Femi Ajibola | Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife (original) (raw)
Papers by Femi Ajibola
Ife Journal of Agriculture, 1983
Journal of Food Science and Technology-mysore, 1988
Etude de l'effet d'une reduction du delai entre recolte et traitement, de la fermentation... more Etude de l'effet d'une reduction du delai entre recolte et traitement, de la fermentation du fruit et du hachage des regimes pour la recuperation des fruits. Mise au point d'un procede tenant compte des ameliorations ainsi apportees
Ajibola, O.O., Owolarafe, O.K., Fasina, O.O. and Adeeko, K.A. 1993. Expression of oil from sesame... more Ajibola, O.O., Owolarafe, O.K., Fasina, O.O. and Adeeko, K.A. 1993. Expression of oil from sesame seeds. Can. Agric. Eng. 35:083-088. Investigation was carried out on the effects of heating temperature (40 to 85°C), heating time (5.0 to 27.5 min), moisture content (6.1 to 12.0%) and applied pressure (15 and 20 MPa) on the yield, color, refractive index, and specific gravity of oil expressed from sesame seeds using a laboratory press. The yield of oil was affected but the color, specific gravity and refractive index were not affected by processingconditions within the range considered. The oil yieldwas increased withdecreasein moisture contentof sample after heating. Highest oil yield (based on total mass expressed) of 33.5% corresponding to an expression efficiency (basedon seedoil content) of 65.7% was obtained when sesame seeds were condi tioned to moisture content of 6.1%, heated at 85°C for 20 min, and expressed at a pressure of 20 MPa. Theaverage values of refractive index ands...
Journal of Food Science and Technology-mysore, 1989
Le but de l'etude est de definir les conditions pour un rendement en huile maximal dans une p... more Le but de l'etude est de definir les conditions pour un rendement en huile maximal dans une presse hydraulique. On etudie la temperature et le temps de pre-chauffage, la qualite des palmistes. Effet de la pression sur le rendement
International Agrophysics, 1986
Comparaison de quatre modeles mathematiques decrivant les isothermes de desorption de l'eau d... more Comparaison de quatre modeles mathematiques decrivant les isothermes de desorption de l'eau du manioc a 30, 40, 50 ou 60 degres C pour le domaine d'humidite relative de 7 a 90 %
Symposium on Tropical Root Crops in a Developping Economy, 1994
Recovery of alfalfa juice protein by fermentation is discussed. Key variables are included in mat... more Recovery of alfalfa juice protein by fermentation is discussed. Key variables are included in mathematical models to predict the duration and the extent of the fermentation process.
Transactions of the ASAE, 1986
M OISTURE equilibrium data for desorption from winged bean seeds was obtained at 40, 50, 60, and ... more M OISTURE equilibrium data for desorption from winged bean seeds was obtained at 40, 50, 60, and 70°C, and relative humidities ranging from 10 to 80%. A static gravimetric method was used. A non-linear least squares regression program was used to fit five desorption isotherm models developed by other researchers to the experimental data. The modified Halsey model gave the best fit of the experimental data. An 0.9% standard error of estimate of equilibrium moisture content was found when equilibrium relative humidity was taken as the independent variable while a 4.5% standard error of estimate of equilibrium relative humidity was found when equilibrium moisture content was considered to be the independent variable.
Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research, 1986
Desorption equilibrium moisture contents of gari were determined at 40, SO. 60 and 70°C over a ra... more Desorption equilibrium moisture contents of gari were determined at 40, SO. 60 and 70°C over a range of relative humidities from 11 to 82%. A non-linear least sq~res regression programme was used to fit five desorption isotherm models to the experimental data. The minimum standard error of estimate of equilibrium moisture content (0'7"/0) was obtained by using the Modified Halsey model. The minimum standard error of estimate of equilibrium relative humidity (4'3%) was obtained by using the Chen Clayton model.
Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research, 1987
... reducing the amount of cyanide eliminated by hydrolysis.srz Fermentation, on the other hand, ... more ... reducing the amount of cyanide eliminated by hydrolysis.srz Fermentation, on the other hand, is known to reduce the bound ... I cm, 55 C; (Q ) 2 cm, 55 C; (/) l cm, 70 C: ([]) 2 cm, 70 C 318PROCESSING FACTORS AND GARI QUALITY Table 4 Effects of cube size, blanching ...
