WHO) estimates, there were 417,918 deaths due to asthma at the global level and 24.8 million DA...

Aids, May 31, 2008

... Kiboneka, Andrew; Nyatia, Ricky J; Nabiryo, Christine; Olupot-Olupot, Peter; Anema, Aranka;Co... more ... Kiboneka, Andrew; Nyatia, Ricky J; Nabiryo, Christine; Olupot-Olupot, Peter; Anema, Aranka;Cooper, Curtis; Mills, Edward. ... We extracted outcomes regarding change in CD4 cell count, CD4%, mortality, pharmacy and counsellor-monitored adherence, and opportunistic ...

Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology, 1998

Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research), May 29, 2023

African Health Sciences, Oct 17, 2016

Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research), Apr 30, 2021

Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research), Dec 30, 2021

Children's Hospital Quarterly, Dec 1, 1994

Challenges in Disease and Health Research Vol. 6, 2021

World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews

World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews, 2021

Rhinosinusitis, Dec 4, 2019

World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews

Asthma is a chronic heterogeneous inflammatory disorder/syndrome of the airways that affects more... more Asthma is a chronic heterogeneous inflammatory disorder/syndrome of the airways that affects more than 300 Million people worldwide. Asthma often starts in childhood (Allergic Asthma phenotype).Co morbidities often trigger asthma exacerbations. It’s often difficult to diagnose asthma in young children. Objective tests of lung function aid in the diagnosis of asthma in children > six years of age. Asthma has phenotypes and endotypes. Biomarkers Ex. Fractional excretion of Nitric Oxide aid in the diagnosis of severe asthma in children and adults. Management of Severe Asthma has undergone a revolution. Asthma is responsible for considerable global morbidity and health-care costs. Substantial progress was made against key outcomes such as hospital admissions with asthma and mortality in the 1990s and early 2000s, but little improvement has been observed in the past 10 years, despite escalating treatment costs.

World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews

Aids, May 31, 2008

Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology, 1998