International Agrophysics
Equilibrium relative humidity – moisture content data for palm kernel at five different temperatu... more Equilibrium relative humidity – moisture content data for palm kernel at five different temperatures (40, 50, 60, 70, and 80°C) and moisture content values ranging from 8.6 to 19.1% (dry basis) were determined using the vapour pressure manometric method. A non-linear least squares regression programme was used to evaluate four moisture sorption models. The models were compared using the standard error of estimate, the mean relative percent deviation, the fraction-explained variation, and residual plots. Modified Henderson model was found to be the best model for predicting both the equilibrium moisture content and equilibrium relative humidity of palm kernel. The experimental data and the model that best predicted the equilibrium relative humidity were used to determine the thermodynamic characteristics of palm kernel. The heat of vapourization of moisture in the kernel decreased with increase in moisture content and approached the latent heat of pure water at a moisture content ...
nuc.edu.ng
Page 1. 1 ADDING VALUE TO THE FARMER'S HARVEST Professor Obafemi Ajibola Obafemi Awolowo... more Page 1. 1 ADDING VALUE TO THE FARMER'S HARVEST Professor Obafemi Ajibola Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife 22 nd August 2000 In the sixties and early seventies, the world was speaking mostly about the Green Revolution ...
Industrial Development Centres: IDCs are under the Federal Ministry of Industry and are charged w... more Industrial Development Centres: IDCs are under the Federal Ministry of Industry and are charged with providing infrastructural support services and facilities for small and medium scale enterprises. They are located in every state and there are also six zonal IDCs, one in Bauchi, Oshogbo, Owerri, Zaria, and two others. There are also Technology Incubation centres in different parts of the country promoting development and adoption of technologies for small scale mechanization. Post Harvest Technology Centres/Crop Storage Unit (PHTC/CSU): PHTCs are based in the Post Harvest Technology Division of the Federal Department of Agriculture. The headquarters is in CSU, Ibadan, and there are two other centres, one in Kano and another in Umudike. The centres have a mandate for developing improved post-harvest technologies for farmers and processors, and training farmers, fabricators and extension agents on the use of improved post harvest technologies. There is also the Rural Artisan Training Support Unit (RATSU) in Ilorin for training blacksmiths and artisans and AMMOTRACs in Akure and Misau for training tractor operators and mechanics. Based on our rather limited field work and discussions with stakeholders, the more active of the public technology development institutions at the present time seem to be:
Monograph Series, 2007
Industrial Development Centres: IDCs are under the Federal Ministry of Industry and are charged w... more Industrial Development Centres: IDCs are under the Federal Ministry of Industry and are charged with providing infrastructural support services and facilities for small and medium scale enterprises. They are located in every state and there are also six zonal IDCs, one in Bauchi, Oshogbo, Owerri, Zaria, and two others. There are also Technology Incubation centres in different parts of the country promoting development and adoption of technologies for small scale mechanization. Post Harvest Technology Centres/Crop Storage Unit (PHTC/CSU): PHTCs are based in the Post Harvest Technology Division of the Federal Department of Agriculture. The headquarters is in CSU, Ibadan, and there are two other centres, one in Kano and another in Umudike. The centres have a mandate for developing improved post-harvest technologies for farmers and processors, and training farmers, fabricators and extension agents on the use of improved post harvest technologies. There is also the Rural Artisan Training Support Unit (RATSU) in Ilorin for training blacksmiths and artisans and AMMOTRACs in Akure and Misau for training tractor operators and mechanics. Based on our rather limited field work and discussions with stakeholders, the more active of the public technology development institutions at the present time seem to be:
Transactions of the ASAE, 1980
... Attempts were made to identify variations in the machine by analyzing the same sample twice. ... more ... Attempts were made to identify variations in the machine by analyzing the same sample twice. For the infrared drying, the Mettler LP 11 infrared drying unit was used. ... Time (min.) FIG. 5 Effect of dewatering on infrared drying of alfalfa. 1980TRANSACTIONS of the ASAE 1299 ...
Transactions of the ASAE, 1987
ABSTRACT TO design appropriate presses for dewatering cassava mash, the dewatering characteristic... more ABSTRACT TO design appropriate presses for dewatering cassava mash, the dewatering characteristics of the mash need to be known. This paper reports on the factors that are important in the dewatering of cassava mash. The final moisture content of dewatering mash was found to be affected only by the applied pressure. The solid content of the expressed liquid did not change significantly during dewatering and was unaffected by such factors as the applied pressure, screen porosity and material depth. Mathematical models are presented which predict dewatering responses.
Technovation, 2000
Micro-enterprises involved in post harvest processing play a key role in the economies of less de... more Micro-enterprises involved in post harvest processing play a key role in the economies of less developed countries as a basic source of goods, income and employment especially for women. A study was undertaken to assess the capacity and technology needs of women agro-processors in Osun and Ondo states with a view to better understand their characteristics, problems and needs. This paper reports on some general information about agro-allied micro-enterprises that are useful to project planners and assisting agencies.
Technovation, 2000
The potential economic returns from the oil palm are high if processed with efficient technologie... more The potential economic returns from the oil palm are high if processed with efficient technologies. This study was undertaken to evaluate the technologies in use for the production of palm oil from a gender perspective. A survey was conducted in Osun and Ondo States of Nigeria using a structured questionnaire and the participatory learning approach. A total of 28 palm fruit processing centres were surveyed. The various technologies available in the field for each unit operation were evaluated using certain criteria. Palm oil production is dominated by female processors and male assistance is sought in operating the machines and in carrying out strenuous tasks. Only two of the unit operations (digestion and extraction) have been partially mechanised while the other processes (quartering, stripping, sterilising, and clarifying) are performed manually. None of the machine operators interviewed had any formal training in machine operation and maintenance but they perform these tasks after learning by observation. The result of this study indicates an urgent need for establishing a training program both for machine operators and the maintenance personnel. There is no organised drainage system in the palm oil processing centres except at the industrial mills. Waste water is disposed of in surrounding bushes. The traditional technologies exposed the processors to the vagaries of the weather and other operational hazards. The technology profile proposed for the various unit operations is that of modest but accessible changes that work within the existing system and could be adopted by large numbers of women.
Technovation, 2001
This study investigated the technological factors influencing the utilisation and maintenance of ... more This study investigated the technological factors influencing the utilisation and maintenance of household kitchen equipment (KE) both from the user's perspective and those of the repair and maintenance personnel (RMP). Information was obtained from users and RMP of KE (i.e. technologists, technicians and artisans) in Ife Central and Ife East Local Government Areas in Osun State using structured questionnaires and interviews. More than 90% of the modern kitchen equipment (MKE) is imported. Functionality of KE after repairs is high with considerable length of useful life. The results indicated that the local RMP have a good understanding of the technologies. RMP required for KE in the medium class are readily available in both rural and urban centres. Users of KE do not practice any maintenance activities at home and only consult the RMP when the KE develops a fault. KE users have no manuals and no guarantee on KE purchased locally. Sometimes faulty KE are abandoned in repair workshops because of the high cost of repairs and lack of good and cheap spare parts. Some of the RMP have attempted to produce/assemble some of the KE locally. Lack of capital to invest and the nonstandardisation of equipment parts of locally produced KE do not allow for the mass production of their spare parts. Constraints in setting up workshops by RMP were reported and some recommendations were made that will promote the local production of MKE.
Technovation, 2001
Women in Nigeria are faced with drudgery during food preparation. The acquisition of modern kitch... more Women in Nigeria are faced with drudgery during food preparation. The acquisition of modern kitchen equipment (MKE) can help in reducing this problem. The study was carried out to investigate the factors influencing the acquisition of household kitchen equipment (KE). Data were collected from users in Ife Central and Ife East Local Government Areas of Osun State using questionnaires as well as interviews and observations. Quantitative analysis was undertaken using the SPSS computer package. The results showed that acquisition of MKE is influenced by socioeconomic factors such as age, marital status, income, occupation, educational level and place of residence. The acquisition of MKE was higher among respondents in the age group 31-50 years. Monogamous families have more MKE than polygamous homes. Acquisition of MKE is higher among respondents with tertiary and secondary education. More MKE is also acquired by respondents earning above N4,000.00. Respondents in urban areas possessed more MKE than those in rural areas. The study also revealed that the type of KE acquired affects the food consumption pattern of respondents. Respondents having high-and medium-class KE eat more protein foods and more regularly than others. The policy implications of the results both at domestic and national levels are discussed.
Ife Journal of Agriculture, 1983
Journal of Food Science and Technology-mysore, 1988
Etude de l'effet d'une reduction du delai entre recolte et traitement, de la fermentation... more Etude de l'effet d'une reduction du delai entre recolte et traitement, de la fermentation du fruit et du hachage des regimes pour la recuperation des fruits. Mise au point d'un procede tenant compte des ameliorations ainsi apportees
Ajibola, O.O., Owolarafe, O.K., Fasina, O.O. and Adeeko, K.A. 1993. Expression of oil from sesame... more Ajibola, O.O., Owolarafe, O.K., Fasina, O.O. and Adeeko, K.A. 1993. Expression of oil from sesame seeds. Can. Agric. Eng. 35:083-088. Investigation was carried out on the effects of heating temperature (40 to 85°C), heating time (5.0 to 27.5 min), moisture content (6.1 to 12.0%) and applied pressure (15 and 20 MPa) on the yield, color, refractive index, and specific gravity of oil expressed from sesame seeds using a laboratory press. The yield of oil was affected but the color, specific gravity and refractive index were not affected by processingconditions within the range considered. The oil yieldwas increased withdecreasein moisture contentof sample after heating. Highest oil yield (based on total mass expressed) of 33.5% corresponding to an expression efficiency (basedon seedoil content) of 65.7% was obtained when sesame seeds were condi tioned to moisture content of 6.1%, heated at 85°C for 20 min, and expressed at a pressure of 20 MPa. Theaverage values of refractive index ands...
Journal of Food Science and Technology-mysore, 1989
Le but de l'etude est de definir les conditions pour un rendement en huile maximal dans une p... more Le but de l'etude est de definir les conditions pour un rendement en huile maximal dans une presse hydraulique. On etudie la temperature et le temps de pre-chauffage, la qualite des palmistes. Effet de la pression sur le rendement
International Agrophysics, 1986
Comparaison de quatre modeles mathematiques decrivant les isothermes de desorption de l'eau d... more Comparaison de quatre modeles mathematiques decrivant les isothermes de desorption de l'eau du manioc a 30, 40, 50 ou 60 degres C pour le domaine d'humidite relative de 7 a 90 %
Symposium on Tropical Root Crops in a Developping Economy, 1994
Recovery of alfalfa juice protein by fermentation is discussed. Key variables are included in mat... more Recovery of alfalfa juice protein by fermentation is discussed. Key variables are included in mathematical models to predict the duration and the extent of the fermentation process.
Transactions of the ASAE, 1986
M OISTURE equilibrium data for desorption from winged bean seeds was obtained at 40, 50, 60, and ... more M OISTURE equilibrium data for desorption from winged bean seeds was obtained at 40, 50, 60, and 70°C, and relative humidities ranging from 10 to 80%. A static gravimetric method was used. A non-linear least squares regression program was used to fit five desorption isotherm models developed by other researchers to the experimental data. The modified Halsey model gave the best fit of the experimental data. An 0.9% standard error of estimate of equilibrium moisture content was found when equilibrium relative humidity was taken as the independent variable while a 4.5% standard error of estimate of equilibrium relative humidity was found when equilibrium moisture content was considered to be the independent variable.
Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research, 1986
Desorption equilibrium moisture contents of gari were determined at 40, SO. 60 and 70°C over a ra... more Desorption equilibrium moisture contents of gari were determined at 40, SO. 60 and 70°C over a range of relative humidities from 11 to 82%. A non-linear least sq~res regression programme was used to fit five desorption isotherm models to the experimental data. The minimum standard error of estimate of equilibrium moisture content (0'7"/0) was obtained by using the Modified Halsey model. The minimum standard error of estimate of equilibrium relative humidity (4'3%) was obtained by using the Chen Clayton model.
Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research, 1987
... reducing the amount of cyanide eliminated by hydrolysis.srz Fermentation, on the other hand, ... more ... reducing the amount of cyanide eliminated by hydrolysis.srz Fermentation, on the other hand, is known to reduce the bound ... I cm, 55 C; (Q ) 2 cm, 55 C; (/) l cm, 70 C: ([]) 2 cm, 70 C 318PROCESSING FACTORS AND GARI QUALITY Table 4 Effects of cube size, blanching ...
International Agrophysics
Equilibrium relative humidity – moisture content data for palm kernel at five different temperatu... more Equilibrium relative humidity – moisture content data for palm kernel at five different temperatures (40, 50, 60, 70, and 80°C) and moisture content values ranging from 8.6 to 19.1% (dry basis) were determined using the vapour pressure manometric method. A non-linear least squares regression programme was used to evaluate four moisture sorption models. The models were compared using the standard error of estimate, the mean relative percent deviation, the fraction-explained variation, and residual plots. Modified Henderson model was found to be the best model for predicting both the equilibrium moisture content and equilibrium relative humidity of palm kernel. The experimental data and the model that best predicted the equilibrium relative humidity were used to determine the thermodynamic characteristics of palm kernel. The heat of vapourization of moisture in the kernel decreased with increase in moisture content and approached the latent heat of pure water at a moisture content ...
nuc.edu.ng
Page 1. 1 ADDING VALUE TO THE FARMER'S HARVEST Professor Obafemi Ajibola Obafemi Awolowo... more Page 1. 1 ADDING VALUE TO THE FARMER'S HARVEST Professor Obafemi Ajibola Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife 22 nd August 2000 In the sixties and early seventies, the world was speaking mostly about the Green Revolution ...
Industrial Development Centres: IDCs are under the Federal Ministry of Industry and are charged w... more Industrial Development Centres: IDCs are under the Federal Ministry of Industry and are charged with providing infrastructural support services and facilities for small and medium scale enterprises. They are located in every state and there are also six zonal IDCs, one in Bauchi, Oshogbo, Owerri, Zaria, and two others. There are also Technology Incubation centres in different parts of the country promoting development and adoption of technologies for small scale mechanization. Post Harvest Technology Centres/Crop Storage Unit (PHTC/CSU): PHTCs are based in the Post Harvest Technology Division of the Federal Department of Agriculture. The headquarters is in CSU, Ibadan, and there are two other centres, one in Kano and another in Umudike. The centres have a mandate for developing improved post-harvest technologies for farmers and processors, and training farmers, fabricators and extension agents on the use of improved post harvest technologies. There is also the Rural Artisan Training Support Unit (RATSU) in Ilorin for training blacksmiths and artisans and AMMOTRACs in Akure and Misau for training tractor operators and mechanics. Based on our rather limited field work and discussions with stakeholders, the more active of the public technology development institutions at the present time seem to be:
Monograph Series, 2007
Industrial Development Centres: IDCs are under the Federal Ministry of Industry and are charged w... more Industrial Development Centres: IDCs are under the Federal Ministry of Industry and are charged with providing infrastructural support services and facilities for small and medium scale enterprises. They are located in every state and there are also six zonal IDCs, one in Bauchi, Oshogbo, Owerri, Zaria, and two others. There are also Technology Incubation centres in different parts of the country promoting development and adoption of technologies for small scale mechanization. Post Harvest Technology Centres/Crop Storage Unit (PHTC/CSU): PHTCs are based in the Post Harvest Technology Division of the Federal Department of Agriculture. The headquarters is in CSU, Ibadan, and there are two other centres, one in Kano and another in Umudike. The centres have a mandate for developing improved post-harvest technologies for farmers and processors, and training farmers, fabricators and extension agents on the use of improved post harvest technologies. There is also the Rural Artisan Training Support Unit (RATSU) in Ilorin for training blacksmiths and artisans and AMMOTRACs in Akure and Misau for training tractor operators and mechanics. Based on our rather limited field work and discussions with stakeholders, the more active of the public technology development institutions at the present time seem to be:
Transactions of the ASAE, 1980
... Attempts were made to identify variations in the machine by analyzing the same sample twice. ... more ... Attempts were made to identify variations in the machine by analyzing the same sample twice. For the infrared drying, the Mettler LP 11 infrared drying unit was used. ... Time (min.) FIG. 5 Effect of dewatering on infrared drying of alfalfa. 1980TRANSACTIONS of the ASAE 1299 ...
Transactions of the ASAE, 1987
ABSTRACT TO design appropriate presses for dewatering cassava mash, the dewatering characteristic... more ABSTRACT TO design appropriate presses for dewatering cassava mash, the dewatering characteristics of the mash need to be known. This paper reports on the factors that are important in the dewatering of cassava mash. The final moisture content of dewatering mash was found to be affected only by the applied pressure. The solid content of the expressed liquid did not change significantly during dewatering and was unaffected by such factors as the applied pressure, screen porosity and material depth. Mathematical models are presented which predict dewatering responses.
Technovation, 2000
Micro-enterprises involved in post harvest processing play a key role in the economies of less de... more Micro-enterprises involved in post harvest processing play a key role in the economies of less developed countries as a basic source of goods, income and employment especially for women. A study was undertaken to assess the capacity and technology needs of women agro-processors in Osun and Ondo states with a view to better understand their characteristics, problems and needs. This paper reports on some general information about agro-allied micro-enterprises that are useful to project planners and assisting agencies.
Technovation, 2000
The potential economic returns from the oil palm are high if processed with efficient technologie... more The potential economic returns from the oil palm are high if processed with efficient technologies. This study was undertaken to evaluate the technologies in use for the production of palm oil from a gender perspective. A survey was conducted in Osun and Ondo States of Nigeria using a structured questionnaire and the participatory learning approach. A total of 28 palm fruit processing centres were surveyed. The various technologies available in the field for each unit operation were evaluated using certain criteria. Palm oil production is dominated by female processors and male assistance is sought in operating the machines and in carrying out strenuous tasks. Only two of the unit operations (digestion and extraction) have been partially mechanised while the other processes (quartering, stripping, sterilising, and clarifying) are performed manually. None of the machine operators interviewed had any formal training in machine operation and maintenance but they perform these tasks after learning by observation. The result of this study indicates an urgent need for establishing a training program both for machine operators and the maintenance personnel. There is no organised drainage system in the palm oil processing centres except at the industrial mills. Waste water is disposed of in surrounding bushes. The traditional technologies exposed the processors to the vagaries of the weather and other operational hazards. The technology profile proposed for the various unit operations is that of modest but accessible changes that work within the existing system and could be adopted by large numbers of women.
Technovation, 2001
This study investigated the technological factors influencing the utilisation and maintenance of ... more This study investigated the technological factors influencing the utilisation and maintenance of household kitchen equipment (KE) both from the user's perspective and those of the repair and maintenance personnel (RMP). Information was obtained from users and RMP of KE (i.e. technologists, technicians and artisans) in Ife Central and Ife East Local Government Areas in Osun State using structured questionnaires and interviews. More than 90% of the modern kitchen equipment (MKE) is imported. Functionality of KE after repairs is high with considerable length of useful life. The results indicated that the local RMP have a good understanding of the technologies. RMP required for KE in the medium class are readily available in both rural and urban centres. Users of KE do not practice any maintenance activities at home and only consult the RMP when the KE develops a fault. KE users have no manuals and no guarantee on KE purchased locally. Sometimes faulty KE are abandoned in repair workshops because of the high cost of repairs and lack of good and cheap spare parts. Some of the RMP have attempted to produce/assemble some of the KE locally. Lack of capital to invest and the nonstandardisation of equipment parts of locally produced KE do not allow for the mass production of their spare parts. Constraints in setting up workshops by RMP were reported and some recommendations were made that will promote the local production of MKE.
Technovation, 2001
Women in Nigeria are faced with drudgery during food preparation. The acquisition of modern kitch... more Women in Nigeria are faced with drudgery during food preparation. The acquisition of modern kitchen equipment (MKE) can help in reducing this problem. The study was carried out to investigate the factors influencing the acquisition of household kitchen equipment (KE). Data were collected from users in Ife Central and Ife East Local Government Areas of Osun State using questionnaires as well as interviews and observations. Quantitative analysis was undertaken using the SPSS computer package. The results showed that acquisition of MKE is influenced by socioeconomic factors such as age, marital status, income, occupation, educational level and place of residence. The acquisition of MKE was higher among respondents in the age group 31-50 years. Monogamous families have more MKE than polygamous homes. Acquisition of MKE is higher among respondents with tertiary and secondary education. More MKE is also acquired by respondents earning above N4,000.00. Respondents in urban areas possessed more MKE than those in rural areas. The study also revealed that the type of KE acquired affects the food consumption pattern of respondents. Respondents having high-and medium-class KE eat more protein foods and more regularly than others. The policy implications of the results both at domestic and national levels are discussed.